Abstract: A method to make a phosphorus modified zeolite can include providing a zeolite including at least one ten member ring in the structure steaming the zeolite, mixing the zeolite with one or more binders and shaping additives, and then shaping the mixture. The method can include making a ion-exchange. The shaped mixture can be steamed. Phosphorous can be introduced on the catalyst to introduce at least 0.1 wt % of phosphorus, such as be dry impregnation or chemical vapor deposition. A metal, such as calcium, can be introduced. The catalyst can be washed, calcinated, and then steamed. The steaming severity (X) can be at least about 2. The catalyst can be steamed at a temperature above 625° C., such as a temperature ranging from 700 to 800° C. The catalyst can be used in alcohol dehydration, olefin cracking, MTO processes, and alkylation of aromatics by alcohols with olefins and/or alcohols.

Abstract: Lignin compositions, products produced from them or containing them, methods to produce them, spinning methods, methods to convert lignin to a conversion product and conversion products produced by the methods are described.

Abstract: This invention relates to a Group 8 metal containing catalyst compound for the metathesis of olefins. This invention also relates to process to make alphaolefins comprising contacting an olefin, such as ethylene, with a feed oil containing a triacylglyceride (typically a fatty acid ester (such as methyl oleate)) with a Group 8 metal containing catalyst compound. The fatty acid ester may be a fatty acid methyl ester derived from biodiesel.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon fuel from a hydrocarbon-containing gas is disclosed and described. A hydrocarbon-containing gas is produced (10) containing from about 25% to about 50% carbon dioxide and can be reformed (12) with a steam gas to form a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reforming can be a composite dry-wet reforming or a tri-reforming step. The mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be at least partially converted (14) to a methanol product. The methanol product can be converted to the hydrocarbon fuel (18), optionally via UME synthesis (16). The method allows for effective fuel production with low catalyst fouling rates and for operation in an unmanned, self-contained unit at the source of the hydrocarbon-producing gas.

Abstract: For the production of olefins from dimethyl ether gaseous dimethyl ether in a purity of 70-100 wt-% together with recycle gas, which contains olefinic, paraffinic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as steam is charged to a first catalyst stage of a re actor. To render the temperature profile over the catalyst stages as flat as possible, but close to the optimum operating temperature, gaseous dimethyl ether in a purity of 70-100 wt-% together with recycle gas, which contains olefinic, paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, is charged to at least one downstream catalyst stage, wherein this downstream catalyst stage additionally is fed with product gas from the upstream catalyst stage.

Abstract: A process for producing light olefins from methanol and/or dimethyl ether is disclosed. It comprises: (a) introducing a feed comprising methanol and/or dimethyl ether into a fluidized-bed reactor from its bottom, and contacting the feed in a dense phase zone and a transition zone of the fluidized-bed reactor with a catalyst, to form an effluent I comprising unreacted feed, reaction products and entrained solid particulate catalyst; (b) introducing a terminating agent consisting of water, alcohol, ether, hydrocarbons, and aromatic at upper portion of the transition zone and/or lower portion of a gas-solid separating zone of the fluidized-bed reactor into the effluent I, to give an effluent II; and (c) passing the effluent II into the gas-solid separating zone in upper portion of the fluidized-bed reactor, where gas-solid separation is accomplished to give a gaseous product stream and solid catalyst.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of C2- to C4-olefins, a feed stream comprising oxygenates and steam is passed through at least one fixed-bed zone comprising zeolite catalyst, where the oxygenates are converted catalytically into olefins with high selectivity for lower olefins, and the reaction mixture leaving the fixed-bed zone is separated into a first product stream comprising C2- to C3-olefins and inert gas components, at least one second product stream comprising C4+-olefins, and a third product stream consisting of aqueous phase. In order to improve the yield of lower olefins, the aim is to regulate the temperature of the catalytic reaction in accordance with a target temperature value in the range from 440 to 520° C. specified for the reaction mixture exiting the fixed-bed zone by means of a supplementary stream consisting of olefins and inert gas components fed into the feed stream.

Abstract: A method to make a phosphorus modified zeolite can include providing a zeolite having at least one ten member ring, making an ion-exchange, steaming the zeolite, and introducing phosphorus on the zeolite. The zeolite can be mixed with one or more binders and shaping additives, and then shaped. A metal can be introduced, and the catalyst can be washed, calcined, and steamed in an equilibration step. The steaming can be at performed at a steam severity (X) of at least about 2. The steaming can be performed at a temperature above 625° C. The catalyst can be used in alcohol dehydration, olefin cracking, MTO processes, and alkylation of aromatics by alcohols with olefins and/or alcohols.

Abstract: The current invention provides a process for extracting C4+ olefins from a stream comprising C4+ olefins and C4+ paraffins, wherein an oxygenate, preferably methanol (MeOH) is used as extractant, and wherein the resulting extract phase comprising C4+ olefins and extractant is converted into olefins. Also provided is a process for converting oxygenates to olefins, wherein the oxygenate preferably comprises MeOH, wherein the oxygenate is used as extractant and wherein an extract phase comprising C4+ olefins and the extractant are converted into olefins.

Abstract: A reactor design and configuration and a process for the catalytic dehydration of butanol to butylenes where the reactor train is comprised of a multi-stage single reactor vessel or multiple reactor vessels wherein each stage and/or vessel has different length, internal diameter, and volume than the other stages and/or vessels and in addition the stages and/or reactor vessels are connected in series or in parallel arrangement, preferably used with an improved means of introducing the butanol feedstock and a heat carrying inert gas to the improved reactor train.

Abstract: A catalyst for the conversion of oxygenates, such as alcohols or ethers, to olefins consists essentially of a selected SUZ-4 zeolite that has a Si/Al ratio of at least 20, preferably between 20 and 500, especially between 20 and 100. The basic SUZ-4 zeolite is prepared in a manner known per se, whereafter the Si/Al ratio is increased to the desired value. The selected SUZ-4 zeolite catalyst of the invention has a longer life time and a better product selectivity than the conventional/standard SUZ-4 zeolite catalysts.

Abstract: A catalyst is described which comprises at least one IZM-2 zeolite and at least one matrix, said zeolite having a chemical composition expressed as the anhydrous base in terms of moles of oxides by the following general formula: XO2: aY2O3: bMnO, in which X represents at least one tetravalent element, Y represents at least one trivalent element and M is at least one alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal, a and b respectively representing the number of moles of Y2O3 and MnO; and a is in the range 0.001 to 0.5, b is in the range 0 to 1 and n is in the range 1 to 2. Said catalyst is used in various processes for the transformation of hydrocarbon feeds.

Abstract: A method of making one or more 2,5-dimethylhexenes is described. The method includes reacting isobutene with isobutanol in the presence of a platinum group metal catalyst to form one or more 2,5-dimethylhexenes. A method of making p-xylene using one or more 2,5-dimethylhexenes is also described. The p-xylene can be made from totally renewable sources, if desired.

Abstract: A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The process may include reacting a triacylglycerides-containing oil-carbon dioxide mixture at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides to a hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons comprising one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics.

Abstract: The present invention provides an adsorbent catalytic nanoparticle including a mesoporous silica nanoparticle having at least one adsorbent functional group bound thereto. The adsorbent catalytic nanoparticle also includes at least one catalytic material. In various embodiments, the present invention provides methods of using and making the adsorbent catalytic nanoparticles. In some examples, the adsorbent catalytic nanoparticles can be used to selectively remove fatty acids from feedstocks for biodiesel, and to hydrotreat the separated fatty acids.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of generating hydrogen from a bio-oil, comprising hydrogenating a water-soluble fraction of the bio-oil with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, and reforming the water-soluble fraction by aqueous-phase reforming in the presence of a reforming catalyst, wherein hydrogen is generated by the reforming, and the amount of hydrogen generated is greater than that consumed by the hydrogenating. The method can further comprise hydrocracking or hydrotreating a lignin fraction of the bio-oil with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst wherein the lignin fraction of bio-oil is obtained as a water-insoluble fraction from aqueous extraction of bio-oil. The hydrogen used in the hydrogenating and in the hydrocracking or hydrotreating can be generated by reforming the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil.

Abstract: The present process provides a method for converting an oxygenate-containing feed stream to an olefin-containing product stream. The method includes: (1) providing a first fluidized catalytic reactor for converting methanol to propylene, the first reactor having a fluidized catalyst system comprising a first catalyst and a second catalyst; (2) providing a second fluidized catalytic reactor communicating with the first fluidized catalytic reactor for cracking heavy olefins having four carbon atoms or greater into propylene, the second reactor having the fluidized catalyst system; (3) providing an oxygenate containing feed to the first reactor; and (4) fluidizing the catalyst system with the oxygenate containing feed.

Abstract: A process to make propylene can include providing a reaction zone containing a catalyst and introducing a feedstock into the reaction zone. The catalyst can be an acid. The feedstock can include ethylene, dimethyl ether or methanol and dimethyl ether with at least 1000 wppm of dimethyl ether, and optionally steam. The feedstock can be contacted with the catalyst at temperature and pressure conditions to produce an effluent, including propylene, hydrocarbons, steam, optionally unconverted methanol and/or unconverted dimethyl ether and optionally unconverted ethylene. The temperature at the inlet of the reaction zone can be under 280° C., such as from 50 to 280° C. The effluent can be sent to a fractionation zone to recover propylene, optionally methanol, dimethyl ether and optionally ethylene. At least a part of methanol, dimethyl ether, and ethylene can be recycled to the reaction zone at step b).

Abstract: The present invention provides a fluidized bed reactor and its use for producing olefins from oxygenates, the fluidized bed reactor comprises: a reaction zone located in the lower portion of the fluidized bed reactor and comprising a lower dense phase zone and an upper riser, wherein the dense phase zone and the riser are connected with each other transitionally; a separation zone located in the upper portion of the fluidized bed reactor and comprising a settling chamber, a fast gas-solid separation means, a cyclone and a gas collecting chamber, wherein the riser extends upwardly into the separation zone and is connected at its outlet with the inlet of the fast gas-solid separation means, the fast gas-solid separation means is connected at its outlet with the inlet of the cyclone via a fast gas passage, the cyclone is connected at its outlet with the gas collecting chamber, and the gas collecting chamber is located below the reactor outlet and connected therewith; and a catalyst recycle line for recycling the

Abstract: A process for converting an oxygenate-containing feedstock to a product comprising olefins comprises including in the oxygenate-containing feedstock an amount of ammonia. The presence of the ammonia increases the product's ratio of ethylene to propylene.

Abstract: A process for producing light olefins is provided. A feedstock enters a pre-reaction zone and contacts a catalyst comprising at least one silicon-aluminophosphate molecular sieve and produces a gas-phase stream; the gas-phase stream and the catalyst enter at least one riser, and the gas-phase stream and the catalyst pass from an outlet of the at least one riser and enter a gas-solid rapid separation zone; the separated gas-phase stream enters a separation section; a first portion of the separated catalyst returns to the pre-reaction zone, and a second portion is regenerated in a regenerator; wherein an inlet of the at least one riser extends into the pre-reaction zone, about 60% to about 90% of the height of the at least one riser passes through a heat exchange zone, and the outlet extends into the gas-solid rapid separation zone.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods useful for producing fatty alcohol compositions from recombinant host cells. The disclosure further provides variant fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) enzymes, polynucleotides encoding the variant FAR enzymes, and vectors and host cells comprising the same.

Abstract: A process for obtaining gaseous hydrocarbons from a starting material which contains oxygen-containing hydrocarbons. The process includes providing the starting material and contacting the starting material with a porous catalyst at a temperature of 300-850° C. in the absence of oxygen in a converting reactor so as to form a hydrocarbon-containing product gas mixture in which a proportion by weight of gaseous hydrocarbons is greater than a proportion by weight of liquid hydrocarbons in the gas mixture. Additionally, the process includes collecting a hydrocarbon-containing product gas stream of the hydrocarbon-containing product gas mixture and introducing the product gas stream into a separation apparatus in which product fractionation is carried out.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing ethylene and propylene, comprising the step of: a) contacting a feed comprising methanol, ethanol and C4+ olefins with a catalyst, comprising ZSM-5 having a silica to alumina ratio in the range of from 40 to 100, at a temperature in the range of from 350 to 1000° C. to obtain a olefinic product comprising ethylene and propylene.

Abstract: A novel olefin production process of the invention can be established as an industrial and practical process of producing an olefin with high selectivity by directly reacting a ketone and hydrogen in a single reaction step. In particular, a novel olefin production process is provided in which propylene is obtained with high selectivity by directly reacting acetone and hydrogen. An olefin production process of the invention includes reacting a ketone and hydrogen at a reaction temperature in the range of 50 to 300° C. in the presence of a Cu-containing hydrogenation catalyst and a solid acid substance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a catalyst which, in a formal sense, comprises 0.1 to 20% by mass of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal oxide, 0.1 to 99% by mass of oxide and 0.1 to 99% by mass of silicon dioxide, which is characterized in that it aluminum comprises the steps of treating an aluminosilicate with an aqueous alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal salt solution under acidic conditions and calcining the aluminosilicate treated with aqueous alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal salt solution, and to a catalyst which is obtainable by this process and, in a formal sense, comprises alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide, which is characterized in that the catalyst, in a formal sense, has a content of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal oxides of 0.

Abstract: A process for converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to provide an effluent containing light olefins, the process comprising passing a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a mixture of a first portion, containing one or more olfeins of C4 or greater, and a second portion, containing at least one C1 to C6 aliphatic hetero compound selected from alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds and mixtures thereof, through a reactor containing a crystalline silicate catalyst to produce an effluent including propylene, the crystalline silicate being selected from at least one of an MFI-type crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminum atomic ratio of at least 180 and an MEL-type crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminum atomic ratio of from 150 to 800 which has been subjected to a steaming step.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and units for mitigation of carbon oxides during hydrotreating hydrocarbons including mineral oil based streams and biological oil based streams. A hydrotreating unit includes a first hydrotreating reactor for receiving a mineral oil based hydrocarbon stream and forming a first hydrotreated product stream, and a second hydrotreating reactor for receiving a biological oil based hydrocarbon stream and forming a second hydrotreated product stream.

Abstract: A process for making a bio-naphtha and optionally bio-propane from a complex mixture of natural occurring fats & oils, wherein said complex mixture is subjected to a refining treatment for removing the major part of non-triglyceride and non-fatty acid components, thereby obtaining refined fats & oils; said refined fats & oils are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by an hydrodeoxygenation or from said refined fats & oils are obtained fatty acids that are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by hydrodeoxygenation or decarboxylation of the free fatty acids or from said refined fats & oils are obtained fatty acids soaps that are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by decarboxylation of the soaps.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing gasoline components from syngas. Syngas is converted to one or more of methanol, ethanol, mixed alcohols, and dimethyl ether, followed by various combinations of separations and reactions to produce gasoline components with oxygenates, such as alcohols. The syngas is preferably derived from biomass or another renewable carbon-containing feedstock, thereby providing a biorefining process for the production of renewable gasoline.

Abstract: Various methods are provided for metathesizing a feedstock. In one aspect, a method includes providing a feedstock comprising a natural oil, chemically treating the feedstock under conditions sufficient to diminish catalyst poisons in the feedstock, and, following the treating, combining a metathesis catalyst with the feedstock under conditions sufficient to metathesize the feedstock.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to bioengineering approaches for producing biofuel and, in particular, to the use of a C1 metabolizing microorganism reactor system for converting C1 substrates, such as methane or methanol, into biomass and subsequently into biofuels, bioplastics, or the like.

Abstract: A process for preparing isobutene including cleaving a mixture obtained from an MTBE-containing feedstock and/or an MTBE-containing stream, affording a stream of reaction products consisting of isobutene, methanol, MTBE and by-products, the latter consisting of a1) high boilers having a boiling range above 55° C. at a pressure of 0.1 MPa; a2) medium boilers having a boiling range of 12 to 55° C. at a pressure of 0.1 MPa; and a3) low boilers having a boiling range below 12° C. at a pressure of 0.1 MPa; distillatively separating into a stream which contains the isobutene product and low boilers, and a stream which contains MTBE, methanol, medium boilers and high boilers; distillatively separating to obtain an MTBE-containing stream and a methanol-containing high boiler stream; recycling an MTBE-containing stream in which the medium boilers being removed completely or partially before recycling.

Abstract: In the production of low-molecular olefins, in particular of ethylene and propylene, an educt stream (O) containing at least one oxygenate and an educt stream (C) containing at least one C4+ olefin are simultaneously converted in at least one identical reactor on an identical catalyst to obtain a product mixture (P) comprising low-molecular olefins and gasoline hydrocarbons. The ratio (V) of oxygenates in the educt stream (O) to C4+ olefins in the educt stream (C) here is 0.05 to 0.

Abstract: A catalyst is described which comprises at least one IZM-2 zeolite, at least one matrix and at least one metal selected from metals from groups VIII, VIB and VIIB, said zeolite having a chemical composition expressed as the anhydrous base in terms of moles of oxides by the following general formula: XO2:aY2O3:bM2/nO, in which X represents at least one tetravalent element, Y represents at least one trivalent element and M is at least one alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal with valency n, a and b respectively representing the number of moles of Y2O3 and M2/nO; and a is in the range 0.001 to 0.5 and b is in the range 0 to 1.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrocarbons from biomass is provided. The method involves supplying a feed stream; supplying a heated hydrocarbon solvent; combining the feed stream and the heated hydrocarbon solvent to produce a reactor feed, and hydrodeoxygenating the reactor feed to produce hydrocarbons; where the feed stream includes a synthetic polymer as well as biomass having fatty acids, glycerides, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for making isooctenes using a reactant comprising isobutanol and water. The isooctenes so produced are useful for the production of fuel additives.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing isobutene in which high-purity isobutene is separated (prepared) from a C4 mixture by cracking glycol ether prepared from a C4 mixture (in particular, C4 raffinate-1) containing isobutene and a glycol. The method includes cracking glycol ether into isobutene and glycol at a temperature between 50° C. and 300° C. in the presence of a strongly acidic catalyst. The glycol ether may be prepared by reaction between a C4 mixture containing isobutene and glycol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Abstract: Feeds containing triglycerides are processed to produce an olefinic diesel fuel product and propylene. The olefinic diesel can optionally be oligomerized to form a lubricant base oil product. The olefinic diesel and propylene are generated by deoxygenating the triglyceride-containing feed using processing conditions that enhance preservation of olefins that are present in the triglycerides. The triglyceride-containing feed is processed in the presence of a catalyst containing a Group VI metal or a Group VIII metal and optionally a physical promoter metal.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of ethylene and/or propylene comprising reacting an oxygenate feed and an olefinic co-feed in a reactor in the presence of a zeolite catalyst to prepare an olefinic reaction mixture; wherein the olefinic co-feed is partially obtained from an olefinic refinery stream and partially obtained from a olefinic recycle stream.

Abstract: A process to prepare propylene showing desirably increased selectivity comprises contacting, at an elevated temperature, ethanol and a rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, under conditions suitable to form propylene. The rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst may be prepared by impregnating, in an aqueous or organic medium, a ZSM-5 zeolite with a rhenium source, under conditions suitable to form a catalyst precursor, and calcining the catalyst precursor under conditions suitable to form a rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.

Abstract: Feeds containing triglycerides are processed to produce an olefinic diesel fuel product. The olefinic diesel can optionally be oligomerized to form a lubricant base oil product. The olefinic diesel is generated by deoxygenating the triglyceride-containing feed using processing conditions that enhance preservation of olefins that are present in the triglycerides. The triglyceride-containing feed is processed in the presence of a catalyst containing a Group VI metal or a Group VIII metal and optionally a physical promoter metal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a methanol-to-propylene (MTP) conversion process that utilizes a membrane separation step to increase the recycle of C2 hydrocarbons back to the MTP reactor, thereby increasing propylene product yield and reducing raw material loss.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods useful for producing fatty alcohol compositions from recombinant host cells. The disclosure further provides variant fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) enzymes, polynucleotides encoding the variant FAR enzymes, and vectors and host cells comprising the same.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrocarbon from biomass. A feed stream containing biomass having fatty acids, mono-, di-, and/or triglycerides, and a phosphorus content of between about 1 wppm and about 1,000 wppm is provided. A heated hydrocarbon solvent and a hydrogen-rich gas are provided. The feed stream, the heated hydrocarbon solvent, and the hydrogen-rich gas are combined in the presence of a low activity hydrogenation catalyst. A spent low activity hydrogenation catalyst is recovered at the end of a run wherein the spent low activity hydrogenation catalyst contains at least 3% by weight phosphorus.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to olefin metathesis, and more particularly relates to the synthesis of terminal alkenes from internal alkenes using a cross-metathesis reaction catalyzed by an olefin metathesis catalyst. According to one aspect, for example, a method is provided for synthesizing a terminal olefin, the method comprising contacting, in the presence of a ruthenium alkylidene metathesis catalyst, an olefinic substrate comprised of at least one internal olefin with a cross metathesis partner comprised of an alpha olefinic reactant, under reaction conditions effective to allow cross-metathesis to occur, wherein the reaction conditions include a reaction temperature of at least 35° C. The methods, compositions, reactions and reaction systems herein disclosed have utility in the fields of catalysis, organic synthesis, and industrial chemistry.

Abstract: Methods of producing olefins, bifunctional molecules, and 7-tetradecene are provided. In some embodiments, the methods comprise subjecting a omega-7-olefinic fatty acid or derivative thereof to metathesis transformation, wherein the omega-7-olefinic fatty acid or derivative thereof was produced in a genetically engineered microorganism.

Abstract: In an improved process for telomerizing butadiene, contact butadiene and an organic hydroxy compound represented by formula ROH (I), wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20-hydrocarbyl and the organic hydroxy compound is not glycerol, in a reaction fluid in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a phosphine ligand represented by formula PAr3 (II), wherein each Ar is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl having a hydrogen atom on at least one ortho position, at least two Ar groups are ortho-hydrocarbyloxyl substituted aryls. The phosphine ligand has a total of two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), or six (6) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20-hydrocarbyloxyls, and optionally, any two adjacent substituents on an Ar group can be bonded to form a 5- to 7-membered ring.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, reactor systems and catalysts for converting biomass and biomass-derived feedstocks to C8+ hydrocarbons using heterogenous catalysts. The product stream may be separated and further processed for use in chemical applications, or as a neat fuel or a blending component in jet fuel and diesel fuel, or as heavy oils for lubricant and/or fuel oil applications.

Abstract: Process for producing hydrocarbons from a carboxylic acid by feeding hydrogen and a reaction composition containing a carboxylic acid to a reactor, maintaining reaction conditions such that the hydrogen reacts with the carboxylic acid to produce a C1 compound including CO, CO2 and CH4, and one or more product hydrocarbons derived from the carboxylic acid. The reaction between hydrogen and the carboxylic acid is catalysed. A product stream is removed from the reactor including unreacted hydrogen, at least one C1 compound, and at least one product hydrocarbon. One or more parameters of the reaction are controlled such that the molar ratio of C1 compounds produced by the reaction to the carboxylate groups present in the carboxylic acid in the reaction composition is maintained above a value of 0.37:1, and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to the sum of carbon monoxide and methane is maintained above a value of 0.58:1.