Abstract: Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. The resulting naphtha boiling range fractions can have a high naphthenes to aromatics weight ratio, a low but substantial content of aromatics, and a low sulfur content. In some aspects, the fractions can be used as fuels and/or fuel blending products after fractionation with minimal further refinery processing. In other aspects, the amount of additional refinery processing, such as hydrotreatment, catalytic reforming and/or isomerization, can be reduced or minimized. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention include inventive catalysts (e.g., compounds of Formula (I) or (Ia)). Other embodiments include compositions comprising the inventive catalysts. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive catalysts (e.g., in hydrofluorination of an organic compound). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive catalysts. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

Abstract: A process, comprising: a) introducing an acidic ionic liquid to a reactor comprising a solid support; b) feeding to the reactor a feed stream comprising a Brønsted acid and a hydrocarbon mixture comprising: i. at least one alkylatable hydrocarbon, and ii. at least one alkylating agent; and c) collecting one or more liquid hydrocarbon products in an effluent from the reactor, wherein the one or more liquid hydrocarbon products are oligomer products, alkylate products, or mixtures thereof, made from the alkylatable hydrocarbon. Also, a process, comprising: a) introducing an acidic ionic liquid to a reactor comprising a solid support; b) feeding to the reactor a feed stream comprising a Brønsted acid and a hydrocarbon mixture; c) cooling the reactor by evaporating a volatile hydrocarbon from a reaction zone in the reactor; and d) collecting one or more liquid hydrocarbon products made from the hydrocarbon mixture.

Abstract: A process comprising: contacting a blend of hydrocarbons under hydroconversion conditions in a hydroconversion zone with a mixture of an acidic ionic liquid catalyst and at least one alkyl halide comprising at least 55 wt % halide and having a boiling point of 70° C. or higher. An alkylation process comprising: contacting a blend of hydrocarbons under alkylation conditions with a mixture of an acidic ionic liquid catalyst that is a chloroaluminate and at least one alkyl halide comprising 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, or a mixture thereof; wherein greater than 99.9 wt % of an at least one olefin in the blend of hydrocarbons is alkylated. Also, a hydroconversion process comprising drying the alkyl halide.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a used acidic catalyst which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers by removing the conjunct polymers so as to increase the activity of the catalyst is disclosed. Methods for removing the conjunct polymers include addition of a basic reagent and alkylation. The methods are applicable to all acidic catalysts and are described with reference to certain ionic liquid catalysts.

Abstract: A process for producing a gasoline blending component and a middle distillate, comprising adjusting a level of a halide containing additive provided to an ionic liquid alkylation reactor to shift selectivity towards heavier products, and recovering a low volatility gasoline blending component and the middle distillate.

Abstract: A process for producing a low volatility gasoline blending component and a middle distillate, comprising alkylating a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms and at least one paraffin having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms with an ionic liquid catalyst and an unsupported halide containing additive, and separating the alkylate into at least the low volatility gasoline blending component and the middle distillate, wherein the middle distillate is a fuel suitable for use as a jet fuel or jet fuel blending component. Also, a process for producing a gasoline blending component and a middle distillate, comprising adjusting a level of a halide containing additive provided to an ionic liquid alkylation reactor to shift selectivity towards heavier products, and recovering a low volatility gasoline blending component and the middle distillate. Also, processes comprising alkylating isobutane with butene over specific chloroaluminate ionic liquids.

Abstract: A process for producing alkylate comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms which contains 1-butene with an isomerization catalyst under conditions favoring the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene so the isomerized stream contains a greater concentration of 2-butene than the first hydrocarbon stream and contacting the isomerized stream and a second hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms with an acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate stream, wherein the alkylate stream has a RON that is increased from 5 to 32 numbers compared to a comparison alkylate stream made from the first hydrocarbon stream without the step of contacting with the isomerization catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing a jet fuel, comprising contacting an olefin and an isoparaffin with an unsupported catalyst system comprising an ionic liquid catalyst and a halide containing additive in an alkylation zone under alkylation conditions to make an alkylate product, and recovering the jet fuel from the alkylate product, wherein the jet fuel has a NMR branching index greater than 60 and meets the boiling point, flash point, smoke point, heat of combustion, and freeze point requirements for Jet A-1 fuel. Also a process for producing a jet fuel, comprising providing a feed produced in a FC cracker comprising olefins, mixing the feed with an isoparaffin, alkylating the mixed feed in an ionic liquid alkylation zone, and separating the jet fuel from the alkylated product.

Abstract: A process, comprising: a) introducing an acidic ionic liquid to a reactor comprising a solid support; b) feeding to the reactor a feed stream comprising a Brønsted acid and a hydrocarbon mixture comprising: i. at least one alkylatable hydrocarbon, and ii. at least one alkylating agent; and c) collecting one or more liquid hydrocarbon products in an effluent from the reactor, wherein the one or more liquid hydrocarbon products are oligomer products, alkylate products, or mixtures thereof, made from the alkylatable hydrocarbon. Also, a process, comprising: a) introducing an acidic ionic liquid to a reactor comprising a solid support; b) feeding to the reactor a feed stream comprising a Brønsted acid and a hydrocarbon mixture; c) cooling the reactor by evaporating a volatile hydrocarbon from a reaction zone in the reactor; and d) collecting one or more liquid hydrocarbon products made from the hydrocarbon mixture.

Abstract: An alkylation process, comprising providing an isoparaffin feed that comprises at least 20 wt % C5+, providing a hydrocarbon stream that comprises at least 20 wt % C5+ olefins, and contacting the isoparaffin feed and the hydrocarbon stream with an ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions wherein a middle distillate is produced. The middle distillate has less than 10 ppm sulfur and less than 3 wt % olefin. An alkylation process comprising contacting a naphtha with a low RON and a hydrocarbon stream comprising C5 olefins to an ionic liquid alkylation reactor under alkylation conditions, and recovering a middle distillate comprising less than 3 wt % olefin. A refinery process, comprising a hydrocracker that produces C5+ isoparaffin, a FC cracker that produces a hydrocarbon stream comprising a C5+ olefin, and an ionic liquid alkylation reactor that produces a high yield of middle distillate.

Abstract: A process for producing a middle distillate or a middle distillate blending component, comprising contacting a feed comprising an olefin, an isoparaffin, and less than 5 wt % oligomerized olefin, in an ionic liquid alkylation zone with an acidic haloaluminate ionic liquid, at alkylation conditions; and recovering an effluent comprising an alkylated product that has greater than 35 vol % C10+ and less than 1 vol % C55+. Also processes for producing a middle distillate by alkylating isobutane and butene in the presence of defined chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalysts, wherein a separating step separates the middle distillate and wherein the middle distillate is from 20 wt % or higher of the total alkylate product. Also a process for producing middle distillate with FC cracker feed comprising olefins. A separated middle distillate has greater than 30 vol % C10+, less than 1 vol % C55+, and a cloud point less than ?50° C.

Abstract: A process for producing a jet fuel, comprising contacting an olefin and an isoparaffin with an unsupported catalyst system comprising an ionic liquid catalyst and a halide containing additive in an alkylation zone under alkylation conditions to make an alkylate product, and recovering the jet fuel from the alkylate product, wherein the jet fuel meets the boiling point, flash point, smoke point, heat of combustion, and freeze point requirements for Jet A-1 fuel. Also a process for producing a jet fuel, comprising providing a feed produced in a FC cracker comprising olefins, mixing the feed with an isoparaffin, alkylating the mixed feed in an ionic liquid alkylation zone, and separating the jet fuel from the alkylated product. We also provide a process comprising alkylating isobutane and butene in the presence of specific chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalysts, to produce a jet fuel.

Abstract: A process for producing a low volatility gasoline blending component and a middle distillate, comprising alkylating a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one paraffin having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms with an ionic liquid catalyst and an unsupported halide containing additive, and separating the alkylate into at least the low volatility gasoline blending component and the middle distillate, wherein the middle distillate is a fuel suitable for use as a jet fuel or jet fuel blending component. Also, a process for producing a gasoline blending component and a middle distillate, comprising adjusting a level of a halide containing additive provided to an ionic liquid alkylation reactor to shift selectivity towards heavier products, and recovering a low volatility gasoline blending component and the middle distillate. Also, processes comprising alkylating isobutane with butene over specific chloroaluminate ionic liquids.

Abstract: A process for producing alkylate comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms which contains 1-butene with an isomerization catalyst under conditions favoring the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene so the isomerized stream contains a greater concentration of 2-butene than the first hydrocarbon stream and contacting the isomerized stream and a second hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with an acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate stream is disclosed.

Abstract: The regeneration of HF alkylation acid in an alkylation unit is improved by withdrawing a vapor stream from the HF regenerator tower and condensing the stream to form a liquid fraction which is accumulated in a side distillation zone; the collected liquid fraction, comprising HF acid, water and some stripping medium is distilled in a batch or continuous type operation to drive off the HF acid (along with stripping medium) and the vapor is returned to the regenerator-stripper vessel. The distillation of the sidedraw liquid is continued until the composition of the liquid attains the azeotropic value or as near to that value as desired. The azeotrope, comprising water and acid can then be dropped out of the distillation vessel for disposal by neutralization in the conventional way.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing water from an alkylation process system using a water removal column to remove water from a re-run column (catalyst regeneration column) overhead stream.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a used acidic catalyst which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers by removing the conjunct polymers so as to increase the activity of the catalyst is disclosed. Methods for removing the conjunct polymers include hydrogenation, addition of a basic reagent and alkylation. The methods are applicable to all acidic catalysts and are described with reference to certain ionic liquid catalysts.

Abstract: A system and/or process for alkylating hydrocarbons which includes an improved method of safely handling alkylation catalyst is disclosed. The process includes passing the alkylation catalyst from a settler vessel to a catalyst receiving vessel, via a catalyst cooler, for containment therein in the presence of a condensible gas. Also disclosed is a method for controlling the pressure in the catalyst receiving vessel by controlling the rate of removal of vapors.

Abstract: A process for producing alkylate comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms which contains 1-butene with an isomerization catalyst under conditions favoring the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene so the isomerized stream contains a greater concentration of 2-butene than the first hydrocarbon stream and contacting the isomerized stream and a second hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with an acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate stream is disclosed.

Abstract: An alkylation process comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon feed comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and a second hydrocarbon feed comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with a halide-based acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate containing an organic halide and contacting at least a portion of the alkylate with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of hydrogen under hydrotreating conditions to reduce the concentration of the organic halide is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the production of a high quality gasoline blending components from refinery process streams by the alkylation of light isoparaffins with olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst is disclosed. The alkylation process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms under alkylation conditions, said catalyst comprising a mixture of at least one acidic ionic liquid and at least one alkyl halide. The alkylhalide by reacting to at least a portion of the olefin with a hydrogen halide.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide and a sulfone. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for the production of a high quality gasoline blending components from refinery process streams by the alkylation of light isoparaffins with olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst is disclosed. The alkylation process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms under alkylation conditions, said catalyst comprising a mixture of at least one acidic ionic liquid and at least one alkyl halide.

Abstract: A system and/or process for decreasing the level of at least one organic fluoride present in a hydrocarbon phase contained in an alkylation settler by contacting the hydrocarbon phase with an HF containing stream, containing greater than about 80 wt. % and less than about 94 wt. % HF, in the intermediate portion of the settler which contains at least one tray system, with each tray system comprising a perforated tray defining a plurality of perforations and a layer of packing below the perforated tray, are disclosed.

Abstract: A system and/or process for increasing the isobutane to olefin ratio in an alkylation process/system is disclosed. The system and/or process includes provisions for charging a portion of the settler effluent as a feed to at least one reaction zone downflow from the first reaction zone of a multi-zone alkylation reactor along with a portion of the olefin feed to the multi-zone alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A method of alkylating aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins using solid hydrogen fluoride-equivalent catalysts is described. Preferred catalysts comprise solid polymeric onium polyhydrogen fluoride complexes.

Abstract: A system and/or process for removing water from an alkylation catalyst mixture of an alkylation process is disclosed. The process includes passing an alkylation reaction zone effluent to a settler for separation into a hydrocarbon phase and a catalyst mixture phase; passing at least a portion of the hydrocarbon phase, as a settler effluent stream containing alkylate, water, HF and volatility reducing additive, to a first separator; removing and condensing a first overhead stream from the first separator thereby forming an HF/water stream; passing the HF/water stream to a second separator for separation into a modified HF stream containing HF and volatility reducing additive and into an HF/water azeotrope stream containing HF and water; using the modified HF stream as a part of the alkylation catalyst mixture and; removing water from the system by removing the HF/water azeotrope stream from the second separator.

Abstract: A system and/or process for removing water from an alkylation catalyst mixture of an alkylation process is disclosed. The process includes passing an alkylation reaction zone effluent to a settler for separation into a hydrocarbon phase and a catalyst mixture phase; passing at least a portion of the hydrocarbon phase, as a settler effluent stream containing alkylate, water, HF and volatility reducing additive, to a first separator; removing and condensing a first overhead stream from the first separator thereby forming an HF/water stream; passing the HF/water stream to a second separator for separation into a modified HF stream containing HF and volatility reducing additive and into an HF/water azeotrope stream containing HF and water; using the modified HF stream as a part of the alkylation catalyst mixture and; removing water from the system by removing the HF/water azeotrope stream from the second separator.

Abstract: A system and/or process for decreasing the level of at least one organic fluoride present in a hydrocarbon mixture by first passing the hydrocarbon mixture to an eductor and educting into the hydrocarbon mixture a catalyst comprising a volatility reducing additive and hydrofluoric acid to produce a hydrocarbon-catalyst mixture, permitting the hydrocarbon-catalyst mixture to undergo a phase separation to produce a hydrocarbon phase having a lower concentration of at least one organic fluoride than the hydrocarbon mixture and to produce a catalyst phase, and withdrawing at least a portion of the hydrocarbon phase to thereby form a hydrocarbon product stream, are disclosed. In an alternative embodiment, a system and/or process for controlling the concentration of at least one organic fluoride and/or the RON of the hydrocarbon mixture by adjusting the amount of volatility reducing additive present in the catalyst are disclosed.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing branched aliphatic ketones in hydrocarbon mixtures from isoalkanes by a superacid catalyzed formylation-rearrangement reaction. The method can be used to simultaneously isomerize, if necessary, and formylate hydrocarbons in complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as refinery streams, alkylate mixtures, and natural gas liquids. Natural gas liquids of low octane number are upgraded and oxygenated by adding to the natural gas liquids or reactively producing in the liquids branched aliphatic ketones.

Abstract: An HF-agent complex, such as HF-pyridine complex where the complexing agent is pyridine, is recovered and recycled from a by-product stream containing ASO, and ASO is rejected from the by-product stream, in an alkylation process using the complex.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for removing acid soluble oils, produced as an undesirable by-product of an HF (catalyzed alkylation reaction, from a fluid containing a sulfone compound. The process includes the use of hydrocarbons to remove ASO from the sulfone-containing fluid.

Abstract: Improved acid catalyzed alkylation reactions occur for the addition of a hydrocarbyl reactant to an alkene, by the optimized addition of an oxidizing agent, such as a peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, peracid, and one or more of the peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, or peracid mixed with at least one material selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbyl reactant, and the alkene. The hydrocarbyl reactant contains at least one tertiary carbon atom attached to hydrogen, such as isobutane. The alkene is preferably an alkene of at least 2 carbon atoms. Suitable peroxides are found in the group consisting of: tert-butyl peroxyneopentanoate ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--OCO--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); acetyl peroxide (CH.sub.3 CO--O--OCOCH.sub.3); di-tert-butyl peroxide ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--O--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) and peracids of carboxylic acid having up to 10 carbon atoms, and a general chemical formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n O.sub.3, where n has values in the range 2-10.

Abstract: An alkylation process for reacting alkylatable hydrocarbons in the presence of a sulfolane and hydrofluoric acid catalyst within a natural circulation reaction and circulation system.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alkylation process which utilizes a mixture of sulfone and hydrogen fluoride as an alkylation catalyst. The process provides for the removal of light ASO from the alkylation catalyst that accumulates therein as a result of the inability to remove the light ASO produced as a by-product of the alkylation reaction.

Abstract: An HF-agent complex, such as HF-pyridine complex where the complexing agent is pyridine, is recovered and recycled from a by-product containing stream in an alkylation process using the complex by (a) selectively removing a portion of the HF from the by-product stream to produce an HF-depleted stream having a molar ratio of HF per Lewis base site of the complexing agent of 3:1 to 5:1, (b) separating the resulting HF-depleted stream into a hydrocarbon phase enriched in ASO and an acid phase depleted in ASO and containing a substantial portion of the complex, and (c) recycling the acid phase to the hydrocarbon alkylation step.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alkylation process which utilizes a mixture of sulfone and hydrogen fluoride as an alkylation catalyst. The process provides for the removal of ASO and water from the alkylation catalyst that accumulates therein while minimizing the loss of sulfone and HF with the ASO and water removed.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide, a sulfone and a promoter. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for prolonging the life of a defluorinator material contained within an alkylation process product stream defluorination zone used to remove organic fluorides from a product stream produced by an alkylation process that utilizes an alkylation catalyst containing HF and sulfone. The life of the defluorinator material is extended by reducing the amount of organic fluorides produced in the alkylation process through the addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to the HF/sulfone alkylation catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalysts for alkylation reactions and their preparation. More particularly, the invention relates to an alkylation process using a hydrogen fluoride-containing alkylation catalyst, which catalyst may be safely and easily handled, transported, and stored.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide and a sulfone. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for separating sulfone from a hydrocarbon stream containing a small concentration sulfone by using water as an extraction solvent. The extraction solvent, laden with the removed sulfone, is further processed to separate the extraction solvent and water to thereby produce a sulfone product suitable for reused in an alkylation process or for sale as a dry sulfone end-product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for separating sulfone and hydrogen fluoride from hydrocarbon streams containing a concentration of such compounds. An extraction solvent laden with sulfone and HF is contacted with a reversible base in order to remove the HF therefrom. The thus-treated extract stream is separated into a water stream that can be reused as the water extractant and a sulfone stream that is suitably free of HF.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a porous organic or mineral support, preferably silica, and an acidic phase containing B(OSO.sub.2 CF.sub.3).sub.3 and at least one acid selected from the group formed by sulphuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid (CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H), said support having been impregnated with said acidic phase and said support prior to impregnation having a total pore volume of 0.1-0.6 cm.sup.3 /g, said catalyst being essentially constituted by particles with an average diameter of between 0.1 and 30 .mu.m, said catalyst being characterized in that said acidic phase contains:between 0.1 and 70% by weight of B(OSO.sub.2 CF.sub.3).sub.3 ;between 0 and 90% by weight of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 ;between 0 and 90% by weight of CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H.is suitable for the catalytic alkylation of isobutane and/or isopentane in the presence of at least one olefin containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule, preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as blending components of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide, a sulfone and water and has suitable corrosion properties which permit its utilization in alkylation process systems. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for removing from a gasoline pool and alkylating amylenes in the presence of a hydrogen fluoride catalyst while suppressing or inhibiting the production of synthetic isopentane during the alkylation of such amylenes by the addition of sulfone to the hydrogen fluoride catalyst.

Abstract: Immobilized Lewis Acid catalyst comprising polymer having at least one Lewis Acid immobilized within the structure therein, said polymer having monomer units represented by the structural formula: ##STR1## wherein a represents about 1 to about 99 mole %b represents about 0 to about 50 mole %c represents about 1 to about 99 mole %a+b+c is preferably about 100%; ##STR2## C is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR3## (III) combinations thereof. D is OH, halide, OR.sup.4, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.3, OM', or OM";E is the residue of the reaction of at least one Lewis Acid with the D substituent of monomer unit B;R.sup.1 represents proton, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl group, or C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkyl;R.sup.2 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl group, C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 aryl, or C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 alkylaryl;R.sup.3 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 aryl, or C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 alkylaryl;R.sup.4 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as blending components of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide, a sulfone and water and has suitable corrosion properties which permit its utilization in alkylation process systems. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Improved acid catalyzed alkylation reactions occur for the addition of a hydrocarbyl reactant to an alkene, by the optimized addition of an oxidizing agent, such as a peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, peracid, and one or more of the peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, or peracid mixed with at least one material selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbyl reactant, and the alkene. The hydrocarbyl species contains at least one tertiary carbon atom attached to hydrogen, such as isobutane. The alkene is preferably 1- or 2-butene. Suitable peroxides are found in the group consisting of: tert-butyl peroxyneopentanoate ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--OCO--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); acetyl peroxide (CH.sub.3 CO--O--O--COCH.sub.3); di-tert-butyl peroxide ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--O--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) and peracids of carboxylic acid having up to 10 carbon atoms, and a general chemical formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n O.sub.3, where n has values in the range 2-10.