Abstract: A computer-implemented method for determining whether a reductant (e.g. urea) injector is clogged is provided. The method includes receiving data indicative of an injector duty cycle and a pump duty cycle. Using a trained machine learning module, at least a first value is calculated, indicative of a probability of the injector being clogged. The method further includes providing, based on the first value, an indication of whether the reductant injector is clogged. A device for providing the indication using the method, a computer program, a reductant injector system, and e.g. a combustion engine including such a reductant injector system are also provided.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for increasing fractional efficiency of diesel or gasoline particulate filters includes a particulate filter that includes a housing and a filter substrate positioned in the housing. The filter substrate is pre-conditioned with an aqueous solution or suspension configured to decompose or evaporate in response to exposure to heat so as to precondition the filter substrate.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for use with over-the-road vehicle is disclosed. The exhaust aftertreatment system includes a reducing agent mixer with a mixing can and a heated doser unit configured to inject heated reducing agent into the mixing can for distribution throughout exhaust gases passed through the mixing can. Heating of reducing agent may be selectively applied based on a variety of inputs to a controller.

Abstract: A mixer for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine includes a mixer housing (40) with an inflow opening central axis (LE) and with an outflow opening (38). A first flow duct (48) following the inflow opening (24) in the mixer housing (40) and a second flow duct (50) lead parallel to one another to a third flow duct (54) and open into same. The third flow duct (54) leads to the outflow opening (38). The first flow duct (48) and the second flow duct (50) are provided between an outer wall (16) of the mixer housing (40) and a flow divider wall (36) enclosed by the outer wall (16), and the third flow duct (54) is enclosed by the flow divider wall (36).

Abstract: A cylinder head with connected exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine the cylinder head has an exhaust duct ending at a cylinder head connecting face to which the exhaust manifold is connected. A flange bushing insert having a bushing part and an end-side flange, is inserted into an exhaust gas duct of the cylinder head. The bushing part has a radially protruding, circumferential bead as a spacer and sealing element that bears against the exhaust duct inner wall. The flange projects at the end of the flange bushing insert and is clamped between the cylinder head connecting face and the exhaust manifold connecting face such that a circumferential insulating gap.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine, exhaust system, exhaust gas treatment device includes an housing (18) including a housing inlet (34) and a housing outlet (60). An exhaust gas treatment unit (28), in the housing, includes an inlet (32) following the housing inlet and an outlet (38). An SCR catalytic converter device (30), in the housing, includes an SCR catalytic converter device inlet (54) following the exhaust gas treatment unit outlet and an SCR catalytic converter device outlet (56). A reactant releasing device (52) releases reactant upstream of the SCR catalytic converter device inlet. An exhaust gas duct (42), formed in an exhaust gas pipe (44), leads in the housing from the exhaust gas treatment unit outlet to the SCR catalytic converter device inlet, whereby exhaust gas leaving the SCR catalytic converter device at the SCR catalytic converter device outlet flows around the exhaust gas pipe in at least some areas.

Abstract: An intake passage structure for an engine includes an intake port in a cylinder head of the engine, and connected to a combustion chamber to define an intake passage. The intake passage structure further includes a heat insulating member disposed along an inner surface of the intake port, and including a bulge having an upstream end surface which is a portion of an upstream end surface of the heat insulating member, the bulge has a radially outwardly protruding radially outer surface and has an increased wall thickness. The wall thickness of the bulge increases from downstream to upstream of the intake port. The upstream end surface of the bulge includes an injection machine connecting portion facing an injection gate configured to inject resin for forming the heat insulating member into the intake port.

Abstract: A clearance control system for a gas turbine engine comprises a blade outer air seal mounted on a carrier. At least one blade is rotatable about an engine axis. The blade outer air seal is spaced radially outwardly from a tip of the blade by a clearance. A heat exchanger is configured to deliver air at a first temperature to the blade outer air seal at a first operating condition to allow the blade outer air seal to move in a first direction to maintain a desired clearance, and configured to deliver air at a second temperature to the blade outer air seal at a second operating condition to allow the blade outer air seal to move in a second direction to maintain a desired clearance, and wherein the second temperature is less than the first temperature. A gas turbine engine and a method of controlling tip clearance in a gas turbine engine are also disclosed.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system includes a filter configured to receive an exhaust gas and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system configured to treat the exhaust gas. A body mixer is disposed downstream of the filter and upstream of the SCR system. The body mixer includes a housing defining an internal volume and including at least a first passageway, a second passageway, and a third passageway. The first passageway receives a flow of the exhaust gas from the filter and directs the flow of the exhaust gas towards the second passageway. The second passageway redirects the flow in a second direction opposite the first direction towards the third passageway. The third passageway redirects the flow in a third direction opposite the second direction towards the SCR system. An injection port is disposed on a sidewall of the housing and configured to communicate an exhaust reductant into the internal volume.

Abstract: Embodiments provide methods, apparatuses and systems for depositing a thermal insulator coating onto a desired surface of a mold cavity or insert or preform. Embodiments also provide casting methods using a thermal insulator coating.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst device is placed so that a central axis of the oxidation catalyst device may be oriented along a right and left direction of a work vehicle; a reducing agent injection device is placed so that a central axis of the reducing agent injection device may be oriented along a front and rear direction of the work vehicle; and a selective catalytic reduction device is placed so that a central axis of the selective catalytic reduction device may be oriented along the front and rear direction of the work vehicle, in which the oxidation catalyst device, the reducing agent injection device, and the selective catalytic reduction device are arranged so as to have a relationship that the central axes thereof become the same in height, and the central axis of the selective catalytic reduction device is placed so as to pass through the oxidation catalyst device.

Abstract: An EGR valve assembly includes an intake gas passage, an exhaust gas passage, an outlet passage, a movable intake gas flap for changing an effective cross section of the intake gas passage and a movable exhaust gas flap for changing an effective cross section of the exhaust gas passage. The intake gas flap includes at least one channel connecting an inlet port on a upstream-side surface of the flap with an outlet port on a downstream-side surface of the flap.

Abstract: An exhaust system of a work machine is equipped with a first exhaust system, a second exhaust system, and a third exhaust system. The first exhaust system and the third exhaust system are arranged to be in parallel with respective one ends directed in the same direction. In a plan view, the second exhaust system is arranged with the other end side directed in the same direction as the one end sides of the first exhaust system and the third exhaust system to be in parallel with the first exhaust system and the third exhaust system between the first exhaust system and the third exhaust system and, in a side view, is arranged above the first exhaust system and the third exhaust system.

Abstract: A system is provided for an internal combustion engine including at least two cylinders, wherein the at least two cylinders form at least two groups, wherein each group has at least one cylinder, the at least one cylinder of at least one group being formed as a cylinder which can be activated in a load-dependent manner and which is deactivated if a predefined load is undershot. The at least two groups are characterized by different cylinder volumes, the at least one cylinder of a first group having a lesser cylinder volume and the at least one cylinder of a second group having a greater cylinder volume and configured as an activatable cylinder.

Abstract: An exhaust gas aftertreatment device, including a bent exhaust pipe, a mixing pipe having a closed end at the exhaust pipe bend and a bell-shaped widened portion in at least partial contact with the exhaust pipe at its opposite end, and a nozzle connected to a receptacle in the mixing pipe closed end for injecting an additive into the exhaust gases, with a mixing one in the exhaust pipe between the urea nozzle and the exhaust pipe outlet in which the exhaust gases flow around the mixing pipe symmetrically and form a double eddy in the mixing pipe.

Abstract: An intake system includes an air cleaner that is disposed above an engine main body mounted on a vehicle body frame and connected to cylinder heads of the engine main body and an air introducing unit for introducing air into an air inlet provided at a lateral part of the air cleaner on at least one side thereof in a vehicle width direction. The air introducing unit has an opened front end and is connected to the air cleaner so as to bend an intake direction from a vehicle front-rear direction to the vehicle width direction. In the air inlet, a plurality of ribs partition the air inlet into plural sections.

Abstract: A work vehicle includes a Diesel Particulate Filter DPF and a Selective Catalytic Reuction SCR connected to one another and disposed upwardly of an engine mounted in an engine room covered by a hood located forwardly of a driving operation section, the DPF and the SCR being disposed in juxtaposition in a vehicle body transverse direction.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system may include an injector, an aftertreatment device and a mixer assembly. The injector may be configured to inject a fluid into an exhaust passageway that receives exhaust gas from a combustion engine. The aftertreatment device may be disposed in the exhaust passageway downstream of the injector. The mixer assembly may be disposed in the exhaust passageway upstream of the aftertreatment device and may include a first stage having a plurality of parallel plates and a second stage connected to the first stage and disposed downstream of the first stage. The second stage may include an auger blade. The mixer assembly may divide an exhaust stream into at least two flow paths.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide for apparatuses and systems involving a reactor pipe configured to receive reductant from an injector into a flow of exhaust exiting an engine. The reactor pipe comprises an inlet portion, a plurality of louvers, an outlet portion, and a radial loop. The inlet portion is structured to receive the flow exiting the engine into the reactor pipe. The louvers are structured to alter a direction of the flow. Further, the radial loop is configured to extend between the inlet portion and the outlet portion and receives the flow of exhaust through the inlet portion. The radial loop also directs the flow of the exhaust toward the outlet portion and reduces the velocity of the flow of the exhaust such that the reductant has an increased amount of time to react with the exhaust.

Abstract: Provided is a NOx reducing device which is capable of effectively protecting a NOx controller against heat and water, while suppressing an increase in cost of a construction machine and deterioration in assemblability of the NOx controller. The NOx reducing device comprises a device body, a tail pipe provided at an outlet end portion of the device body, a NOx controller, and a mount table supporting the device body. The mount table comprises a top plate and a leg supporting the top plate. The device body and the tail pipe are provided on an upper side of the top plate. The NOx controller is provided with respect to a lower surface of the top plate in such a manner that the NOx controller is entirely covered from thereabove by the top plate.

Abstract: An exhaust manifold for a combustion engine of a motor vehicle includes a two-shell construction comprised of an outer system and an inner system. A flange is positioned at a side proximal to a cylinder head of the combustion engine for installation to the combustion engine, and an insulation sleeve connects the inner system with the flange and the outer system. The insulation sleeve is sized to extend through an opening of the flange and to project beyond the flange into the cylinder head of the combustion engine.

Abstract: An engine unit includes an engine, an exhaust gas treatment device and a connecting pipe. The engine has an exhaust gas port. The exhaust gas treatment device is arranged above the engine. The connecting pipe connects the exhaust gas port and the exhaust gas treatment device. The connecting pipe has an expandable-contractible bellows portion. The bellows portion has a linear form following the upward-downward direction. The lower end portion of the bellows portion is positioned lower than at least a part of the exhaust gas port.

Abstract: Provided is an engine combustion chamber structure. Also provided is an inner wall structure for a through channel, through which exhaust gas or intake gas of the engine passes. An engine combustion engine structure is provided with a heat-insulating member on the inner wall of an engine constituent member which constitutes an engine combustion chamber, the heat-insulating member containing a heat-insulating porous layer formed from ceramics, and a surface dense layer formed on the surface of the heat-insulating porous layer and formed from ceramics. The surface dense layer of the heat-insulating member has an open porosity of 5% or less, and preferably the heat-insulating porous layer has a larger open porosity than the open porosity of the surface dense layer.

Abstract: An object is to reduce man-hours for evaluations of design, test, and the like for securing an exhaust gas purifier to an engine, while also making the exhaust gas purifier more compact. The exhaust gas purifier includes a plurality of filter bodies and to purify exhaust gas discharged from the engine, a purification casing including a plurality of purification cases that house the filter bodies, an exhaust gas pressure sensor to detect an exhaust gas pressure in the purification casing, and an exhaust gas temperature sensor to detect an exhaust gas temperature in the purification casing. The two sensors are disposed on the outer circumferential side of the purification casing so as to fit in the length range in the purification casing in the exhaust gas flow direction.

Abstract: An agricultural vehicle including an exhaust system. The exhaust system also includes a dosing module having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. Additionally, the exhaust system includes a first conduit coupled directly between the fluid inlet and an engine cooling system of the agricultural vehicle. The first conduit is configured to hold a cooling fluid. The exhaust system also includes a second conduit coupled directly between the fluid outlet and the engine cooling system and is configured to hold the cooling fluid. The cooling fluid is configured to flow from the first and second conduits into the engine cooling system after an engine of the agricultural vehicle is turned off.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and an exhaust purification catalyst (13) are arranged. The carrier (50) of the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal. On this carrier (50), precious metal catalysts (51, 52) are carried. The concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is made to vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude of a 200 ppm or more and within a predetermined range of period of 5 second or less, whereby the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is reduced at the exhaust purification catalyst (13).

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and an exhaust purification catalyst (13) are arranged. The exhaust purification catalyst (13) is comprised of a mixture of a first catalyst in which platinum (51) and a basic layer (52) are carried on alumina (50) and a second catalyst in which rhodium (56) is carried on zirconia (55). The concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is made to vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude of a 200 ppm or more and within a predetermined range of period of 5 second or less, whereby the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is reduced at the exhaust purification catalyst (13).

Abstract: A diesel exhaust gas collection and treatment system for collecting exhaust gas from a diesel engine powered vehicle, treating the exhaust gas with injected ambient air, then releasing the air and exhaust gas mixture to the atmosphere features a vehicle powered by a diesel engine. A stream of exhaust gas from operation of the diesel engine flows through an exhaust manifold into a generally tubular exhaust collector via an exhaust inlet port. A plurality of ambient air injection ports is located on a posterior collector end, each having an ambient air injection tube connected to a corresponding air injection port. The exhaust collector features a plurality of collector outlet ports located on the exhaust collector side wall, each having a collector outlet pipe located on and fluidly connected to a corresponding collector outlet port. The exhaust collector is flexibly suspended underneath a vehicle.

Abstract: An electro-catalytic honeycomb for controlling exhaust emissions, which adopts to purify a lean-burn exhaust, comprises a honeycomb structural body, a solid-oxide layer and a cathode layer. The honeycomb structural body includes an anode, a plurality of gas channels, and a shell. The anode is formed as a backbone, the gas channels are formed inside the backbone for passing the exhaust, and the shell covers an outer surface of the anode. The solid-oxide layer is adhered to an inner surface of the anode and connects the shell so as to encapsulate the anode. The cathode layer is adhered to a tube wall of the solid-oxide layer and has an oxidizing environment. The anode has a reducing environment. The reducing and the oxidizing environment facilitate an electromotive force to occur between the anode and the cathode layer to promote a decomposition of nitrogen oxides of the exhaust into nitrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and an exhaust purification catalyst (13) are arranged. The exhaust purification catalyst (13) is comprised of an upstream-side catalyst (14a) and a downstream-side catalyst (14b) arranged in series at an interval from each other. The upstream-side catalyst (14b) has a smaller cross-sectional area than the downstream-side catalyst (14b). The concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the upstream-side catalyst (14a) is made to vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude of a 200 ppm or more and within a predetermined range of period of 5 seconds or less, whereby the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is reduced at the exhaust purification catalyst (13).

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and an exhaust purification catalyst (13) are arranged. At the time of engine operation, the amplitude of change of the concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is made to become within a predetermined range of amplitude by control of the injection amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve (15), the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is made to vibrate by a predetermined range of period by control of the injection period of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve (15), and thereby the NOx contained in the exhaust gas and the NOx stored in the exhaust purification catalyst (13) are reduced.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, an NOx adsorption part and an NOx purification part are arranged. The NOx purification part has the property of reducing NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if the concentration of hydrocarbons is made to vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period. When NOx is to be desorbed from the NOx adsorption part, the current NOx which is contained in the exhaust gas and the NOx which is desorbed from the NOx adsorption part are reduced by making the concentration of hydrocarbons of the NOx purification part vibrate by the amplitude and period which are set for the current engine operating state, at least of which (?T·k) has been corrected so that the amount of hydrocarbons becomes greater.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (16), an exhaust purification catalyst (13), a particulate filter (14), and an NO2 reduction catalyst (15) are arranged. At the time of engine operation, the amplitude of change of the concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is made to become within a predetermined range of amplitude by control of the injection amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve (16). When the NO2 which is produced at the particulate filter (14) should be reduced to NO, the injection amount of hydrocarbons is increased whereby the pass through amount of hydrocarbons which pass straight through the exhaust purification catalyst (13) is increased.

Abstract: A system for producing ammonia includes sources of hydrogen and nitrogen gas, a hydrogen gas booster for producing produce pressurized hydrogen gas, a nitrogen gas booster for producing pressurized nitrogen gas, and a synthesis reactor that receives a mixture of the pressurized hydrogen and nitrogen gases. The synthesis reactor includes an inlet for receiving the pressurized gas mixture, a heating zone adjacent the inlet for heating the gas mixture, a catalyst zone downstream from the heating zone for catalyzing a reaction of the mixture to form ammonia and a by-product, and a cooling zone downstream from the catalyst zone for cooling the ammonia and the by-product. The system has a separator for separating the ammonia from the by-product, an ammonia storage tank for collecting the ammonia, and a recycle loop for re-circulating the by-product back to the synthesis reactor.

Abstract: A diesel particulate filter (“DPF”) system that is more convenient than a conventional DPF system, including a DPF having a catalyzed soot filter (“CSF”) that is connected to an exhaust pipe of a diesel engine in order to collect particulate matter (“PM”) in exhaust gas, and a diesel oxidation catalyst (“DOC”) provided on an upstream side of the CSF; and temperature sensors provided respectively on an upstream side and a downstream side of the DOC. When a PM accumulation amount in the CSF exceeds a fixed amount, DPF regeneration is performed by setting a temperature detected by the upstream side temperature sensor at or above a first threshold and setting a temperature detected by the downstream side temperature sensor at or above a second threshold. When a breakdown is detected in the upstream side temperature sensor, the second threshold is modified upward.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention include Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) that include a layer of inert particles some of which are in contact with a catalyst and are associated with the surface of the filter. Particles associated with the inlet side of the filter are sized such that they coat portions of the inlet surface and portions of the channels that connect the inlet surface to the wall separating the inlet surface from the outlet surface. In some aspects the particles comprise alumina of between about 1.0 microns to about 40.0 microns and colloidal alumina particles that are between about 1.0 nm to about 10.0 nm. The coating is applied by contacting the filter body especially the inlet channels of the filter body with a washout that includes the different sized particles and at least one catalyst that facilitates the conversion of soot particles into gases.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system that can detect whether or not a float is stuck even where a water level sensor that detects a liquid level in a stepwise manner is used, including: an urea injection quantity integrating unit that integrates an injected quantity of urea to calculate an urea injection quantity integrated value; an integrated value resetting unit that, if a detected value from detection means changes, resets the urea injection quantity integrated value; and an abnormality determination unit that, if the urea injection quantity integrated value exceeds a predetermined threshold value for determination, determines a level sensor as having an abnormality.

Abstract: Static mixer for the treatment of exhaust gases, including an annular support portion and a plurality of substantially coplanar radial vanes that are arranged radially with their rear portions or bases associated with the support portion and the front portions or radial tips converging towards the center of the mixer, wherein the body of the vanes includes at least three lines of bending, which define respective portions arranged on non parallel planes and defining corresponding impact surfaces for the exhaust gases.

Abstract: A variety of embodiments of exhaust systems for engines including small off-road engines, and related methods of operation, are disclosed. In at least some embodiments, the exhaust system includes a first conduit that receives exhaust emissions from a first engine cylinder, and a second conduit that communicates air to a first port on the first conduit. The air mixes with the exhaust emissions within the first conduit so as to produce a chemical reaction, and a level of at least one undesirable component of the exhaust emissions is reduced. Further, the exhaust system does not include any catalytic converter. In some embodiments, the exhaust system further comprises a crankcase ventilation system.

Abstract: A variety of embodiments of exhaust systems for engines including small off-road engines, and related methods of operation, are disclosed. In at least some embodiments, the exhaust system includes a first conduit that receives exhaust emissions from a first engine cylinder, and a second conduit that communicates air to a first port on the first conduit. The air mixes with the exhaust emissions within the first conduit so as to produce a chemical reaction, and a level of at least one undesirable component of the exhaust emissions is reduced. Further, the exhaust system does not include any catalytic converter. In some embodiments, the exhaust system further comprises a crankcase ventilation system.

Abstract: Two sets of assemblies are arranged such that a diesel particulate filter device of an assembly as a first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of the assembly as the first set, a selective catalytic reduction device of an assembly as a second set, and a diesel particulate filter device of the assembly as the second set are located next to each other in this order. Respective first and second connection pipes are routed through a region directly underneath an arrangement region where the two selective catalytic reduction devices and the like are arranged, and connected to the respective diesel particulate filter devices. Thereby, an engine unit and a work vehicle which facilitate connection between an engine and an exhaust gas treatment structure and can reduce a load on the first and second connection pipes due to vibration can be achieved.

Abstract: An object is to reduce man-hours for evaluations of design, test, and the like for securing an exhaust gas purifier to an engine, while also making the exhaust gas purifier more compact. The exhaust gas purifier includes a plurality of filter bodies and to purify exhaust gas discharged from the engine, a purification casing including a plurality of purification cases that house the filter bodies, an exhaust gas pressure sensor to detect an exhaust gas pressure in the purification casing, and an exhaust gas temperature sensor to detect an exhaust gas temperature in the purification casing. The two sensors are disposed on the outer circumferential side of the purification casing so as to fit in the length range in the purification casing in the exhaust gas flow direction.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment unit treats exhaust gas from an engine of a work vehicle. The exhaust treatment unit includes a diesel particulate filter device, a selective catalytic reduction device, a first support component and a second support component. The diesel particulate filter device treats the exhaust gas. The selective catalytic reduction device treats the exhaust gas. The first support component supports the diesel particulate filter device. The second support component supports the selective catalytic reduction device and the first support component. The first support component is detachable from the second support component.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine. According to the method, an exhaust gas produced by the internal combustion engine is conducted across a 3-way catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust duct. A lambda probe detects a value characteristic of an exhaust-gas lambda number upstream of the 3-way catalytic converter, and transmits said value to an engine control unit with an integrated PI or PID regulator. By means of the PI or PID regulator of the engine control unit, through the specification of a setpoint value, a substantially stoichiometric exhaust-gas lambda number is set, and the exhaust-gas lambda number is, with predefined periodic setpoint value variation, deflected alternately in the direction of a lean lambda number and a rich lambda number (lambda modulation).

Abstract: The present invention provides an exhaust emission purifying apparatus having a liquid level measuring device in which, when a liquid level (measured liquid level) measured by a liquid level indicator of a sensor is equal to or than a measurable lower limit, the measured liquid level is output. On the other hand, when the measured liquid level is less than the measurable lower limit, the liquid level estimated based on a consumption of a liquid reducing agent or its precursor in a reducing agent tank and a tank cross-sectional area is output. The liquid level of the liquid reducing agent or its precursor is estimated in a range in which the liquid level may not be accurately measured due to the presence of a concentration meter, whereby the liquid level can be measured over a wide range.

Abstract: A plate system is used in a surgical procedure to manage a distal radius or similar bone fracture. A plate of the plate system includes two leg segments extending downwardly from a generally horizontal segment, and further includes an elongated slot defined through the center of the horizontal segment of the plate near its top edge. A subchondral support element is inserted through the elongated slot and is advanced into the bone. The plate further defines two holes through the horizontal segment near a respective one of the two leg segments. Locking screws, such as variable angle locking screws, are inserted into and locked into the respective holes, with each locking screw advancing into the bone such that a distal tip of each locking screw engages the subchondral support element, thus providing a three-point support.

Abstract: A hydraulic drive system for a hydraulic working machine sets a delivery pressure at a preset value upon raising a temperature of exhaust gas to a temperature needed for combustion of particulate matter by increasing a load to be applied to an engine. In a non-operation state, a variable restrictor is controlled by a controller and a delivery pressure control valve to increase a delivery pressure of a variable displacement hydraulic pump, so that the load is increased to raise the temperature of exhaust gas to the temperature needed for the particulate matter combustion. At this time, the controller controls the delivery pressure control valve such that a delivery pressure to be detected by a delivery pressure sensor will conform with a preset reference delivery pressure. The reference delivery pressure is set to a minimum pressure that can provide the exhaust gas with combustion heat.

Abstract: An engine includes a cylinder block including a plurality of cylinders disposed along a V-shaped line, a pair of exhaust manifolds disposed inside the V-shaped line, and an exhaust pipe disposed inside the V-shaped line. Each of the pair of exhaust manifolds includes a first passage that includes a plurality of inflow ports into which exhaust gases from the cylinders flow, a collecting portion at which exhaust gases are collected, and an exhaust port from which exhaust gases are discharged. The exhaust pipe includes a connection passage that includes a pair of intermediate inflow ports that are connected to the exhaust ports, at least one intermediate exhaust port from which exhaust gases are discharged. The connection passage is arranged to connect the pair of intermediate inflow ports and the at least one intermediate exhaust port.

Abstract: An engine unit includes an engine, an exhaust gas treatment device and a connecting pipe. The engine has an exhaust gas port. The exhaust gas treatment device is arranged above the engine. The connecting pipe connects the exhaust gas port and the exhaust gas treatment device. The connecting pipe has an expandable-contractible bellows portion. The bellows portion has a linear form following the upward-downward direction. The lower end portion of the bellows portion is positioned lower than at least a part of the exhaust gas port.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved black smoke burning and purifying apparatus for a vehicle exhaust comprising a burning system connected to intake of the exhaust and also to an emission smoke buffered filtering system. The emission smoke is guided into the burning chamber of the burning system and the fuel is atomized by a fuel atomized nozzle without being affected by the emission smoke. A pneumatic pump delivers air into the burning chamber to enhance burning and the emission smoke sequentially passes through buffering and filtering units of said buffered filtering system. Said buffering unit reduces flow rate of the emission smoke to prevent backflow from blowing off the spark. The emission smoke drives a turbine blade to force it pass through the filtering unit to burn off the carbon residuals thereof with the high temperature emission smoke to maintain proper emission of the exhaust of a diesel engine.