Abstract: A battery-powered, modular surgical device comprising an electrically powered surgical instrument that requires a pre-determined minimum amount of electrical energy to complete a surgical procedure, and a power module assembly that has a battery that powers the surgical instrument and has a current state of electrical charge, and a control circuit that is electrically coupled to the battery and the surgical instrument and has a memory and a microprocessor. The microprocessor determines the current state of electrical charge of the battery, compares the current state of electrical charge to the pre-determined minimum amount of electrical energy, permits the battery to discharge if the current state of electrical charge is above the pre-determined minimum amount of electrical energy, and maintains the battery in a non-discharge state if the current state of electrical charge is below the pre-determined minimum amount of electrical energy.

Abstract: A surgical instrument comprising a controller, a staple firing system, and an RFID system is disclosed. The controller is in communication with a first RFID reader and a second RFID reader of the RFID system and the staple firing system. In various embodiments, the controller verifies the presence of the staple cartridge in the surgical instrument upon receiving the first signal from the first RFID tag. Also, in various embodiments, the controller verifies that the staple cartridge is an unfired staple cartridge upon receiving the second signal from the second RFID tag. The controller can also be configured to track the progress of the staple firing stroke through the RFID system.

Abstract: A method of controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade between two temperature set points includes applying a first power level to an ultrasonic transducer to set an ultrasonic blade temperature to a first target temperature T1, monitoring a phase angle ? between voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the transducer, inferring the temperature of the blade based on the phase angle ?, determining that a transection process is complete, and applying a second power level to the transducer to set the blade temperature to a second target temperature T2. The transducer may be coupled to the blade via an ultrasonic waveguide. The first target temperature may be optimized for vessel sealing and the second target temperature may be optimized for clamp arm pad life. The control circuit may determine that transection is complete by determining that the ultrasonic blade contacts the clamp arm pad.

Abstract: A surgical tool includes a drive housing that houses a plurality of drive cable capstans, an elongate shaft that extends from the drive housing, and an end effector operatively coupled to a distal end of the elongate shaft. A plurality of drive cables extend between the drive housing and the end effector, wherein each drive cable is associated with a corresponding drive cable capstan and rotation of the drive cable capstans correspondingly moves the drive cables to articulate the end effector. A manual release assembly is coupled to the drive housing and includes a release switch that is manually movable between a disengaged position and an engaged position. When the release switch is manually moved to the engaged position, the drive cable capstans are rotated to move the drive cables and thereby manually articulate the end effector.

Abstract: A treatment system includes a treatment tool and an energy source apparatus used to supply electrical energy to the treatment tool. The treatment tool includes a heater and bipolar electrodes to grip a treatment target. The energy source apparatus includes a processor to control the output to the bipolar electrodes and the heater, respectively. The processor directs the output to the bipolar electrodes and detects an initial value of the impedance of the treatment target. The processor determines whether or not the impedance has reached a minimum value and then retrieves a parameter that is detected before the minimum value of the impedance is detected. The processor performs a first process and/or a second process based on the acquired parameter after the minimum value is detected. The first process determines whether or not the output to the heater is required. The second process sets a target value.

Abstract: A method comprises simultaneously presenting on a display a plurality of graphical screen sections, each graphical screen section comprising adjustable control settings. The plurality of graphical screen sections respectively align with a plurality of connector ports, and each connector port is configured to be operably coupled with a surgical instrument.

Abstract: Example systems and techniques for denervation, for example, renal denervation. In some examples, a processor determines one or more tissue characteristics of tissue proximate a target nerve and a blood vessel. The processor may generate, based on the one or more tissue characteristics, an estimated volume of influence of denervation therapy delivered by a therapy delivery device disposed within the blood vessel. The processor may generate a graphical user interface including a graphical representation of the tissue proximate the target nerve and the blood vessel and a graphical representation of the estimated volume of influence.

Abstract: A cartridge assembly to couple an electrosurgical device to treat tissue with an electro surgical unit includes a cartridge member to operate with a power delivery apparatus of the electro surgical unit and a fluid delivery apparatus of the electro surgical unit. An electrosurgical unit includes a power delivery apparatus and a fluid delivery apparatus arranged to operate with a cartridge member to be located in a cartridge receptacle of the electrosurgical unit. An electrosurgical device includes a first electrode spaced alongside the second electrode, with each electrode having a blade shaped member. Each blade shaped member has opposing sides bounded by edges, with the edges having a medial edge and a lateral edge. At least one fluid outlet is adjacent each blade shaped member, and each fluid outlet is in fluid communication with a fluid passage.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a shaft assembly and an end effector. The shaft assembly includes an outer sheath, at least one irrigation conduit, and at least one suction conduit. The end effector includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a web. The electrodes extend distally relative to a distal end of the outer sheath. The electrodes are operable to apply bipolar RF energy to tissue. The web extends laterally between the first and second electrodes. The web is positioned distal to the distal end of the outer sheath.

Abstract: A medical device equipped for switching the device on and off carries out at least one safety-relevant function in the operating state, using at least one operating parameter with a set target value. In order to ensure a reliable function of the device and not disturb a medical treatment, the device performs a first self-diagnosis following switch-on and before reaching an operating state and performs a second self-diagnosis following switch-off and before terminating the operating state, during which self-diagnoses the same operating parameter of the device is checked in each case for deviation from the target value. The technology also relates to a corresponding method for operating a medical device.

Abstract: An electrosurgical unit having power monitoring circuitry for reducing leakage current in an electrosurgical unit. The electrosurgical unit includes a power source configured to produce direct current, an RF waveform generator configured to convert the direct current into an RF signal, a voltage sensor configured to measure DC input voltage to the RF waveform generator, a current sensor configured to measure output current feedback, and a processor. The processor is configured to estimate output voltage feedback based at least upon the measured DC input voltage and the measured output current feedback, and output a control signal to control the DC input voltage to the RF waveform generator, the control signal based at least upon the estimated output voltage and the output current feedback.

Abstract: A surgical instrument comprising a staple cartridge assembly is disclosed. The staple cartridge comprises a cartridge body defining a longitudinal axis, staples removably stored in the staple cavities, a cover releasably attached to the cartridge body, and a sled movable from a proximal unfired position to a distal fired position during a firing motion. The staple cartridge further comprises a first RFID tag affixed to the cartridge body at a first longitudinal position, a second RFID tag affixed to the sled, wherein the proximal unfired position of the sled is at a second longitudinal position which is not at the first longitudinal position, and a third RFID tag affixed to the cover at a third longitudinal position which is not at the first longitudinal position and the second longitudinal position.

Abstract: A method of operating a power source device for a high-frequency treatment instrument adapted to perform high-frequency treatment for biological tissue includes causing a high-frequency power source circuit to output power; setting a target impedance value which gradually increases from a change-over impedance value to a stop impedance value; regularly comparing a measured impedance value to the target impedance value; causing the high-frequency power source circuit to lower the power by a first ratio if the measured impedance value is greater than the target impedance value, and to raise the power by a second ratio if the measured impedance value is smaller than the target impedance value; and causing the high-frequency power source circuit to terminate the output upon the value for impedance reaching the stop impedance value.

Abstract: An electrosurgical generator includes: a power supply configured to output a DC waveform; a power converter coupled to the power supply and configured to generate a radio frequency waveform based on the DC waveform; an active terminal coupled to the power converter and configured to couple to a first electrosurgical instrument and a second electrosurgical instrument; at least one sensor coupled to the power converter and configured to sense at least one property of the radio frequency waveform; and a controller coupled to the power converter. The controller is configured to: determine a first impedance associated with a first electrosurgical instrument and a second impedance associated with a second electrosurgical instrument based on the at least one property of the radio frequency waveform; and adjust at least one parameter of the radio frequency waveform based on the first impedance and the second impedance.

Abstract: A computing device for generating and using a graphical user interface (GUI) is disclosed. The computing device includes one or more controllers configured to generate a graphical representation of a plurality of electrodes of an ablation catheter for displaying via the GUI; designate, via the GUI, at least some of the plurality of electrodes to be active electrodes; automatically designate the active electrodes as a source electrode or a sink electrode; assign an amount of energy to each of the designated source electrodes; and estimate an amount of energy associated with each of the designated sink electrodes based at least in part on the assigned energy of the designated source electrodes.

Abstract: A surgical instrument for use during a surgical procedure includes an instrument body, an ultrasonic transducer assembly extending along a longitudinal axis, a power cord, and a transducer slip joint. The ultrasonic transducer assembly is rotatably mounted within the instrument body about the longitudinal axis and defines a first outer profile. The power cord projects from the instrument body to provide electrical power to the ultrasonic transducer assembly for operating an acoustic waveguide. The transducer slip joint is positioned between the power cord and the ultrasonic transducer assembly and electrically and mechanically connects the power cord to the ultrasonic transducer assembly. The ultrasonic transducer assembly selectively rotates relative to the power cord for inhibiting the power cord from winding upon rotation of the ultrasonic transducer assembly. The transducer slip joint also defines a second outer profile that fits within the first outer profile of the ultrasonic transducer assembly.

Abstract: Illustrative methods and devices for providing stimulus to the eye to treat vision disorders. Systems and methods for feedback relating to the stimulus itself as well as the effect of such stimulus on the patient are provided. Various examples may include therapies for vision disorders that can progress to blindness, such as macular degeneration or other diseases and disease processes.

Abstract: In some aspects, a surgical system configured to limit or prevent capacitive coupling and its effects is presented. The surgical system may include: an energy generator; a surgical instrument electrically coupled to the energy generator and configured to transmit electrosurgical energy to tissue of a patient at a surgical site; at least one sensor configured to detect energy an energy anomaly; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one sensor, and configured to: receive data from the at least one sensor that energy is being emitted at an unintended location within the surgical system; transmit an alert indicating that parasitic capacitive coupling is occurring; and transmit an interrupt to the energy generator to temporarily interrupt energy generation.

Abstract: An electrosurgical generator for generating radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) energy and microwave EM energy comprises: a microwave source for generating a microwave signal; a microwave channel for conveying the microwave signal from the microwave source to be output from the generator; an RF channel for conveying an RF signal to be output from the generator; and a microwave-to-RF converter connectable to receive the microwave signal, the microwave-to-RF converter being arranged to: generate the RF signal from the microwave signal, and deliver the RF signal to the RF channel.

Abstract: A surgical instrument comprises a body assembly and an end effector. The body assembly includes a control module, an orientation sensor communicatively coupled to the control module, and an energy component. The energy component is operable to activate the end effector at a plurality of energy settings. A storage device is communicatively coupled to the control module and includes a plurality of gesture profiles and corresponding energy settings. The control module is configured to set the energy setting of the energy component to a corresponding energy setting in response to a correlation between the output of the orientation sensor and a gesture profile. In some versions, the control module modifies the energy setting based upon output from a force sensor that measures the force on the end effector. The control module may also decrease the energy setting in response to an anomalous acceleration or deceleration detected by an accelerometer.

Abstract: A method, including performing an initial ablation of a tissue using an electrode in a probe distal end to apply a first power to the tissue, and measuring a change of temperature of the distal end while applying the first power. The method also includes estimating a thickness of the tissue in response to the measured change of temperature, and in response to the estimated thickness, computing at least one of a second power required and a time period for ablation, to complete ablation of the tissue. The method further includes performing a subsequent ablation of the tissue using the computed at least one of the second power and the time period for ablation.

Abstract: A surgical instrument is disclosed. The surgical instrument includes a circuit configured to deliver RF energy to a cartridge disposed in an end effector configured to receive the cartridge, a closure mechanism configured to transition the end effector between an open position and a closed position, a display, and a control circuit operably coupled to the display. The control circuit configured to determine an amount of RF energy delivered to a tissue through the cartridge, display the amount of RF energy on the display, determine a position of the closure mechanism, and display the position of the closure mechanism on the display.

Abstract: The disclosed systems and methods relate to controlling the application of electrosurgical energy by an electrosurgical instrument. An electrosurgical generator in accordance with the present disclosure includes a processor and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor. The instructions when executed, cause the generator to receive signals from the instrument over time relating to whether tissue is grasped by the instrument, receive an indication to provide an indicated treatment power to the instrument where the indicated treatment power is set by a user, determine based on the signals that tissue is currently grasped and that, for at least a predetermined length of time prior, no tissue had been grasped, and based on the determination, provide a treatment power surge to the instrument for a surge time period. After the surge time period, the generator provides the indicated treatment power to the instrument.

Abstract: An electrosurgical system includes an electrosurgical instrument and an electrosurgical generator. The generator includes an energy source having an active terminal and a return terminal that outputs electrosurgical energy and a controller that controls the energy source. A cable is coupled between the electrosurgical instrument and the electrosurgical generator where the cable includes a first conductor and a second conductor. The controller is configured to electrically couple the active terminal and/or the return terminal to the electrosurgical instrument using the first conductor and/or the second conductor based on whether the electrosurgical instrument is a monopolar instrument or a bipolar instrument.

Abstract: Bipolar belt ablation systems and methods for treating patient tissue involve the use of an ablation an ablation apparatus with a plurality of ablation elements carried by a flexible tube structure, a radiofrequency generator capable of delivering a plurality of differing radio frequency power signals to the ablation elements of the ablation device, wires transmitting the radiofrequency power signals from the radiofrequency generator to the ablation elements, and a control mechanism to enable temperature-based power control to each of the powered ablation elements.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system, a method and a catheter that provide improved ablation capabilities and improved energy efficiency by selectively energizing catheter electrodes on the basis of impedance measurements. In particular, the invention is directed to the selective energization of catheter radial electrodes that together with a tip electrode form a generally continuous tissue contact surface, wherein the selection is made on the basis of impedance measurement as an indication of the amount of tissue contact of each radial electrode.

Abstract: An electrosurgical system includes an electrosurgical instrument having an electrode with a polymeric dielectric coating; and an electrosurgical generator, which includes a power converter configured to generate RF energy; a sensor coupled to the power converter and configured to sense a parameter of the RF energy; and a controller coupled to the sensor and the power converter. The controller is configured to control the power converter to output an RF waveform to achieve conductor breakthrough through the polymeric dielectric coating. The controller is further configured to determine whether the conductor breakthrough occurred based on the parameter; and execute a treatment algorithm based on a determination of the conductor breakthrough.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument includes a housing, an elongated shaft, and an end-effector assembly. The proximal end of the shaft is operably associated with the housing. The end-effector assembly is operably coupled to the distal end of the shaft and includes first and second jaw members. Each of the first and second jaw members includes a sealing plate and a bipolar electrode. Either one or both of the first and second jaw members is movable from a position in spaced relation relative to the other jaw member to at least one subsequent position wherein the sealing plates cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. The electrosurgical instrument includes a semiconductor switch operably coupled to at least one of the sealing plates and at least one of the bipolar electrodes. The semiconductor switch is configured to enable user selection between energizing the at least one sealing plate or the at least one bipolar electrode.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods of determining orientation of a distal end of a medical instrument (e.g., electrode-tissue orientation of an RF ablation catheter) are described herein. One or more processors may be configured to receive temperature measurements from each of a plurality of temperature-measurement devices distributed along a length of the distal end of the medical instrument and determine the orientation from a group of two or more possible orientation options based on whether temperature measurement values or characteristics of temperature response determined from the temperature measurement values satisfy one or more orientation criteria.

Abstract: Method for detecting a state of a switching unit, the switching unit comprising an element that is movable between a first position and a second position.

Abstract: Ablation apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes an ablation electrode shaped to define a cavity thereof, and comprising a metallic distal face that is shaped to define a plurality of apertures. A fluid-delivery channel is configured to deliver fluid to the apertures. At least one ultrasound transducer is disposed within the cavity of the ablation electrode, the transducer being configured to transmit an ultrasound wave through the apertures. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A surgical controller for controlling a treatment instrument, the surgical controller including one or more processors configured to: detect whether a switch is actuated; control a first surgical energy source to actuate the treatment instrument to perform a first treatment based on a first surgical energy in response to detecting that the switch is actuated; detect whether a parameter reaches a predetermined value during actuation of the treatment instrument to perform the first treatment; and control the second surgical energy source to actuate the treatment instrument to perform a second treatment based on a second surgical energy different from the first surgical energy in response to detecting that the parameter reached the predetermined value.

Abstract: A method, consisting of modeling physical parameters representative of a probe in proximity to body tissue during an ablation procedure performed by the probe. The method also includes measuring a subgroup of the physical parameters during a non-ablation stage of the ablation procedure so as to generate measured non-ablative values of the subgroup, and measuring the subgroup of the physical parameters during an ablation stage of the ablation procedure so as to generate measured ablative values of the subgroup. In response to the modeling, the method includes generating calculated non-ablative values of the subgroup for the non-ablation stage, and generating calculated ablative values of the subgroup for the ablation stage. The method compares the measured non-ablative values with the calculated non-ablative values, and compares the measured ablative values with the calculated ablative values, so as generate optimal values of the physical parameters.

Abstract: A device for robot-assisted surgery with at least one coupling unit (100) of a manipulator arm (16) comprising a first transmitting means (102). A sterile cover (38) comprising a sterile lock (200) serves to shield the manipulator arm (16) from a sterile area (39). The sterile lock (200) is connectable both to the coupling unit (100) and to the sterile unit (400). The sterile lock (200) has at least one lock flap (208, 210) which in a closed state shields the first transmitting means (102) in a sterile manner. The sterile unit (400) comprising a second transmitting means (406) has sterile flaps (402, 404) which in a closed state shield the second transmitting means (406) in a sterile manner. When connecting the sterile unit (400) to the sterile lock (200) the lock flap (208, 210) and the sterile flap (402, 404) are opened so that a direct transmission between the first transmitting means (102) and the second transmitting means (406) is possible.

Abstract: The disclosed systems and methods relate to detecting coupling or uncoupling of an external cable from an output port of an electrosurgical generator when a cable detection switch is unavailable or inoperable. The electrosurgical generator includes internal cabling having a first end portion connected to the output port and a second end portion. The disclosed technology includes supplying power from the electrosurgical generator, measuring current and voltage at the second end portion of the internal cabling within the electrosurgical generator, accessing one or more parameters associated with internal cable compensation corresponding to the internal cabling within the electrosurgical generator, and determining coupling or uncoupling of an external cable from the output port based on the measured current, the measured voltage, and the one or more parameters associated with internal cable compensation.

Abstract: An analysis device includes an analysis unit configured to receive scattered light, transmitted light, fluorescence, or electromagnetic waves from an observed object located in a light irradiation region light-irradiated from a light source and analyze the observed object on the basis of a signal extracted on the basis of a time axis of an electrical signal output from a light-receiving unit configured to convert the received light or electromagnetic waves into the electrical signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems are adapted for ablation of target tissue in a living subject by predicting a lesion size that would result from placing an ablation electrode into contact with the target tissue at a particular contact force while applying energy at a given power level for a particular time interval. The prediction involves modeling the lesion size as a non-linear function of the contact force, the power level and the time interval. The prediction may be iterated by varying the contact force, the power level or the time interval until a saturation point is found, beyond which the lesion size does not increase. After it is established that one of the iterations predicts a desired lesion size, ablation of the target tissue may be conducted using the contact force, the power level and the time interval of the one iteration.

Abstract: A medical device is described having a handle and an end effector coupled to the handle. The end effector has at least one electrode for providing electrical signals to a tissue or vessel to be treated. An RF drive circuit is provided for generating an RF drive signal that is applied to the end effector electrode. The RF drive circuit includes a resonant circuit and a frequency controller is used to vary the frequency of a signal passed through the resonant circuit in order to control the power supplied to the end effector electrode.

Abstract: In various examples, a system for wirelessly transmitting power using resonant magnetic field power transfer includes a device including at least one component to be wirelessly powered. The device includes an elongate shaft and a capture element including a capture coil. A source element for wirelessly supplying power to the device includes a source coil disposed around an opening. The opening is sized to allow the elongate shaft of the device to fit therein. The source is located proximate a surgical access point, wherein, with insertion of the elongate shaft within the opening of the source for surgical access, the capture coil is disposed sufficiently proximate the source coil to allow power to be wirelessly transmitted from the source coil to the capture coil to power the at least one component of the device.

Abstract: Described embodiments include a system that includes a current source generator and a processor. The processor is configured to drive the current source generator to supply, for application to tissue of a subject, an electric current having an amplitude that varies in accordance with a predefined function of time, such that the amplitude initially monotonically increases to a maximum value. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling the usage of devices with embedded RFID tags including connecting a device to an energy source and reading data from a memory device incorporated in the device. The data may include a unique identifier (UID), a usage value, an activation value, a reprocessing value, and/or a sterilization indicator. The usage value is incremented when the device is connected to the energy source and the activation value is incremented when the device is activated permitting energy to flow from the energy source to the device. Usage of the device is prevented if the UID is on a list of prohibited UIDs, the usage value is not lower than a usage limitation value, the reprocessing value equals a reprocessing limitation value, the activation value equals an activation limitation value, and/or the sterilization indicator does not indicate that the device has been sterilized since its previous usage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for operating a surgical instrument, the surgical instrument comprising a radio frequency (RF) energy output, an ultrasonic energy output, and a first jaw and a second jaw configured for pivotal movement between a closed position and an open position, the method comprising: receiving a first input indicating a user selection of one of a first option and a second option; receiving a second input indicating whether the first jaw and the second jaw are in the closed position or in the open position; receiving a third input indicating electrical impedance at the RF energy output; and selecting a mode of operation for treating a tissue from a plurality of modes of operation based at least in part on the first input, the second input and the third input.

Abstract: Multi-electrode ablation systems, methods, and controllers are described. In one example, a method of beginning an ablation procedure using a multi-electrode ablation system is described. The method includes selectively coupling the output of a power supply to a first electrode of a plurality of electrodes to increase a temperature at the first electrode to a first temperature set-point and limit a rate of increase of the temperature at the first electrode to a predetermined first rate.

Abstract: A method of perforating a tissue of a heart of a patient when an inferior approach to the heart is contraindicated. The method utilizes an electrosurgical apparatus and a delivery system comprising at least two dilators wherein a first dilator is configured for facilitating positioning of the electrosurgical apparatus adjacent the tissue and wherein a second dilator is configured for advancement through a perforation in the tissue. An outer diameter of the second dilator is substantially equal to or less than an outer diameter of the first dilator.

Abstract: A tissue ablation system comprises an ablation source, such as an RF ablation source, configured for generating a common power signal, and a power multiplexor configured for splitting the power signal into first and second power signals, substantially attenuating the second power signal relative to the first power signal to create nominal and attenuated power signals, and sequentially delivering the nominal power signal to each tissue ablation probe, while delivering the attenuated power signal to the remaining ablation probes to which the nominal power signal is currently not delivered.

Abstract: The present invention is an ablation device having a screen sphere configuration for the ablation of marginal tissue surrounding a tissue cavity. The device includes a probe having a nonconductive elongated shaft including at least one lumen therethrough and a nonconductive distal portion extending from the shaft. The nonconductive distal portion includes a plurality distal ports and a plurality of proximal ports in communication with the at least one lumen of the shaft. The device further includes an electrode array including a plurality of independent conductive wires extending through the lumen and positioned along an external surface of the nonconductive distal portion, each of the plurality of wires passes through at least an associated one of the proximal ports and through at least a corresponding one of the distal ports.

Abstract: A control system for use with an electrosurgical generator which delivers electrosurgical energy to tissue has a control module. The module includes a processor executing an algorithm. The algorithm has the steps of determining a sensed voltage value corresponding to a sensed voltage signal output by the electrosurgical generator and determining a sensed current value corresponding to a sensed current signal output by the electrosurgical generator. The algorithm has the steps of determining phase information corresponding to a phase shift between the voltage signal and the current signal and determining a characteristic related to the electrosurgical energy delivered to the tissue using the phase information, the sensed voltage value and the sensed current value.

Abstract: A microwave ablation antenna assembly includes an elongate body that extends from a first end to a second end thereof, and which defines therein a hollow inner volume and a longitudinal axis of the antenna. The ablation antenna assembly includes an applicator tip portion mounted on the second end of the elongate body, an elongate coaxial conductor assembly for connection to a source of microwave energy, a dipole tip portion that extends from the feed point of the coaxial conductor assembly towards the applicator tip, and a choke assembly with first and second choke conductors.

Abstract: An electrosurgical generator includes a radio frequency output stage configured to output at least one radio frequency waveform and a sensor for sensing current. The sensor includes a current sensor coil having: an outer coil, an inner coil coupled to and disposed within the outer coil, and at least one shielding member disposed over the outer coil. Each of the at least one shielding member and the outer coil define an opening therethrough. The generator also includes at least one active lead coupled to the radio frequency output stage and passing through the current sensor coil. The current sensor coil is configured to output a signal indicative of a current within the at least one active lead.

Abstract: A method, including selecting a first maximum radiofrequency (RF) power to be delivered by an electrode within a range of 70 W-100 W, and selecting a second maximum RF power to be delivered by the electrode within a range of 20 W-60 W. The method also includes selecting an allowable force on the electrode within a range of 5 g-50 g, selecting a maximum allowable temperature, of tissue to be ablated, within a range of 55° C.-65° C., and selecting an irrigation rate for providing irrigation fluid to the electrode within a range of 8-45 ml/min. The method further includes performing an ablation of tissue using the selected values by initially using the first power, switching to the second power after a predefined time between 3 s and 6 s, and terminating the ablation after a total time for the ablation between 10 s and 20 s.