Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to paraffins useful as liquid fuels. The process involves the conversion of water soluble oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenates, such as alcohols, furans, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, followed by the subsequent conversion of the oxygenates to paraffins by dehydration and alkylation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: Described is an apparatus for, and a method of, recovering linear butenes from a mixed feed comprising providing a first mixed feed comprising linear butenes and isobutene; contacting the first mixed feed with an oligomerization catalyst such as an MWW family zeolite in a first oligomerization reactor to produce a second mixed feed comprising the linear butenes, C8 olefins and higher oligomers, and a reduced amount of isobutene relative to the first mixed feed; and separating the second mixed feed to produce a first effluent of first purified linear butenes, and a second effluent of C8 olefins and higher oligomers. The oligomerization reactor may be a converted isobutene-to-methyl-t-butylether reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for production of propylene from a C4/C5 olefin cut (for example from steam cracking and/or catalytic cracking), this process comprising an optional selective hydrogenation, a selective oligomerization of the isobutenes and an oligocracking of the n-butenes. The invention makes it possible to obtain a high conversion rate with a good propylene yield and to maximize the production of good-quality gasoline.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite for catalytic distillation, comprising a substrate material, and a modifying material and an active material, wherein said substrate material is made of porous materials, said modified material comprises at least one metal oxide, and said active material comprises an active component for a catalytic reaction. The catalytic distillation composite according to the present invention serves as both distillation packings and catalysts, and can allow catalysts to make the best of its efficiency, provide sufficient contact areas between gas and liquid phases, which facilitates mass transfer between gas and liquid phases, boosts effects in both reaction and separation and is liable for filling, removing and utilizing in industries.

Abstract: A process for preparing o-xylene comprises the steps of a) dimerizing 2-butenes to 3,4- and/or 2,3-dimethylhexenes and b) aromatizing the 3,4- and/or 2,3-dimethylhexenes under dehydrogenating conditions to give o-xylene and is suitable for the selective preparation of o-xylene.

Abstract: A process has been developed for producing fuel from renewable feedstocks such as plant and animal oils and greases. The process involves treating a first portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a first reaction zone and a second portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a second reaction zone to provide a diesel boiling point range fuel hydrocarbon product. If desired, the hydrocarbon product can be isomerized to improve cold flow properties. A portion of the hydrocarbon product is recycled to the first reaction zone to increase the hydrogen solubility of the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Described is a method for making a composition comprising alkanes. The composition is suitable for use as a liquid transportation fuel in general, and jet fuel in particular. The method includes dehydrating a feedstock solution comprising a carbohydrate, in the presence of an acid catalyst, to yield at least one furan derivative compound, in a reaction vessel containing a biphasic reaction medium: an aqueous reaction solution and a substantially immiscible organic extraction solution. The furan derivative compound is then subjected to a self-aldol condensation reaction or a crossed-aldol condensation reaction with another carbonyl compound to yield a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound and/or an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl compound. The beta-hydroxy carbonyl and/or alpha-beta unsaturated compounds are then hydrogenated to yield a saturated or partially saturated compound, followed by hydrodeoxygenation (e.g.

Abstract: The present invention concerns doped catalysts on a mixed zeolite/alumino-silicate support with a low macropore content, and hydrocracking/hydroconversion and hydrotreatment processes employing them. The catalyst comprises at least one hydrodehydrogenating element selected from the group formed by elements from group VIB and group VIII of the periodic table and a doping element in a controlled quantity selected from phosphorus, boron and silicon, and a support based on zeolite Y defined by a lattice parameter a of the unit cell in the range 24.40×10?10 m to 24.15×10?10 m and silica-alumina containing a quantity of more than 5% by weight and 95% by weight or less of silica (SiO2).

Abstract: Mesoporous aluminum oxides with high surface areas have been synthesized using inexpensive, small organic templating agents instead of surfactants. Optionally, some of the aluminum can be framework-substituted by one or more other elements. The material has high thermal stability and possesses a three-dimensionally randomly connected mesopore network with continuously tunable pore sizes. This material can be used as catalysts for dehydration, hydrotreating, hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, steam reforming, amination, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and Diels-Alder synthesis, etc.

Abstract: Low-value mixed butanes are processed to obtain a high yield of high-purity para-xylene. Processing steps may comprise fractionation to recover isobutane, dehydrogenation of the isobutane to isobutene, dimerization of the isobutene to obtain C8 iso-olefins and isoparaffins, aromatization of the dimerized C8 product, and recovery of high-purity para-xylene from the dimerized product by low-intensity crystallization. The availability of isobutane may be increased by isomerization of normal butane. Each of the processing steps may be tailored to the overall objective of high para-xylene yield from a relatively inexpensive feedstock.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for recovering product from reactor effluent of a reactor for a hydrocarbon feedstream. An indigenous C4 stream is used as lean oil in a demethanizer, which facilitates significant cost and operational savings. C4 bottoms from a downstream depropanizer is used as lean oil recycle.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for selectively removing isobutene and butadiene from a stream, the process comprising contacting the stream with a hydrogenation catalyst to hydrogenate butadiene and an oligomerization catalyst to oligomerize isobutene.

Abstract: The process for preparing propene and hexene from a raffinate II feed stream comprising olefinic C4-hydrocarbons comprises

Abstract: Olefins may be produced by thermally steam cracking residuum containing a short residuum having a boiling point range greater than 565° C. wherein at least 3 weight percent of the short residuum has a boiling point greater than or equal to 650° C. The residuum has pentane insolubles less than or equal to 1.2, ASTM 893. Further, the weight percent of hydrogen of the residuum is greater than or equal to 12.5. Such feedstocks are produced by hydrotreating, where necessary, a petroleum residuum having pentane insolubles less than 1.0, ASTM 893, until the weight percent of hydrogen of the petroleum residuum is 12.5. Where necessary, the petroleum residuum may be deasphalted prior to subjecting it to hydrotreatment.

Abstract: Process for the production of linear alkylaromatic hydrocarbons comprising: a) dehydrogenating C10-C14 n-paraffins; b) selectively hydrogenating the diolefins produced during step (a); c) feeding stream (b) and an aromatic hydrocarbon to an alkylation unit; d) distilling the alkylated stream into its main constituents; e) subjecting a paraffinic stream containing aromatic by-products, leaving step (d), to a hydrogenation step; f) recycling the stream leaving step (e) to the dehydrogenation unit of step (a).

Abstract: An integrated process for converting a hydrocarbon feedstock having components boiling above about 100° C. into steam cracked products is described. The process first involves passing the feedstock to a hydrotreating zone to effect substantially complete decomposition of organic sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds. The product from the hydrotreating zone is passed to an aromatics saturation zone. The product is then passed to a steam cracking zone. Hydrogen and C1-C4 hydrocarbons, steam cracked naphtha, steam cracked gas oils and steam cracked tar are recovered. The amount of steam cracked tar produced is reduced by at least about 30 percent, and the amount of steam cracked tar produced is reduced by at least about 40 percent, basis the starting hydrocarbon feedstock which has not been subject to hydrotreating and aromatics saturation.

Abstract: An integrated process for converting a hydrocarbon feedstock having components boiling above about 100° C. into steam cracked products is described. The process first involves passing the feedstock to a hydrotreating zone at a pressure in the range of from about 400 psig to about 1,250 psig to effect substantially complete decomposition of organic sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds. The product from the hydrotreating zone is passed to a steam cracking zone. Hydrogen and C1-C4 hydrocarbons, steam cracked naphtha, steam cracked gas oil and steam cracked tar are recovered, where the amount of steam cracked tar produced is reduced by at least about 15 percent, basis the starting hydrocarbon feedstock which has not been subject to hydrotreating.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of benzene contained in a mixed refinery stream is disclosed wherein the refinery stream is first subjected to hydrogenation of higher olefins prior to alkylation of the benzene with selected types and quantities of lower olefins. Streams containing sulfur compounds may be pretreated by hydrodesulfurization. All of the process steps are advantageously carried out in distillation column reactors to take advantage of that mode of operation.

Abstract: A novel process is provided which integrates the cracking of hydrocarbon containing feedstocks with the olefins purification and olefins derivative process utilizing dilute olefin feedstocks.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of benzene contained in a mixed refinery stream is disclosed wherein the refinery stream is first subjected to hydrogenation of higher olefins prior to alkylation of the benzene with selected types and quantities of lower olefins. Streams containing sulfur compounds may be pretreated by hydrodesulfurization. All of the process steps are advantageously carried out in distillation column reactors to take advantage of that mode of operation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of producing polyisobutenes from a feedstock comprising a mixture of C4 hydrocarbons and containing isobutene and at least 5% by weight of 1-butene using a cationic polymerisation catalyst, characterised in that prior to polymerisation, the feedstock is subjected to a pre-treatment step in order to reduce the 1-butene content thereof to a level which is at least 20% lower than that of the 1-butene content in the initial mixed C4 hydrocarbon feedstock prior to the pre-treatment thereof and the polyisobutene so formed is (a) very high in its vinylidene group content and (b) substantially free of halogen.

Abstract: A process for preparing lower olefins from a hydrocarbon feed having at least a fraction boiling above the boiling point range of the lower olefins, which process includes thermal cracking of the hydrocarbon feed, wherein at least part of the hydrocarbon feed is a hydroprocessed synthetic oil fraction. The hydroprocessed synthetic oil fraction may be prepared by hydrogenation and/or hydroconversion and/or hydrocracking of a synthetic oil fraction.

Abstract: A process for preparing improved yields of styrene polymers by means of polymerization with a Ziegler-Natta type polymerization catalyst wherein the styrene monomer is first contacted with a hydrogenating agent under hydrogenation conditions such that substantially all phenylacetylene contained in the monomer stream is hydrogenated and thereafter contacting with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.

Abstract: A method for preparing a resin having light color comprises the steps of: hydrogenating a compound represented by the formula (1) ##STR1## wherein l, m and n are integers of 0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.3, 0.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.8 and l.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.3, respectively, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.6 each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon residue having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, with or without R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 forming a ring, in the presence of a Ziegler catalyst containing a transition metal compound of the groups IV to VI of the Periodic Table and an organometallic compound of the groups I to III of the Periodic Table in combination to obtain a norbornene compound represented by the formula (2) ##STR2## wherein l, m, n and R.sup.1 and R.sup.6 are the same as above; and polymerizing the norbornene compound to give the resin having light color.

Abstract: The specification discloses a monovinylidene aromatic polymer having a molecular weight of at least 50,000 and an extremely narrow molecular weight distribution of less than 1.5, preferably with at least 80% by weight of the polymer having a molecular weight within plus or minus 30% of the weight average molecular weight. This polymer is produced through anionic polymerization of a pure feed stock which is first cooled to a temperature at which an anionic initiator preferentially reacts with impurities present in the feed stock and initiates the polymerization reaction but does not substantially propagate styrene polymerization. The initiator is uniformly dispersed into the feed stock while maintaining it at the lower temperature and the feed stock temperature is subsequently increased to a temperature at which polymerization of the sytrene proceeds normally.

Abstract: A two-stage catalytic conversion process for converting an olefins-containing feed is disclosed which comprises contacting the feed in a first stage under substantially non-oligomerizing conditions with a catalyst comprising at least one metal (X) selected from the group consisting of metals from Groups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 4b, 5b, 6b and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements and contacting the effluent from the first stage in the second stage under olefin oligomerization conditions at a temperature which is at least 50.degree. C. above the operating temperature of the first stage with a catalyst comprising at least one metal (Z) selected from the group consisting of metals from Groups 1b, 2a, 2b, 4b, 5b, 6b, and 8 on a mordenite-type of crystalline trivalent metal (Q) silicate.

Abstract: A process using selective hydrogenation and HF alkylation in combination that employs a multifunction alkylation stripper for removal of light ends from the selective hydrogenation and a alkylation operations. The process combines the effluent from the selective hydrogenation operation, an isobutane feed stream and a bottoms stream from the HF stripper in the alkylation feed stripper. The feed stripper provides a C.sub.4 -plus bottoms stream that serves as the feed to the alkylation zone and a C.sub.3 -minus overhead that can be recovered as fuel gas. Significant benefit is obtained from this process when processing a mixed olefin feed of C.sub.3 /C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and recovering a high purity C.sub.3 product stream ahead of the selective hydrogenation zone. Another variation of this process allows a C.sub.3 product stream to be withdrawn from the alkylation feed stripper either directly as a sidecut or downstream of an overhead condensor.

Abstract: A stabilized hydrocarbon fraction comprising toluene, xylene, sulfur and olefinic hydrocarbons is converted to benzene by (a) catalytic hydrodesulfuration, (b) hydrodealkylation and (c) catalytic hydrogenation.

Abstract: To obtain olefins by the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, e.g., vacuum gas oil, by hydrogenation and subsequent steam cracking, an intermediate fractionation of the hydrogenate is provided so that the light fraction enriched in branched isomers can be used as fuel and the heavy fraction only is subjected to the steam cracking.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are subjected to hydrogenation, pressure reduction and separation into liquid and gaseous fractions. The gaseous fractions are purified and desulfurized. Hydrogen-rich components of the gaseous fraction are returned to the hydrogenation stage. Hydrocarbon-rich components of the gaseous fraction and components of the liquid fraction are cracked and fractionated. Residue is partially oxidized with oxygen and steam. Gas produced by the partial oxidation is desulfurized and separated, and hydrogen is returned to the hydrogenation stage. A polymer free fraction of the residue is returned to the feed stock and to the hydrogenation stage, a heavy residue component of the initial liquid fraction is partially oxidized with the residue.

Abstract: To obtain olefins by the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, e.g., vacuum gas oil, by hydrogenation and subsequent steam cracking, an intermediate fractionation of the hydrogenate is provided so that the light fraction enriched in branched isomers can be used as fuel and the heavy fraction only is subjected to the steam cracking.

Abstract: Vacuum residue is used for production of olefins by first separating, preferably by solvent extraction, the asphalt therein, blending resultant asphalt depleted fraction with a lighter fraction, e.g., a vacuum gas oil, and then subjecting the blend to a conventional catalytic hydrogenation step prior to thermal cracking. The hydrogenate may be separated into fractions with the heavy fraction only being thermally cracked.

Abstract: Ethylene and maximum benzene are co-produced via a combination process involving (1) thermal cracking, or pyrolysis, (2) aromatic hydrocarbon separation, or extraction, and, (3) dealkylation of alkyl-substituted aromatics to yield additional benzene. Unconverted feed paraffins are recycled to thermal cracking for additional ethylene and benzene production.

Abstract: Unsaturated C.sub.4 hydrocarbons are converted into normal butane by introducing an unsaturated C.sub.4 hydrocarbon stream into a hydrogenation zone to convert it into a stream of normal butane and isobutane. Normal butane is recovered from a separation zone while isobutane is directed to an isomerization zone wherein a portion of the isobutane is converted into normal butane. The stream from the isomerization zone is returned to the separation zone to recover the normal butane produced in the isomerization reaction. The normal butane produced by the process is subsequently utilized in a cracking zone to produce ethylene.

Abstract: In a process for the production of olefins in two stages wherein, in the first stage, heavy petroleum fractions are hydrogenated in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst and, in the second stage, the thus-hydrogenated fractions are subjected to thermal cracking the presence of steam, the improvement which comprises employing as the hydrogenation catalyst a zeolite of the faujasite structure combined with elements from Groups VIB, VIIB and VIII of the periodic table of the elements, wherein the alkali component of the zeolite is exchanged at least partially for ammonium, hydronium, alkaline earth and/or rare earth ions, and the elements are present in a metallic, ionic, oxidic and/or sulfidic form.

Abstract: A catalytically hydrogenated naphtha stream containing less than 10 ppm by weight of sulfur is pyrolyzed without added hydrogen to a product including ethylene. Selectivity to ethylene is increased by adding a sulfur compound to increase the sulfur content to above 20 ppm by weight based on hydrogenated naphtha. Addition of the sulfur compound increases the quality of hydrogenated naphtha as a pyrolysis feedstock nearly to that of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffin stream.

Abstract: Ethylene and maximum benzene are co-produced via a combination process involving (1) thermal cracking, or pyrolysis, (2) aromatic hydrocarbon separation, or extraction, and, (3) dealkylation of alkyl-substituted aromatics to yield additional benzene. Unconverted feed paraffins are recycled to thermal cracking for additional ethylene and benzene production.