Abstract: An end cap module for a vehicle exhaust system is comprised of an outer skin and inner skin that cooperate to define an internal cavity. The outer skin includes a mount interface configured for attachment to a vehicle structure. A cast internal sub-structure is mounted within the internal cavity. The inner skin positioned within the internal cavity such that the cast internal sub-structure is positioned between the inner skin and the outer skin.

Abstract: A flowhood is provided to which an upstream conduit and a downstream conduit of an emissions cleaning module can be connected includes a first section and a second section. The second section includes a first aperture for connection to the upstream conduit and a second aperture for connection to the downstream conduit. The first and second apertures may face substantially in the same direction to permit a compact arrangement. A body of the first section may be shaped to channel gas flow from the first aperture to the second aperture. An emissions cleaning module including such a flowhood is also described.

Abstract: The risk of a particulate filter from being damaged is reduced while an increase in pressure loss of the particulate filter due to ash is suppressed. Micropore zones are defined at upstream sides of partition walls of a particulate filter and macropore zones are defined at downstream sides of partition walls. The pore size of the partition walls at the micropore zones is set so that the particulate matter and the ash can be trapped by the partition walls at the micropore zones, while the pore size of the partition walls at the macropore zones is set so that the ash can pass through the partition walls at the macropore zones. When the difference dQPM between the quantity of the particulate matter which is trapped at the micropore zones and the quantity of particulate matter which is trapped at the macropore zones exceeds a predetermined threshold value, PM removal control is executed.

Abstract: An engine device of a working vehicle is structured such that a first case and a second case can be firmly fixed with a high rigidity by making good use of a frame of an engine room. In the engine device of the working vehicle having the first case which removes particulate matter in exhaust gas of the engine and the second case which removes nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas of the engine, the first case is provided in the engine room which is inward provided with the engine, via a first case support body, and the second case is provided in the engine room via second case support bodies.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification apparatus includes: a reduction catalyst converter that reduces and purifies nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas; a tank that stores a liquid reducing agent or precursor thereof; and an injection nozzle that injects the liquid reducing agent or precursor thereof stored in the tank on an exhaust gas upstream side of the reduction catalyst converter. Some of the exhaust gas flowing through an exhaust pipe is diverted to the tank by a bypass pipe, to cause an exchange of heat between the diverted exhaust gas and the liquid reducing agent or precursor thereof stored in the tank, thereby thawing the liquid reducing agent or precursor thereof frozen in the tank.

Abstract: In a method of operating an exhaust emission control device, the presence of an actual pressure loss of a particulate filter is determined, and a model pressure loss is determined as a function of a state variable. On the basis of the actual pressure loss and the model pressure loss a pressure quotient is determined and a condition of the particulate filter is ascertained in a diagnostic mode in response to the pressure quotient.

Abstract: A system according to the principles of the present disclosure includes an air/fuel ratio determination module and an emission level determination module. The air/fuel ratio determination module determines an air/fuel ratio based on input from an air/fuel ratio sensor positioned downstream from a three-way catalyst that is positioned upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The emission level determination module selects one of a predetermined value and an input based on the air/fuel ratio. The input is received from a nitrogen oxide sensor positioned downstream from the three-way catalyst. The emission level determination module determines an ammonia level based on the one of the predetermined value and the input received from the nitrogen oxide sensor.

Abstract: A method for causing exhaust gas flow to flow at least 270 degrees in a first direction about a perforated tube using a baffle plate having a main body with a plurality of flow-through openings and a plurality of louvers positioned adjacent to the flow-through openings. The method includes deflecting a first portion of the exhaust gas flow with the main body of the baffle plate. The method also includes allowing a second portion of the exhaust gas flow to flow through the flow-through openings of the baffle plate. The method also deflects the second portion of the exhaust gas flow at a downstream side of the main body with the louvers hereby causing the second portion of the exhaust gas flow to flow in the first direction about the perforated tube.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purifying apparatus includes an oxidative catalyst and a filter that are disposed in an exhaust gas path of an engine; a fuel injecting device that injects fuel according to a fuel injection pattern; and a control device that estimates a deposition amount of a particulate matter and sets the fuel injection pattern. When the fuel injection pattern including post-injection is set to recover the filter, the fuel injection pattern is set such that a post-injection amount is reduced as the deposition amount increases.

Abstract: A power system may include a first generator configured to be connected to at least one other generator. Each generator may be configured to be connected to a bus. The bus may be connected to at least one load. The first generator includes a controller that operates the first generator and determines a need to regenerate a diesel particulate filter in the first generator. The controller communicates the need to regenerate the diesel particulate filter to the at least one other generator.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for inferring spark plug fouling due to accumulation of fuel additives thereon. In one example, an engine controller may infer spark plug hot fouling based on higher than expected exhaust temperatures by correlating the elevated exhaust temperature with late combustion phasing due to additive accumulation. A confidence factor of the spark plug hot fouling detection may be enhanced based on data regarding concurrent misfire and/or pre-ignition events.

Abstract: A system includes an internal combustion ignition engine with an exhaust gas flow, a particulate filter in the exhaust gas flow, a NOx reduction catalyst in the exhaust gas flow downstream of the particulate filter, a first oxygen sensor coupled to the exhaust gas flow downstream of the NOx reduction catalyst, and a second oxygen sensor coupled to the exhaust gas flow between the particulate filter and the NOx reduction catalyst. A controller includes an exhaust conditions module that interprets a first oxygen signal from the first oxygen sensor and a second oxygen signal from the second oxygen sensor and a combustion control module that commands a high engine-out air-fuel ratio when the first oxygen signal indicates a low oxygen content and commands a low engine-out air-fuel ratio when the first oxygen signal indicates a high oxygen content.

Abstract: A dosing and mixing arrangement is disclosed herein. The arrangement includes a mixing tube having a constant diameter along its length. At least a first portion of the mixing tube includes a plurality of apertures. The arrangement also includes a swirl structure for causing exhaust flow to swirl outside of the first portion of the mixing tube in one direction along a flow path that extends at least 270 degrees around a central axis of the mixing tube. The arrangement is configured such that the exhaust enters an interior of the mixing tube through the apertures as the exhaust swirls along the flow path. The exhaust entering the interior of the mixing tube through the apertures has a tangential component that causes the exhaust to swirl around the central axis within the interior of the mixing tube. The arrangement also includes a doser for dispensing a reactant into the interior of the mixing tube.

Abstract: Provided is an engine device of a working vehicle structured such that a first case and a second case can be firmly fixed with a high rigidly by sharing supporting loads of the first case and the second case by an engine room and a working portion. In the engine device of the working vehicle having the first case which removes particulate matter in exhaust gas of an engine, and the second case which removes nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas of the engine, the first case is provided in an outer side of the engine room which is inward provided with the engine via a first case support body, and the second case is provided in the working portion which is adjacent to the engine room via a second case support body.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification system with a diesel particulate filter in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine. A surface filtration cake layer formation enhancement control or a particulate matter generation amount reduction control is temporarily performed immediately after a forced regeneration treatment on the diesel particulate filter. The system and a method are directed to a particulate matter slip-through phenomenon in which the particulate matter slip-through amount temporarily increases immediately after particulate matter re-combustion in a forced regeneration treatment on the diesel particulate filter. The diesel particulate filter is disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine and reduces the total amount of particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere immediately after the particulate matter re-combustion in the forced regeneration treatment on the diesel particulate filter.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are provided for determining a health value of a catalyzed diesel particulate filter using a midbed temperature of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter and a reference temperature.

Abstract: A diesel engine aftertreatment system comprises a diesel engine having an exhaust manifold and a filter substrate in direct connection with the exhaust manifold without any intervening catalyst, wherein the filter substrate comprises on its inlet side an SCR catalyst incorporating a non-coking molecular sieve.

Abstract: The present invention may be embodied as a biofuel heating system comprising a controller for operating a fan based on a load operating parameter such that air flows along a flow path extending through a combustion chamber, through a burn-out port, through a burn-out chamber, through a heat exchange port, through a heat exchange chamber, and out of an exhaust port. A heat exchange system transfers heat energy from air flowing through the heat exchange chamber to a working fluid. The controller operates in a char mode based at least in part on the load operating parameter, and the biofuel remains within the combustion zone during the char mode.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprises a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) arranged in an engine exhaust passage and a booster pump (60) for boosting an injection pressure of the hydrocarbon feed valve (15). The hydrocarbon feed valve (15) performs NOX removal injection and clogging prevention injection. A boosting action of the injection pressure by the booster pump (60) and the NOX removal injection are controlled so that the boosting action of the injection pressure by the booster pump (60) and the NOX removal injection are not performed simultaneously, and the boosting action of the injection pressure by the booster pump (60) and said clogging prevention injection are allowed to be performed simultaneously.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine wherein an exhaust purification catalyst and hydrocarbon feed valve are arranged in an engine exhaust passage and wherein the NOX which is contained in the exhaust gas is removed by injection of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve by a predetermined period. Hydrocarbons are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve toward the upstream side of the engine exhaust passage. When hydrocarbons are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve by a predetermined period, the injection pressure of the hydrocarbons is made to gradually fall from injection start to injection end in the injection time period of each injection.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system for an engine is disclosed. The aftertreatment system may include an exhaust passage configured to receive an exhaust flow from the engine, and an injector disposed in the exhaust passage and configured to inject reductant into the exhaust flow. The aftertreatment system may also include a bypass conduit fluidly connected to the exhaust passage downstream of the injector, at least one valve disposed in the bypass conduit and configured to divert exhaust gases from the exhaust passage into the bypass conduit, and a reductant storage device disposed in the bypass conduit and configured to store ammonia in the exhaust gases. The aftertreatment system may also include a control module configured to selectively operate the at least one valve.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system includes an exhaust line through which exhaust gas flows. A nitrogen oxide purification catalyst is disposed at one side of the exhaust line to reduce the nitrogen oxide. A diesel particulate filter is disposed at a downstream side of the nitrogen oxide purification catalyst, filters a particulate material, and eliminates the material in a set condition, wherein a set amount of oxygen storage material is included in the diesel particulate filter.

Abstract: The assembly for purification of exhaust gases comprises an upstream conduit and a downstream conduit positioned parallel to each other. A space has an exhaust gas inlet communicating with the upstream conduit and an exhaust gas outlet communicating with the downstream conduit. A middle line divides the inlet into first and second areas providing a same passage section to the exhaust gases. The assembly comprises a baffle covering at least 75% of the first area and covering less than 25% of the second area. The baffle and the space are laid out so that a portion of the exhaust gases penetrate through the first area of the inlet flows into the space along flow lines forming a cusp around the baffle.

Abstract: A method for feeding reducing agent or reducing agent precursor into exhaust systems of mobile internal combustion engines and an exhaust system are preferably used for internal combustion engines with high nitrogen oxide compound emissions. A feed time is established. An exhaust parameter and/or necessary quantity of reducing agent is determined and a feed state of the reducing agent is defined. The reducing agent is treated if the feed state does not correspond to a stored state. The reducing agent feed to the exhaust system takes place last. The steps are repeated multiple times. This permits reducing agent to be fed into an exhaust system in a state suitable for the exhaust temperature, so that complete conversion of reducing agent takes place and selectively catalytic reduction is also ensured. This reduces the quantity of electrical energy necessary for converting reducing agent. A motor vehicle having the system is also provided.

Abstract: A catalyst protection device includes: a catalyst provided in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine and purifying exhaust gas; a bed temperature acquisition unit acquiring a current bed temperature of the catalyst; a base increase value calculation unit calculating a base increase value that is a base value of an increase value of a fuel injection amount injected by a fuel injection valve included in the internal combustion engine in order to cool the catalyst when the current bed temperature exceeds a predetermined determination value; a compensator acquiring a corrected increase value by correcting the base increase value using a reduction coefficient that is calculated by incorporating a value of a target bed temperature set to a value strictly lower than the determination value; and an injection amount increasing unit selecting any one of the base increase value and the corrected increase value.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a catalyzed particulate filter provided in its entire dispersion side and within its partition walls with a first catalyst being active in selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, and in its entire permeate side with a second catalyst combination with a catalyst being active in oxidation of ammonia mixed with a catalyst being active in oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and a method for its preparation. The mean particle size of the first catalyst is smaller than the mean pore diameter of the longitudinal porous walls, and the mean particle size of the second catalyst combination is larger than the mean pore diameter of the longitudinal walls. In the example, the first catalyst is a silica aluminum phosphate SAPO-34 promoted with 2% copper and the second catalyst is a mixture of platinum and palladium (molar ratio 3:1) supported on alumina particles and beta zeolite powder with 1.0% copper.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of a catalysed particulate filter and a particulate filter prepared by the method.

Abstract: Two sets of assemblies are arranged such that a diesel particulate filter device of an assembly as a first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of the assembly as the first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of an assembly as a second set, and a diesel particulate filter device of the assembly as the second set are located next to each other in this order. Respective first and second connection pipes are routed through a region directly underneath an arrangement region where the two selective catalytic reduction devices and the like are arranged, and connected to the respective diesel particulate filter devices. Thereby, an engine unit and a work vehicle which facilitate connection between an engine and an exhaust gas treatment structure and can reduce a load on the first and second connection pipes due to vibration can be achieved.

Abstract: An exhaust purifier for purifying exhaust gas of an engine includes an injector that injects a reducing agent into a pipe through which exhaust gas flows and a guide member that guides the exhaust gas flowing through the pipe, and the guide member guides the exhaust gas toward one side of an injection area into which the reducing agent is injected, by covering an exhaust gas upstream side of the injection area.

Abstract: An exhaust after-treatment system includes an exhaust inlet, an exhaust outlet, and an array of exhaust treatment components disposed in a housing. The housing includes a first connection flange securing the housing to the inlet, a second connection flange securing the housing to the outlet, and a third flange positioned between the first and second flanges. A mounting device is secured to the third flange to independently support the housing relative to the inlet and the outlet.

Abstract: Two sets of assemblies are arranged such that a diesel particulate filter device of an assembly as a first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of the assembly as the first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of an assembly as a second set, and a diesel particulate filter device of the assembly as the second set are located next to each other in this order. Respective first and second connection pipes are routed through a region directly underneath an arrangement region where the two selective catalytic reduction devices and the like are arranged, and connected to the respective diesel particulate filter devices. Thereby, an engine unit and a work vehicle which facilitate connection between an engine and an exhaust gas treatment structure and can reduce a load on the first and second connection pipes due to vibration can be achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed, including an exhaust conditions module structured to interpret a diesel particulate filter (DPF) delta pressure value, a flow balance correlation, a NOx input value, and an exhaust flow rate value. A flow determination module is structured to determine a flow imbalance value in response to the DPF delta pressure value, the flow balance correlation, and the exhaust flow rate value. A reductant determination module is structured to determine a first reductant injection command and a second reductant injection command in response to the flow imbalance value and the NOx input value.

Abstract: A system including a channel; a particulate matter sensor disposed in fluid communication with the channel, the particulate matter sensor having a sensitivity that increases in response to exposure to particulate matter; and a controller coupled to the particulate matter sensor and configured to monitor the channel in response to the sensitivity of the particular matter sensor.

Abstract: Provided is an exhaust purification system capable of clearing a blockage of a reducing agent injection valve caused by solidification of an aqueous urea solution soon after starting an engine and preventing degradation in exhaust purification efficiency when starting an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a controller apparatus for regenerating a particulate matter sensor. The controller apparatus includes a sensing module configured to detect a soot loading on a particulate matter sensor and generate a regeneration request indicating a desired regeneration temperature and a heating module configured to receive the regeneration request and send a heating command signal to a heating element based on the regeneration request. The controller apparatus also includes an electrical resistance module configured to detect an electrical resistance in the heating element, a calibration module configured to determine an actual temperature of the heating element based on a resistance-to-temperature model, and a temperature feedback module configured to modify the heating command signal according to the difference between the desired regeneration temperature and the actual temperature.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system includes an oxidation catalyst and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst disposed in an exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine. A stay warm thermal management strategy is employed after warm-up of the aftertreatment system is complete to maintain the aftertreatment system above a temperature providing a desired performance threshold of one or more components of the aftertreatment system, such as the oxidation catalyst or the SCR catalyst.

Abstract: Provided is an engine device which improves a general-purpose property of an ECU carrying out a drive control of an engine and a regeneration control of a DPF. The engine device is provided with an exhaust gas purifying device which is arranged in an exhaust route of the engine, the ECU which controls a drive of the engine, and a variable memory means which stores a general-purpose regeneration program selectively executing a plurality of regeneration modes with respect to the exhaust gas purifying device and a flag table corresponding to an optional regeneration mode, and is rewritable. The ECU executes the general-purpose regeneration program in accordance with a regeneration mode which is selected on the basis of the flag table.

Abstract: A control apparatus is applied to an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine includes a turbocharger; an exhaust gas purifying catalyst which is arranged at a section downstream of a turbine in the exhaust passage; and a low pressure EGR passage which connects a section downstream of the exhaust gas purifying device in the exhaust passage and a section upstream of a compressor in the intake passage. The compressor is provided with a movable vane mechanism capable of varying throttled quantity of a flow passage of intake gas by moving diffuser vanes. The control apparatus controls the movable vane mechanism so that the throttled quantity of the flow passage is decreased when the exhaust gas is led to the compressor via the low pressure EGR passage as compared with a case when the exhaust gas is not led to the compressor.

Abstract: In a cross section, perpendicular to an axial direction of a honeycomb structural body having partition walls and cells, a plurality of sections having a different cell density is formed from a central area toward an outer peripheral area, and a partition wall is formed between the sections adjacent to each other. The boundary section has boundary partition walls and plural boundary cells having a polygonal shape different in shape from the cells in the sections formed adjacent to the boundary section. The partition walls in the sections adjacent to the boundary section are connected by the boundary partition walls. A part of the boundary cell is surrounded by at least the boundary partition walls. A relationship of ?1/?2?1.25 is satisfied, where ?1 indicates an average hydraulic diameter of the boundary cells and ?2 indicates an average hydraulic diameter of the cells.

Abstract: In an engine, an exhaust gas purifying device and a regeneration device, there are provided detectors for detecting working states thereof, such as a rotational sensor, a cooling water temperature sensor, an intake temperature sensor, exhaust gas temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and opening degree sensors. When a trouble occurs in any of the sensors other than the pressure sensors among them, a light degree of operation restrictions is performed for restricting a rotational speed of the engine while it can be determined that particulate matter is not excessively accumulated in a particulate matter removing filter from a detection value of the pressure sensors. On the other hand, when the particulate matter is excessively accumulated in the particulate matter removing filter or when any of the pressure sensors has a trouble, a heavy degree of the operation restrictions accompanied by a fuel injection quantity restriction of the engine is performed.

Abstract: Catalytic articles, systems and methods for treating exhaust gas streams are described. A catalytic article comprising a wall flow filter having gas permeable walls, a hydrolysis catalyst, an optional soot oxidation catalyst, a selective catalytic reduction catalyst permeating the walls, an ammonia oxidation catalyst and an oxidation catalyst to oxidize CO and hydrocarbons is described. Methods of treating exhaust gas streams comprising soot, an ammonia precursor such as urea, ammonia, NOx, CO and hydrocarbons are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control method for restoring temporary malfunction of an injector 8 for adding urea water 12 into exhaust gas due to adhesion of urea crystals. A passage is laid out such that the passage (suction line 14) for feed of the urea water 12 runs downward from above of and is connected to the injector 8. When the injector 8 is determined to be in malfunction, an operation of temporarily sucking back the urea water 12 in the passage (suction line 14) is interposed before the pump 13 is stopped; the pump 13 is restarted after lapse of a predetermined time to re-determine whether the injector 8 is in malfunction or not.

Abstract: Fuel efficiency in a combustion engine is increased by treating the fuel in a reaction chamber prior to delivering the fuel into the combustion chamber of the engine. The method includes the step of entraining a stream of exhaust gas to travel upstream through the reactor chamber in a first flow pattern. The method also includes the step of entraining a stream of fuel to travel downstream through the reactor chamber in a second flow pattern, where at least one of the first and second flow patterns comprises a structured turbulent flow.

Abstract: A method of correcting a soot mass estimate in a vehicle exhaust after-treatment device includes monitoring an exhaust gas pressure drop across a particulate filter included with the vehicle exhaust after-treatment device; determining an initial soot mass estimate from a monitored exhaust gas pressure drop; revising the initial soot mass estimate in view of a monitored engine speed, engine load, exhaust gas temperature, and NOx gas flow rate; and generating a particulate filter regeneration request if the revised soot mass estimate exceeds a threshold.

Abstract: A hydraulic excavator includes an engine, a revolving frame supporting the engine, a vehicle body frame, a diesel particulate filter device, and a first connecting pipe. The vehicle body frame is disposed on the revolving frame. The diesel particulate filter device and the selective catalytic reduction device are supported by the vehicle body frame. The first connecting pipe connects the engine and the diesel particulate filter device. The first connecting pipe includes a bellows part that is extendable in at least a portion thereof. The diesel particulate filter device is located further away from the engine than the selective catalytic reduction device. The first connecting pipe passes below the selective catalytic reduction device and is connected to the diesel particulate filter device. A connecting portion for the diesel particulate filter device and the first connecting pipe is located below the diesel particulate filter device.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment system includes a selective catalyst reduction filter (SCRF) device, a reductant delivery system, and a reductant storage module. The SCRF device includes a filter portion having a washcoat disposed thereon that defines a washcoat thickness (WCT). The reductant delivery system is configured to inject a reductant that reacts with the washcoat. The reductant storage module is in electrical communication with the reductant delivery system to determine a reductant setpoint that controls the amount of reductant injected from the reductant delivery system. The exhaust treatment system further includes a WCT compensation module configured to electrically communicate a WCT compensation value to the reductant storage module. The reductant storage module adjusts the setpoint according to the WCT compensation value such that the amount of ammonia that slips from the SCRF device is reduced as compared to the first setpoint.

Abstract: To provide an Fe(II)-substituted beta type zeolite which has been ion-exchanged with Fe(II) ions and can effectively adsorb and remove nitrogen monoxide or hydrocarbon contained in gas to be cleaned, even if oxygen is present in the gas at a high concentration or the temperature of the gas is low. In the Fe(II)-substituted beta type zeolite, a ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 is preferably 10 to 18, a BET specific surface area is preferably 400 m2/g to 700 m2/g, a micropore specific surface area is preferably 290 m2/g to 500 m2/g, and a micropore volume is preferably 0.15 cm3/g to 0.25 cm3/g. The amount of Fe(II) supported is preferably 0.01% by mass to 6.5% by mass based on the Fe(II)-substituted beta type zeolite.

Abstract: A catalyst is positioned downstream of a thermal enhancer, such as a fuel-fired burner for example. A doser injects hydrocarbons into the thermal enhancer to maintain exhaust gas temperatures such that the catalyst is in an active condition and to raise exhaust gas temperatures to a level such that a diesel particulate filter can be regenerated.

Abstract: A method and device for measuring the soot load in the exhaust gas systems of diesel engines using a sensor which is mounted downstream of a particulate filter and comprises a sensor element, to measure the operability of the particulate filter. According to the method, the soot load of the sensor element is measured resistively or capacitively using electrodes. The measuring voltage of the sensor element is controlled depending on at least one actual operating parameter of the diesel engine.

Abstract: An exhaust system including a plurality of exhaust treatment devices, plurality of injectors for dosing an exhaust treatment fluid into an exhaust stream, and a controller for controlling each of the plurality of injectors. The controller actively controls an amount of exhaust treatment fluid dosed into the exhaust stream by each of the plurality of injectors based on at least one of an exhaust flow rate and a temperature of the exhaust stream.