Abstract: An aftertreatment system comprises a housing defining a first and a second internal volume fluidly isolated from each other. A first aftertreatment leg extends from the first to the second internal volume and includes an oxidation catalyst and a filter. The oxidation catalyst receives exhaust gas from an inlet conduit and the filter emits exhaust gas into the second internal volume. A second aftertreatment leg extends from the second to the first internal volume and includes at least one SCR catalyst disposed offset from the first aftertreatment leg. A decomposition tube is disposed offset from the SCR catalyst and the oxidation catalyst. The decomposition tube is configured to receive the exhaust gas from the second internal volume and communicate it to the inlet of the at least one SCR catalyst. A reductant injection inlet is defined proximate to the inlet of the decomposition tube for reductant insertion.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods include a controller for an exhaust aftertreatment system including a SCR catalyst in exhaust gas-receiving communication with an engine and at least one reductant dosing system structured to provide reductant to the exhaust gas. The controller is structured to determine a concentration of one or more of NO and NO2 at or proximate an inlet of the exhaust aftertreatment system and based on a dynamic model of the SCR catalyst, information indicative of a concentration of NOx at or proximate an outlet of the exhaust aftertreatment system, and information indicative of an amount of stored reductant in the SCR catalyst. The controller is further structured to command the at least one reductant doser to increase, decrease, or maintain an amount of reductant provided to the exhaust gas based on the determined concentration of one or more of NO and NO2 in the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A method of detecting a need for regeneration of an exhaust particulate filter is described. A first pressure drop is detected in a flow section of an exhaust system which includes the exhaust particulate filter. In addition, an exhaust gas temperature is determined. An exhaust gas mass flow flowing through the exhaust particulate filter is then calculated on the basis of the exhaust gas temperature and the pressure drop. Furthermore, a second pressure drop at the exhaust particulate filter is determined. A need for regeneration is detected when the second pressure drop exceeds a predefined pressure limit value that is dependent on the exhaust gas mass flow. Moreover, an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine is presented which includes an exhaust particulate filter.

Abstract: A method for controlling the operation of an engine system in a vehicle upon engine start. The engine system includes an engine and an exhaust aftertreatment system having a selective catalyst reduction, SCR, catalyst and a reductant dosing system for providing a reductant to the SCR catalyst. The method comprises: determining the temperature of the SCR catalyst; in response of determining that the temperature of the SCR catalyst is above a predetermined threshold, initiating pressurising of the reductant dosing system towards a predefined operating pressure; performing a preventive action for delaying engine start until the operating pressure of the reductant dosing system is reached.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a filtration system for collecting Black Carbon (BC) samples present in snow samples and similar matrices which comprises the collection of BC in polycarbonate filters. It also discloses a method of determination of (BC) in snow samples and similar matrices using real soot from the gases of a diesel vehicle as calibration standards.

Abstract: An exhaust control system for a vehicle includes at least one temperature sensor, positioned within an exhaust system of the vehicle, that is configured to generate a measurement signal indicative of at least one of an inlet temperature and an outlet temperature of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). An exhaust control module is configured to turn on an exhaust burner on to heat exhaust flowing through the exhaust system, determine a total stored heat within the DOC based in part on the measurement signal, subsequent to turning on the exhaust burner, turn off the exhaust burner based on an upper threshold of the total stored heat, and, subsequent to turning off the exhaust burner, turn on the exhaust burner based on a lower threshold of the total stored heat, wherein the lower threshold is less than the upper threshold.

Abstract: This invention relates in general to a system for treating hard water encountered in aircraft potable water equipment; such as hot water heaters and, more particularly, to the prevention of scale deposits in aircraft lavatory and galley heated water system components by installing a unique scale reduction system. The scale reduction system generally comprised of a housing with a modular cartridge inserted therein. The cartridge is porous and contains a chemical composition within its inner cavity, and this chemical composition is mixed with untreated inlet fluid flow so that the outlet flow is of a sufficiently diluted concentration. Various chemical compositions may be utilized to counteract any number of conditions that affect potable water equipment and, in one embodiment, a water softening agent is utilized to combat scale build-up in aircraft plumbing.

Abstract: The present invention shows an exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprising at least a first route and a second route arranged in parallel in an exhaust gas stream, wherein the first route and the second route are provided with exhaust gas aftertreatment subsystems. The exhaust gas aftertreatment subsystems of the first route and the second route use different exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies.

Abstract: Described are a catalyst capable of effectively oxidizing an exhaust gas, a method for preparing the catalyst, and a method for oxidizing an exhaust gas using the catalyst. The exhaust gas oxidation catalyst includes at least two layers, a lower catalyst layer and an upper catalyst layer, laminated on a three-dimensional structure, wherein the lower catalyst layer and the upper catalyst layer independently contain precious metal and alumina and/or zeolite, and at least a part of the upper catalyst layer contains pores derived from a pore connecting agent with a combustion decomposition temperature of 300° C. or more to less than 450° C.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system for an internal combustion engine includes an exhaust gas pathway configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine, a first treatment element positioned within the exhaust gas pathway, a first injector configured to introduce a first reductant into the exhaust gas pathway upstream of the first treatment element, a second injector configured to introduce a second reductant into the exhaust gas pathway downstream of the first treatment element, a second treatment element positioned within the exhaust gas pathway downstream of the second injector, the second treatment element including a SCR element, and a controller configured to periodically initiate a desulfuring regeneration cycle by increasing a concentration of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas and increasing the flow of the first reductant through the first injector to oxidize sulfur contamination in the first treatment element at temperatures between 400 and 500 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for an exhaust muffler system with multiple inlets of different diameters. In one example, the muffler system may include multiple sets of inlet pipes to a muffler with each set of inlet pipes including pipes of different diameters with valves controlling exhaust flow into the inlet pipes. Exhaust from an engine bank may flow to a distinct set of inlet pipes and a distinct outlet pipe of the muffler via a separate exhaust passage.

Abstract: In a control apparatus, a heater adjuster performs a regeneration task of causing a heater to heat a sensing member of a particulate matter sensor to burn particulate matter deposited on the sensing member to thereby remove the particulate matter from the sensing member. The heater adjuster performs a deposition reduction task of maintaining, for a predetermined duration, a temperature of the sensing member at a deposition reduction temperature that reduces additional particulate-matter deposition on the sensing member. The predetermined duration is defined from completion of a regeneration task to a time when an environmental condition around the particulate matter sensor is determined to be stable. The heater adjuster stops the heater from heating the sensing member if a condition determiner determines that the environmental condition around the particulate matter sensor is stable.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment unit for cleaning exhaust gases. The exhaust aftertreatment unit includes an emission reducing module being a diesel particulate filter, DPF, and/or a diesel oxidation catalyst, DOC, a selective catalyst reduction, SCR, catalyst, an electrical heating element arranged upstream of the SCR catalyst, a casing housing at least the emission reducing module, and a service lid removably arranged to cover a service opening of the casing through which the emission reducing module may be accessed. The electrical heating element is removably arranged relative the casing and is arranged accessible upon removal of the service lid.

Abstract: A vehicle exhaust system component, according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a housing defining an internal cavity to receive exhaust gases, at least one first catalyst received within the internal cavity, at least one filter positioned within the internal cavity downstream of the at least one first catalyst, and at least one second catalyst received within the internal cavity downstream of the at least one filter. A mixer has an inlet that receives exhaust gases exiting the at least one filter and an outlet that directs exhaust gases into the at least one second catalyst. One or more of the at least one first catalyst, the at least one second catalyst, and the at least one filter are serviceable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a loading of a soot filter with soot particles from an exhaust gas mass flow of an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle, a control device for an internal combustion engine having a soot filter, and a computer program product for carrying out the method.

Abstract: New and/or alternative approaches to determine mass flow using a flow measurement device in a pulsatile flow context. The flow measurement device is configured to generate a delta-pressure measurement. A semi-physical valve model is generated for the flow measurement device, and the delta-pressure measurement is then is isolated using the model. A discharge coefficient map is determined for the flow measurement device by testing using sets of operating parameters for a system. The operating parameters of the system are then used to determine the discharge coefficient for use in estimating mass flow with the semi-physical valve model. The resultant estimated mass flow can be used to control the system, and a Factor of Effective Area estimate generated using the valve model can be used to determine the status of the flow measurement device and identify or predict a need for maintenance.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for treating an exhaust gas, the catalyst composition comprising a molecular sieve, the molecular sieve comprising exchanged copper and exchanged manganese.

Abstract: An auxiliary system automatically supplies diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) to a diesel engine onboard DEF tank to enable prolonged unattended operation. The system includes an auxiliary DEF tank and supply line, a controller, pump, air inlet, and three-way valve configured to switch the pump inlet between the auxiliary DEF tank and air. In response to low-level DEF, the pump delivers DEF to replenish the onboard DEF tank. The controller calculates onboard DEF tank volume based on the delivered volume of DEF, and DEF level data received from an ECM, to enable replenishment control regardless of engine make and model. In response to high-level DEF, engine stoppage, or system fault, the controller switches the pump inlet to air and runs the pump to purge DEF from the supply line. The auxiliary system may be skid-mounted, portable, and configured to supply DEF to multiple diesel engines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of catalytic cracking, and discloses a composition capable of reducing CO and NOx emissions, the preparation method and use thereof, and a fluidized catalytic cracking method. The inventive composition capable of reducing CO and NOx emissions comprises an inorganic oxide carrier, and a first metal element, optionally a second metal element, optionally a third metal element and optionally a fourth metal element supported on the inorganic oxide carrier, wherein the first metal element includes Fe and Co, and wherein the weight ratio of Fe to Co is 1:(0.1-10) on an oxide basis. The inventive composition has better hydrothermal stability and higher activity of reducing CO and NOx emissions in the flue gas from the regeneration.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a control system for the regeneration of a particle filter in an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine of a hybrid vehicle including an electric machine comprising: a particle filter; a temperature sensor measuring an actual temperature of the filter; a first heat source upstream of the filter; and a controller. The controller is programmed to: determine a temperature difference between a setpoint temperature for regeneration of the particle filter and the actual temperature of the particle filter; calculate a power output difference to be applied based at least in part on the temperature difference; and control the first heat source using the power output difference.

Abstract: An after treatment system (ATS) for a vehicle having an ATS module includes, fluidly connected in series, an inlet, a Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC), a urea mixer and a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), and an outlet. The inlet is fluidly connected to an output of an engine of the vehicle and the outlet is fluidly connected to an outlet tube of the vehicle. The inlet, DOC, mixer, SCR and outlet are arranged to define a substantial rectangular path of a flow (F) of exhaust gases flowing in the ATS, with the inlet and the outlet being positioned at a same vertex of the substantial rectangular path of the flow (F).

Abstract: An after treatment system (ATS) module for a vehicle includes, fluidly connected in series, an inlet, a plurality of chemical reaction modules and an urea mixer module. The chemical reaction modules are arranged to define a substantial quadrangular path of a flow of exhaust gases flowing in the ATS module. The urea mixer module is perpendicular to all the plurality of chemical reaction modules. The ATS module also includes deflector means configured to impart a swirling motion to the flow before flow enters in urea mixer module.

Abstract: A vehicle exhaust gas purification system and a control method thereof that may effectively remove nitrogen oxides in an exhaust gas even in a cold state, which is the initial stage of an engine starting, is disclosed.

Abstract: A start-up method for heating a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) module in a hybrid propulsion system of a vehicle. An internal combustion engine is in fluid communication with an exhaust aftertreatment system having an exhaust. An SCR module is disposed in the exhaust passage downstream of the engine and an electric motor. The method includes operating the engine in a start-up mode with a torque restriction on the engine, allowing the SCR module to convert NOx emission; supplying a surplus amount of a reducing agent to the exhaust gas at a position between the engine and the SCR module, the surplus amount of the reducing agent being larger than a required amount of reducing agent for converting NOx emission from the engine; heating said SCR module to a working temperature; and terminating the start-up mode.

Abstract: A porous material includes an aggregate in which oxide films are formed on surfaces of particle bodies, and a binding material that contains cordierite and binds the aggregate together in a state where pores are formed. The binding material or the oxide films contain a rare-earth component that excludes Ce.

Abstract: Various embodiments include methods for determining the efficiency of an SCR catalytic converter in a system including a nitrogen oxide sensor, and a metering device for a reducing agent arranged in an exhaust-gas duct, and an exhaust recirculation line with a recirculation valve disposed downstream of the SCR catalytic converter and feeding an intake region of the engine. The methods comprise: setting or identifying a quasi-steady-state operating state and an associated recirculation rate; adding a first quantity of reducing agent using the metering device; measuring a resulting first nitrogen oxide value using the sensor; adding a further predefined quantity, different from the first quantity; measuring the resulting nitrogen oxide values using the sensor; and determining the efficiency of the SCR catalytic converter based at least in part on the associated exhaust-gas recirculation rate and the measured nitrogen oxide values.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a particulate filter which comprises a wall flow filter of length L and three mutually different catalytically active coatings X, Y and Z, wherein the wall flow filter comprises channels E and A that extend in parallel between a first and a second end of the wall flow filter and are separated by porous walls forming surfaces OE and, respectively, OA, and wherein the channels E are gas-tightly sealed at the second end and the channels A are gas-tightly sealed at the first end, characterized in that the coating X is located in the porous walls, the coating Y is located in the channels E on the surfaces OE and the coating Z is located in the channels A on the surfaces OA.

Abstract: A system includes an aftertreatment system having a catalyst, a heater, at least one sensor configured to determine an exhaust gas temperature, and a controller. The controller is structured to determine whether the exhaust gas temperature is at or below a predefined threshold temperature, provide a first command to start and control the heater in response to the exhaust gas temperature being at or below the predefined threshold temperature, modulate control of the heater as a function of the predefined threshold temperature and an actual temperature, and selectively provide a second command for a close post injection based on the exhaust gas temperature. The controller is further structured to coordinate the first and second commands using a chaining sequence, wherein the first command is provided followed by the second command only if the predefined threshold temperature is not attained by the first command.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine system (2), wherein the internal combustion engine system (2) is provided with an air intake duct (3), an exhaust gas duct (4) and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system (5), wherein the EGR system (5) comprises an EGR conduit (6) that fluidly connects the exhaust duct (4) and the intake duct (3), and wherein a gas feeding device (7) configured to feed exhaust gas from the exhaust duct (4) to the intake duct (3) is arranged in the EGR conduit (6). The method is characterized in that it comprises the step of: detecting an indication of accumulated deposits of soot, hydrocarbons or other contaminants in the gas feeding device (7) by determining whether a rotational friction of a rotary member (71, 72) of the gas feeding device (7) exceeds a threshold value.

Abstract: Zoned diesel oxidation catalysts containing a higher precious metal loading in the inlet zone that the outlet zone and an equal or shorter length inlet zone are described. Emission treatment systems and methods of remediating nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and gaseous hydrocarbons using zoned diesel oxidation catalysts are also described.

Abstract: A flow hood assembly for an engine aftertreatment system having a particulate filter and a selective catalytic reduction device is disclosed. An outer case defines a cavity, the outer case having an inlet and an outlet formed therein, and a neck section formed between the inlet and the outlet. A socket in the outer case is in an opposed relationship to the outlet and is shaped to receive an injector that introduces a reducing agent into the flow of exhaust gases. A baffle reduces a cross-sectional area of the cavity at the neck section to increase exhaust gas velocity at a sensor positioned at the neck section. A deflector member in the cavity between the baffle and the socket directs a portion of the exhaust gases towards the socket and across the injector nozzle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides SCR catalyst compositions, catalyst articles, and catalyst systems, as well as methods of reducing the amount of NOx present in an engine exhaust gas, particularly exhaust from a gasoline engine. The catalyst compositions particularly can comprise a doped ceria substrate, particularly a ceria support doped with at least a niobia component, and optionally further doped with a further material, particularly a base metal oxide (BMO).

Abstract: An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine comprises a filter trapping particulate matter in exhaust gas, a differential pressure sensor detecting a differential pressure before and after the filter or a differential pressure between a pressure in the exhaust passage and an atmospheric pressure, a temperature sensor detecting a temperature of exhaust gas, and a deposition calculating part configured to calculate an amount of particulate matter deposited at the filter. The deposition calculating part is configured to calculate a first estimated value of an amount of the particulate matter based on the differential pressure, calculate a second estimated value of an amount of the particulate matter based on an amount of increase of temperature of the exhaust gas, and calculate an amount of the particulate matter based on the first estimated value and the second estimated value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for evaluation of fouling of passages of a spacer plate (10) of a tubular heat exchanger (11), wherein first, second and third pressure sensors (31, 32, 33) are arranged, the method comprising steps of: (a) during a transient operation phase of the heat exchanger determination of a value over time of Wide Range Level NGL, from the measurements of the first and third pressure sensors (31, 33), and of a value over time of Narrow Range Level NGE, from the measurements of the second and third pressure sensors (31, 33); (b) determination of a value over time of Steam Range Level deviation ?NGV, corresponding to the NGL from which a component representative of a variation of free water surface in the heat exchanger has been filtered, from the values of NGL and NGE; (c) comparison of the determined value of ?NGV with a set of reference profiles ?NGVi for said transient operation phase of the heat exchanger, each reference profile ?NGVi being associated with a level of fouling so

Abstract: The exhaust gas purification device of the present embodiment is provided in an exhaust gas flow path of an internal combustion engine. The exhaust gas purification device includes a honeycomb catalyst and a PM trapping filter. The honeycomb catalyst is formed by supporting a catalyst on a first substrate which is made of a promoter and has a honeycomb structure. The PM trapping filter is located on the exhaust gas downstream side of the honeycomb catalyst and includes a second substrate having a honeycomb structure, configured to be capable of trapping PM.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst comprising a small-pore zeolite that contains iron and copper and has a maximum ring size of eight tetrahedral atoms, characterized in that the channel width of the small-pore zeolite amounts to >3.8 ? (0.38 nm) in at least one dimension.

Abstract: A freezing diagnosing device to be installed in an engine includes an ambient temperature sensor, a liquid temperature sensor, and a freezing determination unit. The ambient temperature sensor detects an ambient temperature. The liquid temperature sensor detects the temperature of a liquid held in the engine. The freezing determination unit determines that a freezing state of a pipe coupled to a pressure sensor in the engine is established when one or both of a first condition and a second condition are satisfied. The first condition is that the ambient temperature detected by the ambient temperature sensor is equal to or less than a first threshold. The second condition is that the temperature of the liquid detected by the liquid temperature sensor is equal to or less than a second threshold.

Abstract: A three-way catalyst article, and its use in an exhaust system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. The catalyst article for treating exhaust gas comprising: a substrate; and a single catalyst layer deposited directly on the substrate; wherein the single catalyst layer comprises a first platinum group metal (PGM) component, an oxygen storage component (OSC) material, and an inorganic oxide; and wherein the single catalyst layer has a total washcoat loading of less than 2.4 g/in3.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses for adaptive regeneration of aftertreatment system components. The system may include an aftertreatment system and a controller. The controller is configured to access one or more parameters indicative of an ambient condition, determine a regeneration type of a regeneration process for a component of the aftertreatment system, determine an application in condition, and modify a parameter for the regeneration process for the component of the aftertreatment system. In some instances, the controller initiates the regeneration process. In some instances, the one or more parameters include an ambient air temperature, a reductant tank temperature, or a particulate matter sensor temperature. In some instances, the modified parameter includes a target regeneration temperature, a regeneration duration, a dwell time between regeneration process, a threshold value for the regeneration process, or a minimum regeneration temperature.

Abstract: An after treatment method is disclosed. The after treatment method may include: operating an engine at a lean air/fuel ratio; calculating an amount of NH3 stored in an SCR catalyst; calculating an amount of NOx which will flow into the SCR catalyst; determining whether conversion to a rich air/fuel ratio is desired; calculating, when the conversion to the rich air/fuel ratio is desired, a rich duration for which the rich air/fuel ratio is maintained and a target air/fuel ratio; and operating the engine at the target air/fuel ratio for the rich duration.

Abstract: Dosing and mixing exhaust gas includes directing exhaust gas towards a periphery of a mixing tube that is configured to direct the exhaust gas to flow around and through the mixing tube to effectively mix and dose exhaust gas within a relatively small area. Some mixing tubes include a slotted region and a non-slotted region. Some mixing tubes include a louvered region and a non-louvered region. Some mixing tubes are offset within a mixing region of a housing.

Abstract: An exhaust gas controller for an engine is equipped to appropriately regenerate a filter while restraining a deterioration in fuel efficiency. An oxidation catalyst and a filter capable of collecting particles in an exhaust passage, such that a regenerative injection in which fuel is injected for regenerating the filter is performed, even when a main injection is stopped. Under a first operating condition, in which the main injection is performed and a regeneration condition for the filter is satisfied, the regenerative injection is performed after the main injection. Under a second operating condition, in which the main injection is stopped and the regeneration condition for the filter is satisfied, a fuel injector is controlled to perform a former injection Q1 during a compression stroke and latter injections Q2, Q3 during an expansion stroke, as the regenerative injection.

Abstract: An exhaust gas aftertreatment module support assembly for supporting an exhaust gas aftertreatment module above a cylinder head and a cylinder block of an internal combustion engine includes a first mounting bracket, a second mounting bracket, and a cradle assembly. The first mounting bracket is configured to be coupled to the cylinder block. The second mounting bracket is configured to be coupled to the cylinder block. The cradle assembly is selectively coupled to the first mounting bracket and the second mounting bracket. The cradle assembly includes a first cradle bracket and a second cradle bracket. The first cradle bracket has a first cradle bracket cradle surface that is configured to interface with the exhaust gas aftertreatment module.

Abstract: This particulate matter (PM) sensor is provided with a porous body that has a partition disposed in a passage for exhaust gas including particulate matter, at least a pair of electrodes that oppose each other in a prescribed direction so as to sandwich the porous body, and a deposition part that includes the surface of the partition on the upstream side of the passage, has the particulate matter deposited thereon, and has, formed therein, pores having an average pore diameter smaller than the average pore diameter of the portion of the partition other than the deposition part.

Abstract: A heating system that heats the reducing agent supplier for supplying an urea aqueous solution to an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine in a vehicle includes: a block heater that is provided in a housing formed with a coolant circuit of the internal combustion engine and can be supplied with power of an external power supply; a coolant circulation passage that is branched from the coolant circuit, is disposed in at least a part of the reducing agent supplier, and merges with the coolant circuit again; an on-off control valve that is provided in the middle of the coolant circulation passage; a bypass passage that connects an upstream side and a downstream side of the on-off control valve; and an on-off valve that is provided in the bypass passage.

Abstract: A multi-functional composition of matter that is useful for injection into a flue gas stream to rapidly and efficiently remove mercury from the flue gas stream. The multi-functional composition of matter may include a fixed carbon sorbent and minerals, halogens in the form of halide salts, as well as other physical and chemical properties to enhance (1) the oxidation reaction kinetics for the oxidation of mercury species and (2) the mass diffusion kinetics of the mercury species.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification system, which includes an engine and an exhaust pipe that is connected to an exhaust manifold of the engine, includes: a catalyst converter disposed at a rear side the engine on the exhaust pipe; a selective catalytic reduction on diesel particulate filter (SDPF) disposed at a rear side of the catalyst converter on the exhaust pipe; a reducing agent injector disposed between the catalyst converter and the SDPF on the exhaust pipe and injecting a reducing agent; and a controller controlling an amount of the reducing agent injected from the reducing agent injector.

Abstract: A method for operating a drive train of a motor vehicle having a combustion engine and a further machine, the two drives proportionally supplying a torque for the motor vehicle, and a temperature of an exhaust gas of the motor vehicle is ascertained and the shares of the generated torque by the combustion engine and the further machine are adapted as a function of the temperature of the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A method to determine the actual quantity of metal powders or ashes trapped in a particulate filter, which involves determining an estimated value of the quantity of metal powders trapped in the particulate filter based on an estimation model; determining a measured value of the quantity of metal powders trapped in the particulate filter; updating the estimated value of the quantity of metal powders trapped in the particulate filter as a function of the measured value; and determining the actual quantity of metal powders or ashes trapped in a particulate filter as a function of the update of the estimated value of the quantity of metal powders trapped in the particulate filter.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas purifying catalyst includes a lower layer containing ceria-based oxide particles and an upper layer containing metal oxide particles and a precious metal supported on the metal oxide particles, wherein the exhaust-gas purifying catalyst is characterized in that the Rh content of the lower layer is equal to or less than 0.25 g/L, and also that the particle-size distribution of the ceria-based oxide particles in the lower layer, which is obtained by scanning electron microscopy, has a first peak in which the peak top thereof is in a region of 0.90-6.50 ?m and a second peak in which the peak top thereof is in a region of 9.50-34.0 ?m.