Abstract: Acetylenic compounds in olefin streams such as mixed 1,3-butadiene were selectively hydrogenated over the supported copper catalysts on highly porous supports such as alumina, silica, etc. The preferred supports have the average pore diameter larger than about 200 Å, no micro pores, total pore volume larger than about 0.65 cc/g, and preferably less than about 230 m2/g BET surface area. The copper catalysts were preferably promoted with the Group VIII metal such as palladium to improve low activity of copper catalyst. The product stream typically contains less than 20 ppm total alkynes. Also the copper catalysts and the palladium promoted copper catalysts may be modified with zinc oxide to improve the performance of the catalysts. The reactor was loaded with two or more copper catalysts promoted with different levels of palladium.

Abstract: A selective acetylene hydrogenation process which is able to produce a high quality diolefin having extremely low levels of acetylene over an extended period of time compared with the prior art. The process of the present invention provides a selective hydrogenation reaction zone wherein the catalyst activity is maintained at a high level while the process unit remains on stream by contacting the selective hydrogenation catalyst with a polymer solvent, diolefin feed and hydrogen in one embodiment and by contacting the selective hydrogenation catalyst off-line with only polymer solvent and hydrogen in a second embodiment. In addition, the quantity of make-up regeneration solvent is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A process for the reaction of an organic compound in the presence of a catalyst comprising, as active metal, ruthenium alone or together with at least one Group Ib, VIIb, or VIIIb metal in an amount of from 0.01 to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the catalyst, applied to a support, wherein from 10 to 50% of the pore volume of the support comprises macropores having a pore diameter in the range of from 50 nm to 10,000 nm and from 50 to 90% of the pore volume of the support comprises mesopores having a pore diameter in the range of from 2 to 50 nm, the sum of said pore volumes being 100%, and said catalyst as such.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a process of removing dienes from an olefin feedstock. A preferred olefin feedstock is for the production of primary alcohol compositions by skeletal isomerization of the olefins followed by hydroformylation. In this preferred embodiment, the olefin feedstock may be purified before and/or after skeletal isomerization. The olefins in the feedstock preferably have a carbon chain length of about 8 to about 36 carbon atoms, preferably about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms, most preferably about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Process for the production of linear alkylaromatic hydrocarbons comprising: a) dehydrogenating C10-C14 n-paraffins; b) selectively hydrogenating the diolefins produced during step (a); c) feeding stream (b) and an aromatic hydrocarbon to an alkylation unit; d) distilling the alkylated stream into its main constituents; e) subjecting a paraffinic stream containing aromatic by-products, leaving step (d), to a hydrogenation step; f) recycling the stream leaving step (e) to the dehydrogenation unit of step (a).

Abstract: In a process for the separation of p-xylene from a feed to be treated containing a mixture of xylenes and olefinic impurities, at least a portion of the feed is circulated in an enrichment zone (14) to enrich a first fraction (15) in p-xylene and provide a second fraction (18) which is depleted in p-xylene. The second fraction is circulated in an isomerisation zone (19) and an isomerate (20) is recovered which is recycled to the enrichment zone. At least a portion of the feed to be treated, the isomerate, or a mixture thereof is circulated in at least one selective hydrogenation zone (3) to partially remove the olefinic impurities and thereafter in at least one clay tretment zone (8) to remove additional olefinic impurities. An effluent is recovered which is sent to the enrichment zone.

Abstract: A process for converting lignin into high-quality reformulated hydrocarbon gasoline compositions in high yields is disclosed. The process is a two-stage, catalytic reaction process that produces a reformulated hydrocarbon gasoline product with a controlled amount of aromatics. In the first stage, a lignin material is subjected to a base-catalyzed depolymerization reaction in the presence of a supercritical alcohol as a reaction medium, to thereby produce a depolymerized lignin product. In the second stage, the depolymerized lignin product is subjected to a sequential two-step hydroprocessing reaction to produce a reformulated hydrocarbon gasoline product. In the first hydroprocessing step, the depolymerized lignin is contacted with a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst to produce a hydrodeoxygenated intermediate product.

Abstract: A process for the production of saturated oligomers by the oligomerization of light olefins to heavier olefins and the saturation of the heavy olefins is improved by the recycle of the heavy paraffins to the oligomerization zone. The recycle of the heavy paraffins improves the selectivity of the oligomerization for C.sub.8 paraffin products and reduces catalyst fouling. The reduced catalyst fouling can be used to operate the oligomerization zone at lower pressure and facilitate its integration with a dehydrogenation zone for the production of the light olefin stream.

Abstract: A process combination is disclosed to selectively upgrade naphtha in a manner to obtain an aromatics-rich, low-olefin product from the combination. Preferably the naphtha is subjected to aromatization to obtain an aromatics concentrate which is upgraded by hydrogenation of olefins in the aromatics-rich stream. Olefin saturation is effected following separation of the major portion of hydrogen from the aromatics concentrate and before fractionation/stabilization for removal of light ends, with concomitant low saturation of aromatics and with removal of light ends in a fractionator which would be associated with the aromatization in any case.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons is disclosed. Feed paraffinic hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated by means of contacting the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon with a dehydrogenation catalyst in a first dehydrogenation zone wherein the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction reduces the temperature of the resulting hydrocarbon stream containing dehydrogenated hydrocarbon compounds. The resulting effluent from the first dehydrogenation zone is then contacted with a stream of gas comprising normally gaseous hydrocarbon compounds having a temperature greater than the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon stream and then introducing the resulting heated stream into a second dehydrogenation zone to produce additional dehydrogenated hydrocarbon compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of polymethylalkanes having terminal methyl groups and methylene and ethylidene groups of the formula I ##STR1## in which the total number of C atoms n+2 m+2 is 20 to 100 and the ratio of the methyl and methylene groups to the ethylidene groups is 3 to 20:1 and the ethylidene groups are always separated by at least one methylene group, as biodegradable base oils for lubricants and functional fluids. Suitable polymethylalkanes are obtained by oligomerization of .alpha.,.omega.-diolefins, for example in particular according to P 41 19 332.6, or by pyrolysis of ethene/propane copolymers and subsequent hydrogenation in each case. The polymethylalkanes can be combined with conventional additives and other degradable or non-degradable base oils.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for upgrading multi-branched C.sub.9 + olefinic and/or paraffinic by-products of heavy hydrocarbon upgrading processes including alkylation, polymerization, and MOGD, to high octane gasoline. Feeds rich in multi-branched C.sub.9 + olefins and/or paraffins are contacted with hydrogen at a pressure in the range of about 200 psig to about 2000 psig in the presence of an unsulfided catalyst composition comprising a low acidity molecular sieve having an Alpha Value of 5 or less. Because of the capability of the catalyst to crack at unsubstituted carbon-carbon bonds, the paraffinic products are more highly branched, and thus higher in octane number than those obtained from conventional dual function hydrocracking catalysts having Alpha Values greater than 5.

Abstract: The invention concerns a hydrogenation process, in particular for the selective hydrogenation of diolefins in volatiles produced by steam cracking or other cracking processes, in which the catalyst is distributed in a plurality of beds. It is characterized in that the different catalyst beds are not used at the same time, but successively and in accordance with a given order.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of linear olefinic hydrocarbons by paraffin dehydrogenation and adsorptive separation is disclosed. Aromatic by-products normally formed in paraffin dehydrogenation are selectively removed using at least one aromatics removal zone. Removal of these aromatic by-products significantly increases the purity of the olefinic hydrocarbon product and increases the capacity of the adsorptive separation zone. The improved process is believed to increase the life of the adsorbent in the adsorptive separation zone and the life of the catalyst in the dehydrogenation zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a lube oil having a low pour point and excellent viscosity and viscosity index comprising isomerizing a waxy feed over a catalyst comprising a molecular sieve having generally oval 1-D pores having a minor axis between about 4.2 .ANG. and about 4.8 .ANG. and a major axis between about 5.4 .ANG. and about 7.0 .ANG. and at least one group VIII metal. SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-41, ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 are examples of useful catalysts.

Abstract: A substantially benzene-free product suitable for gasoline blending is formed from a benzene-containing refinery stream. At least about 30% of the benzene initially present in the stream is catalytically alkylated with C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 olefins to form alkylated products. Most preferably, the alkylation zone is present in the distillation column and the alkylated products drop to the lower portion of the column and are recovered with the heavy fraction. Alternatively, the alkylation zone is downstream of the distillation column and a secondary distillation column removes the heavier alkylated products. The remaining light fraction is hydrogenated to convert substantially all of the remaining non-alkylated benzene to cyclohexane and is isomerized to boost the octane of C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 paraffins, preferably in a single reactor.

Abstract: Liquid phase hydrogenation of the liquid products of the low temperature carbonization of waste yields products which are free of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The hydrogenation may be catalyzed by the low temperature coke produced in the low temperature carbonization.

Abstract: A process and reactor system is disclosed for hydrotreating a low sulfur containing olefinic distillate and conventional feedstock to a catalytic hydrodesulfurization. The process comprises passing a minor portion of the olefinic distillate to a first hydrotreating zone in admixture with conventional CHD feedstock. A major portion of the olefinic distillate is passed to a second hydrotreating zone in combination with the effluent from the first zone. In this manner the exotherm attributable to olefins hydrogenation is controlled within limits sufficient to avoid very frequent catalyst regeneration.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel perhydrofluorene derivative which is represented by the following general formula and which is useful as a fluid for traction drive and a process for production of the derivative. ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1-4 carbon atoms, X represents (CH.sub.2).sub.p or ##STR2## wherein R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1-4 carbon atoms, p represents a real number of 2-6, q represents a real number of 1-4 and s represents 1 or 0 and k, m and n each represents a real number of 1-4.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons is disclosed. Feed paraffinic hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to yield an olefin containing vapor stream which is partially condensed to produce a liquid phase process stream which contains byproduct diolefins along with the intended product monoolefins. The liquid phase process stream in admixture with hydrogen and a sulfur compound is passed through a selective hydrogenation zone in which diolefins are catalytically converted to monoolefins. This selective hydrogenation in the presence of trace quantities of a sulfur compound increases the quality of the product monoolefin stream. The selective hydrogenation zone is located between the vapor-liquid separator and the stripper column of the dehydrogenation zone.

Abstract: Diisopropenylbenzene is a monomer that can be used in the preparation of many useful polymers and is also a chemical intermediate that can be employed in a number of chemical processes. Diisopropenylbenzene is normally synthesized by the dehydrogenation of diisopropylbenzene. Unfortunately in this dehydrogenation process a number of olefinic impurities are produced as by-products. This invention discloses a process for the separation of diisopropenylbenzene from these impurities and for recycling some of the impurities.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for producing gasoline and distillate grade products which employs integrating catalytic (or thermal) dehydrogenation of paraffins with MOGD to minimize interstage compression and gas plant separation cost. The process cascades the product from a low temperature propane or butane dehydrogenation zone into a first catalytic reactor zone which operates at low pressure and contains zeolite oligomerization catalysts, where the low molecular weight olefins are reacted to primarily gasoline range materials. These gasoline range materials can then be pressurized to the pressure required for reacting to distillate in a second catalytic reactor zone operating at high pressure and containing zeolite oligomerization catalyst. The first catalytic reactor zone also acts to remove the olefins from the dehydrogenation reactor effluent to allow recycle of the unreacted paraffins.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing distillate and/or lubes employs integrating catalytic (or thermal) dehydrogenation of paraffins with MOGDL. The process feeds the product from a low temperature propane and/or butane dehydrogenation zone into a first catalytic reactor zone, which operates at low pressure and contains zeolite oligomerization catalysts, where the low molecular weight olefins are reacted to primarily gasoline range materials. These gasoline range materials can then be pressurized to the pressure required for reacting to distillate in a second catalytic reactor zone operating at high pressure and containing a zeolite oligomerization catalyst. The distillate is subsequently sent to a hydrotreating unit and product separation zone to form lubes and other finished products.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process wherein metal-coated or metal-contaminated cracking catalyst is regenerated, reduced and then used to hydrogenate an olefin.

Abstract: Process for the dehalogenation of aryl and alpha-araliphatic halides comprising contacting the aryl halide or alpha-araliphatic halide with hypophosphite salt, in the presence of a catalytic amount of a noble metal catalyst. This process is useful in the field of organic synthesis and for the removal of environmentally hazardous aryl and alpha-araliphatic halides, including polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzo-p-dioxins.

Abstract: An integrated process is provided for converting methanol or the like to heavy hydrocarbon products, especially distillate range hydrocarbons. In a first stage catalytic process oxygenate feedstock is converted to lower olefins, which are passed through a second stage oligomerization reactor. A reactor sequencing technique is useful for multi-stage catalytic conversion systems employing a number of fixed bed catalytic reactors at various process temperatures and catalytic activity levels.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for producing distillate and/or lubes which employ integrating catalytic (or thermal) dehydrogenation of paraffins with MOGDL. The process feeds the product from a low temperature propane and/or butane dehydrogenation zone into a first catalytic reactor zone, which operates at low pressure and contains zeolite oligomerization catalysts, where the low molecular weight olefins are reacted to primarily gasoline range materials. These gasoline range materials can then be pressurized to the pressure required for reacting to distillate in a second catalytic reactor zone operating at high pressure and containing a zeolite oligomerization catalyst. The distillate is subsequently sent to a hydrotreating unit and product separation zone to form lubes and other finished products.

Abstract: Process for producing high quality gasoline and diesel fuel from C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 olefinic cuts, such as those obtained by dehydrogenation of lower alkanes, comprising the steps of (a) polymerizing a C.sub.3 olefinic cut to obtain a polymer gasoline fraction, (b) reacting a C.sub.4 olefinic cut with an alkanol such as methanol to form methyltertiarybutyl ether and unreacted C.sub.4 hydrocarbons, and (c) quenching the polymerization reaction in (a) with the unreacted C.sub.4 hydrocarbons obtained in (b). The polymer gasoline fraction in (a) can be subjected to fractionation and hydrogenation to obtain additional streams for recycle and diesel fuel product.

Abstract: Diisopropenylbenzene is a monomer that can be used in the preparation of many useful polymers and is also a chemical intermediate that can be employed in a number of chemical processes. Diisopropenylbenzene is normally synthesized by the dehydrogenation of diisopropylbenzene. Unfortunately in this dehydrogenation process a number of olefinic impurities are produced as by-products. This invention discloses a process for the separation of diisopropenylbenzene from these impurities and for recycling some of the impurities.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of linear olefinic hydrocarbons. A feed stream of paraffins is fed to a catalytic dehydrogenation reaction zone. Liquid phase hydrocarbons withdrawn from the dehydrogenation reaction zone are passed through a diolefin selective hydrogenation zone. The effluent of the hydrogenation zone is stripped of light ends and passed into an olefin separation zone, which preferably employs a selective adsorbent. The paraffinic effluent of the separation zone is recycled to the dehydrogenation zone. The paraffinic recycle stream contains some monoolefins, but is essentially free of diolefins. Dehydrogenation catalyst life is lengthened by elimination of diolefins in total charge to dehydrogenation zone. Product quality and yield is improved.

Abstract: A process for converting synthol light oil product of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to heavy distillate comprising the steps ofcontacting the light oil at elevated temperature and pressure with acid zeolite conversion catalyst to oligomerize olefins and convert oxygenated hydrocarbons contained in the light oil thereby providing an effluent containing light heavy distillate range hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon vapor and byproduct water;flashing and separating the effluent to recover a heavy distillate-rich liquid phase and a light hydrocarbon-rich vapor phase containing byproduct water;condensing the vapor phase to provide a liquid hydrocarbon recycle stream;removing byproduct water from the recycle stream;combining the light oil with the pressurized recycle stream as heat sink to prevent excessive reaction temperature during catalytic conversion.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons is disclosed. Feed paraffinic hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to yield an olefin-containing vapor stream, which is partially condensed to produce a liquid phase process stream which contains by-product diolefins along with the intended product monoolefins. The liquid phase process stream and added hydrogen are passed through a selective hydrogenation zone in which diolefins are catalytically converted to monoolefins. This increases the quality of the product monoolefin stream. The selective hydrogenation zone is located between the vapor-liquid separator and stripper column of the dehydrogenation zone.

Abstract: An integrated process is provided for converting methanol or the like to heavy hydrocarbon products, especially distillate range hydrocarbons. In a first stage catalytic process oxygenate feedstock is converted to lower olefins. Byproduct aromatics are passed through a second stage oligomerization reactor with olefins. Distillate range hydrocarbons are recovered and hydrotreated to provide an improved fuel product.

Abstract: An improved process for the manufacture of synthetic lubricant additives from internal olefins is described. The process utilizes boron trifluoride catalysis with a promoter to produce oligomer mixtures that have surprisingly low viscosities at low temperatures and surprisingly high viscosity indexes as compared with the oligomers found in other methods. It is important that internal olefins be used almost exclusively in the method of this invention.

Abstract: A mixture of predominantly low molecular weight alpha olefins may be oligomerized over a boron trifluoride catalyst and a protonic promoter. When the oligomers are hydrogenated they provide a synthetic lubricant base stock having excellent properties. The alpha olefins may be derived from ethylene polymerization or wax pyrolysis. An inert organic solvent may be present. Preferably, the olefin mixture is made up of greater than 50 weight weight percent of at least one low molecular weight alpha olefin having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and less than 50 weight percent of at least one higher molecular weight alpha olefin having 8 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An oligoisobutylcyclohexane of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 -R.sup.5 are identical or different and independently denote hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 - alkyl group, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy group or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkylthio substitutent and R.sup.6 denotes a branched chain C.sub.12 -C.sub.40 -alkyl group of trimeric to decameric isobutene,a process for preparing such oligoisobutylcyclohexanes and their use as dielectric liquids, lubricants, heat transfer media and the like.

Abstract: Highly pure 1-butene and premium gasoline are obtained by(a) subjecting a C.sub.4 olefinic cut to a polymerization-disproportionation to partly convert the isobutene thereof to a gasoline which, in turn, by partial disproportionation, yields a jet fuel base and butenes,(b) fractionating the effluent from step (a) to a mixture (.alpha.) of gasoline and jet fuel base and to a fraction (.beta.) containing isobutane, n-butane, butenes, a small amount of isobutene and a minor amount of butadiene,(c) selectively polymerizing fraction (.beta.) to convert more than 90% of the isobutene thereof to gasoline,(d) fractionating the polymerized fraction (.beta.) to a gasoline cut (.gamma.) containing isobutene dimers and trimers and to a fraction (.delta.) containing isobutane, n-butane and butenes,(e) selectively hydrogenating the fraction (.delta.),(f) removing isobutane from the hydrogenated fraction (.delta.) and(g) fractionating the deisobutanized hydrogenated fraction (.delta.

Abstract: An improved process for the manufacture of synthetic lubricant additives from olefins having two or three carbon atoms is described. The low molecular weight olefins are converted to internal olefins having 9 to 24 carbon atoms via isomerization and disproportionation. The process utilizes boron trifluoride catalysis with a promoter to produce from the C.sub.9 -C.sub.24 internal olefins oligomer mixtures that have surprisingly low viscosities at low temperatures and surprisingly high viscosity indexes as compared with the oligomers found in other methods. It is important that internal olefins be used almost exclusively in the second step of the method of this invention.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high quality synthetic lubricants which comprises transforming ethylene into a mix of alpha olefins, separating from this mix of alpha olefins the alpha olefins in the range from about 14 to 20 carbon atoms, oligomerizing the alpha olefins in the range from about 14 to 20 atoms with a perfluorosulfonic acid resin catalyst and hydrogenating these oligomerized olefins. The olefins from the original mix of alpha olefins which are lighter and heavier than the 14 to 20 carbon atom alpha olefins processed above are combined and subjected to an isomerization/disproportionation process and the resulting olefins in the range of about 14 to 20 carbon atoms are oligomerized with perfluorosulfonic acid resin catalyst as above. Optionally, these olefins in the range of 14 to 20 carbon atoms may be combined with the olefins prepared directly from ethylene before oligomerization takes place. The resulting oligomers are hydrogenated.

Abstract: Traction fluids for traction drive transmissions, prepared by hydrogenating an alkylation product obtained by the reaction of xylene and/or toluene, together with or without ethylbenzene, with styrene.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing aliphatic compounds containing two conjugated double bonds cis-cis or cis-trans, characterized in that a compound of the general formula ##STR1## (in which R is H, alkyl from C.sub.1 to C.sub.10, or OY in which Y is a protective group selected from the class consisting of tetrahydropyranyl and 1-ethoxyethyl; X is an ester function selected from the class consisting of the acetates) is reacted with an alkyl-magnesium halide of the general formula:Z--Mg--R.sup.1 (II)(in which Z is chlorine, bromine or iodine, and R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a group (CH.sub.2).sub.n OY in which Y has the same meaning as in formula (I), and n is a number from 3 to 10) in the presence of Li.sub.2 CuCl.sub.4, CuCl, CuBr, or CuI at temperatures ranging from about -30.degree. to +10.degree. C. in the presence of ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran as solvent, to obtain an aliphatic compound of the general formula:R--CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C--CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.2 R.sup.

Abstract: This invention relates to solid nonionic cross-linked resins containing amine or phosphine borane adducts and their use as reducing agents for metal ions, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes and the like. This invention also relates to the use of these resins as starting materials for the preparation of novel metal catalysts for use in hydrogenation reactions.