Abstract: Digital-to-Analog (DAC) circuitry for an implantable pulse generator is disclosed which is used to program currents at the electrodes. Calibration circuitry allows the positive and negative currents produced at each electrode to be independently calibrated to achieve an ideal (linear) response across a range of amplitude values provided to the DAC circuitry by a digital amplitude bus. The calibration circuitry includes electrode gain and electrode offset circuitry for each of the electrodes. Current range DAC circuitry is also provided which can be used to adjust the gain and offset current at all of the electrodes. The current range DAC circuitry is particularly useful when spanning a range of therapeutic currents for a patient, and allows all possible amplitude values provided by the digital bus to be used to span the range. This can improve (reduce) the current resolution of the electrode currents with each amplitude value step.

Abstract: An example of a system for modulating neuroinflammation at a tissue site in a patient includes a neuromodulation output circuit, a memory, and a control circuit. The neuromodulation output circuit may be configured to deliver the neuromodulation. The memory may be configured to store a neuromodulation parameter set selected to modulate neural activity at the tissue site and a sensed biomarker parameter. The biomarker parameter may include a measure of a biomarker or a measure of a derivative of the biomarker. The biomarker may be indicative of the neuroinflammation at the tissue site. The control circuit may be configured to control the delivery of the neuromodulation using the neuromodulation parameter set and adjust one or more parameters of the neuromodulation parameter set using the biomarker parameter.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a system and method for selectively and reversibly modulating targeted neural and non-neural tissue of a nervous system for the treatment of pain. An electrical stimulation is delivered to the treatment site that selectively and reversibly modulates the targeted neutral- and non-neural tissue of the nervous structure, inhibiting the perception of pain while preserving other sensory and motor function, and proprioception.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for treating chronic pain occurring secondarily to subacromial impingement syndrome in a human body. A system is provided to deliver percutaneous electrical stimulation through at least one electrode to neurological motor points of the posterior and middle deltoid muscles to mediate such pain. One-time, continued and/or periodic dosing of treatment methods according to the present invention may result in a change to central nervous system maladaptive neuroplasticity.

Abstract: Variable amplitude signals for neurological therapy, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative method includes activating automatic delivery of an electrical therapy signal to a patient's spinal cord region at a frequency in a frequency range between 1.5 kHz and 100 kHz, via at least one signal delivery contact carried by an implanted signal delivery device. The delivery can include repeatedly and automatically delivering the electrical therapy signal at each of multiple therapy signal amplitudes to the at least one signal delivery contact, without the therapy signal generating paresthesia in the patient. The foregoing process can be used as a screening tool to screen responders from non-responders in the context of a non-paresthesia-generating therapy, and/or can be used during long-term treatment, for example, for chronic pain.

Abstract: Devices for controlling spinal cord modulation for inhibiting pain, and associated systems and methods, including controllers for automated parameter selection are disclosed. A particular embodiment includes receiving a first input corresponding to a location of a signal delivery device implanted in a patient, establishing a positional relationship between the signal delivery device and an anatomical feature of the patient, receiving a second input corresponding to a medical indication of the patient, and, based at least in part on the positional relationship and the indication, automatically identifying a signal delivery parameter in accordance with which a pulsed electrical signal is delivered to the patient via the signal delivery device.

Abstract: Current cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy have significant side-effects for the patients. New treatments are being developed to reduce these side-effects while giving doctors alternative methods to treat patients. This invention introduces a new apparatus for treatment of malignant tumors including brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. The apparatus couples RF power into the tumor using evanescent waves. The evanescent waves disrupt the division of cancer cells causing the cancer cells to die and shrink the size of the tumor. Due to the targeted approach of the evanescent waves, less RF energy is wasted in healthy cells.

Abstract: A system for adjusting neuromodulation parameters used by a neuromodulator operably connected to a plurality of electrodes to modulate a neural target, may comprise a translation trigger detector configured to determine that a translation trigger has occurred, a first parameter setting storage configured to store first parameter settings for use by the neuromodulator to modulate the neural target, and a neuromodulation parameter translator. The neuromodulation parameter translator may be operably connected to the translation trigger detector to automatically translate the first parameter settings into a second parameter settings in response to determining the translation trigger has occurred, and replace the first parameter settings with the second parameter settings, or store the second parameter settings in a second parameter setting storage.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including electrodes (22) configured to be placed upon a portion of a body of a subject, and a user interface device (26). A computer processor (24) applies a neuromodulation treatment to the subject, by driving electrical pulses into the portion of the subject's body via the electrodes, and generates an output on the user interface device that indicates to the subject a physiological effect that the neuromodulation treatment has upon the subject's body. Other applications are also applied.

Abstract: The method of treating a patient addicted to pain medication or opioids has the step administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses to the patient. A second embodiment includes a treatment to reduce a patient's pain caused by a medical condition and/or medical procedure to reduce or eliminate the taking of addictive pain medication. The treatment has the step of administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses directed to an area near a source of the pain or to one or more reflexology zones or to one or more reflexology zones and to an area near the source of the pain or both to treat the medical condition or prior to the medical procedure or during the medical procedure or after the medical procedure or any combination thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and technique selectively eliminates the noxious signal components in a neuronal signal by creating an interfering electrical signal that is tuned to a given frequency corresponding to the oscillatory pattern of the noxious signal, resulting in a modified neuronal signal that substantially reproduces a normal, no-pain neuronal signal. The disclosed system and technique of pain relief is based on the hypothesis that the temporal profile of pain signals encodes particular components that oscillate at unique and quantifiable frequencies, which are responsible for pain processing in the brain.

Abstract: Devices and methods that use returned power (RP) measurements during microwave energy delivery to perform one or more functions. For example, microwave devices and systems with one or more features to measure the returned microwave power. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power may be used to obtain information about one or more of: antenna shape, system status and system performance. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power shaping elements may also be used to obtain information about one or more properties of the target material. Devices and methods for delivering microwave energy to a variety of target materials to achieve a variety of desired microwave effects.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are provided for targeted treatment of a variety of conditions, particularly conditions that are associated with or influenced by the nervous system, such as pain. Targeted treatment of such conditions is provided with minimal deleterious side effects, such as undesired motor responses or undesired stimulation of unaffected body regions. This is achieved by directly neuromodulating a target anatomy associated with the condition while minimizing or excluding undesired neuromodulation of other anatomies.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing pain in patient are described. A system may include sensors configured to sense physiological or functional signals, and a pain analyzer to generate signal metrics from the physiological or functional signals. The pain analyzer also generates weight factors corresponding to the signal metrics. The weight factors may indicate the signal metrics reliability in representing an intensity of the pain. The pain analyzer generates a pain score using a plurality of signal metrics and a plurality of weight factors. The pain score may be output to a user or a process. The system may additionally include an electrostimulator to generate and deliver closed-loop pain therapy according to the pain score.

Abstract: An active implantable stimulating device (10) includes: (a) a tissue coupling unit (40) for being implanted directly onto a vagus nerve (Vn) of a patient, (b) an EEG-unit (70) for measuring an electroencephalogram of the patient, (c) an encapsulation unit (50) configured for being subcutaneously implanted, (d) an energy transfer lead (30) for transferring pulses of electrical and/or optical energy, (e) a signal transfer lead (60) for transferring signals between the EEG unit and the encapsulation unit. EEG electrodes (70a-70d) monitor the electric activity of the brain of a patient. The EEG signal is conveyed to the electronic circuit (53) in the form of EEG conditioned data. The electronic circuit analyses the EEG conditioned data to yield analysis results. The electronic circuit takes a decision to trigger energy pulses to stimulate the vagus nerve (VN).

Abstract: The present invention reduces pain and improves function long-term in persons with back pain using electrical stimulation in the back. This approach involves an electrical stimulation device including at least one electrode adapted for insertion within an animal body with back pain and at least one pulse generator operatively coupled with the at least one electrode, wherein the pulse generator delivers electrical stimulation activating at least one muscle in a back of the animal body for pain relief.

Abstract: Transcranial electrostimulation systems and methods are contemplated in which a high current level, charge balanced alternating current electrical signal is generated for delivery to the occipital region of a patient's brain. By stimulating the brain with a charged balanced stimulation current with a stimulation current envelope defining one or more series of pulses at particular frequencies and durations designed to evoke metabolic response in the neurons, significant improvements in efficacy and reductions in patient discomfort may be achieved relative to earlier methods of transcranial electrical stimulation, especially those in which result in a resultant rectified direct current component being administered to the patient.

Abstract: A system for use with a neurostimulator coupled to one or more electrodes implanted adjacent neural tissue of a patient. The system comprises a user input device configured for allowing a user to select different nerve fiber diameters and to select a set of stimulation parameters. The system further comprises processing circuitry configured estimating regions of activation within the neural tissue of the patient based on the selected nerve fiber diameters and the selected stimulation parameter set. The system further comprises a display device configured for displaying the estimated regions of tissue activation. The user input device may further be configured for allowing the user to select different tissue regions of therapy, in which case, the display device may display the different tissue region on a human body map, and different indicia associating the displayed tissue regions for therapy to displayed estimated regions of tissue activation.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of blocking a nerve or neuron by applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity below the excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods are provided for transcutaneously delivering energy impulses to bodily tissues for therapeutic purposes, such as for enhancing the body's bone healing process in spinal fusion patients. A therapeutic stimulator system comprises a housing for an energy source and a signal generator. The system further includes one or more electrodes coupled to the signal generator. A processor is coupled to the housing and configured to determine usage levels of the signal generator and/or motion data of the housing. The system may include a mobile device that allows the patient to input user status data, such as pain levels, and compare the user status data with the usage levels and/or the motion data, thereby improving patient compliance with a prescribed therapy regimen.

Abstract: New waveforms for use in an implantable pulse generator or external trial stimulator are disclosed which mimic actively-driven biphasic pulses, and which are particularly useful for issuing low frequencies pulses. The waveforms comprise at each electrode interleaved first and second pulses. Each first pulse comprises a first monophasic pulse and a first passive charge recovery period. Each second pulse comprises a second monophasic pulse with a polarity opposite the first monophasic pulse and a second passive charge recovery period. Preferably, the amplitudes and pulse widths of the first and second monophasic pulses are equal, or at least charge balanced at each electrode. The first and second monophasic pulses mimic the functionality of a symmetric biphasic pulse, with the first monophasic pulse mimicking the functionality of the biphasic pulse's first phase, and the with the second monophasic pulse mimicking the functionality of the biphasic pulse's second phase.

Abstract: A method of blocking a nerve or neuron by applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity below the excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

Abstract: The present technology provides systems and methods for directly suppressing nerve cells by delivering electrical stimulation having relatively long pulse widths and at amplitudes below an activation threshold of the nerve cells. For example, some embodiments include delivering a therapy signal having individual pulses with pulse widths of between about 5 ms and 100 ms. Directly suppressing the nerve cells is expected to reduce the transmission of pain signals.

Abstract: A wearable garment may have a flexible material configured to wrap around a portion of a user's body. The flexible material may have an interior surface configured to contact the user's body and an opposite exterior surface. The garment may further have a first electrode positioned at the interior surface and configured to contact a targeted part of the user's body and a second electrode positioned at the interior surface and configured to contact a targeted part of the user's body. The garment may also have a first electrode connector positioned at the exterior surface and operably connected to the first electrode and a second electrode connector positioned at the exterior surface and operably connected to the second electrode. The first and second electrodes are configured to deliver a therapeutic signal from an electrotherapeutic device via the first and second electrode connectors.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and techniques are described for adjusting electrical stimulation based on detected ECAPs. In one example, a medical device includes processing circuitry configured to control stimulation circuitry to deliver a first electrical stimulation pulse and sensing circuitry to detect, after delivery of the first electrical stimulation pulse, an ECAP signal. The processing circuitry may be configured to determine a characteristic value of the ECAP signal, determine an ECAP differential value that indicates whether the characteristic value of the ECAP signal is one of greater than a selected ECAP characteristic value or less than the selected ECAP characteristic value, determine, based on the ECAP differential value, a gain value, determine, based on the gain value, a parameter value that at least partially defines a second electrical stimulation pulse, and control the stimulation circuitry to deliver the second electrical stimulation pulse according to the parameter value.

Abstract: A system and method of using a lead introduced to a subject proximate to a region of pain is contemplated to deliver pain relief without the need for multiple needle insertions or electrical stimulation. The three-dimensional lead may include spring-like characteristics and/or coils to translate mechanical energy into the therapy.

Abstract: Methods and systems for providing closed loop control of stimulation provided by an implantable stimulator device are disclosed herein. The disclosed methods and systems use a neural feature prediction model to predict a neural feature, which is used as a feedback control variable for adjusting stimulation. The predicted neural feature is determined based on one or more signals from an accelerometer configured in contact with the patient. The disclosed methods and systems can be used to provide closed loop feedback in situations, such as sub-perception therapy, when neural features cannot be readily directly measured.

Abstract: Improved stimulation circuitry for controlling the stimulation delivered by an implantable stimulator is disclosed. The stimulation circuitry includes memory circuitry that stores pulse programs that define pulse shapes, steering programs that define electrode configurations, and aggregate programs that link a selected pulse program with a selected steering program. Each steering program defines the stimulation polarity and the allocation of current of the specified stimulation polarity for each of the pulse generator's electrodes. Each pulse program includes one or more pulse instructions, where each instruction defines the parameters of a single phase of the pulse program. Pulse definition circuits in the stimulation circuitry execute aggregate programs to generate stimulation waveforms, which stimulation waveforms can be generated simultaneously by the different pulse definition circuits.

Abstract: An apparatus has a computer receiving input signals indicative of fetal heart rate (“FHR”) and maternal uterine activity in a patient. The computer determines when each of FHR, baseline FHR variability, FHR accelerations, FHR decelerations, and maternal uterine activity exhibit a plurality of pre-defined non-reassuring characteristics. The computer receives inputs indicating the presence of maternal, obstetrical, and fetal risk factors, and determines at predetermined times during labor a present level of risk to the fetus which accounts for the total of the number of parameters that each exhibit the non-reassuring characteristics at predetermined points in time during labor and the number of risk factors present. An output display depicts in a single graphical interface information respecting the parameters and risk factors over time during labor.

Abstract: Systems, devices, methods, and techniques are described for using evoked compound action potential (ECAP) signals to monitor lead position and/or detect lead migration. An example system includes sensing circuitry configured to sense an ECAP signal, and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry controls the sensing circuitry to detect, after delivery of an electrical stimulation pulse, a current ECAP signal, and determines one or more characteristics of the current ECAP signal. The processing circuitry also compares the one or more characteristics of the current ECAP signal to corresponding one or more characteristics of a baseline ECAP signal, and determines, based on the comparison, a migration state of the electrodes delivering the electrical stimulation pulse. Additionally, the processing circuitry outputs, based on the migration state, an alert indicative of migration of the electrodes.

Abstract: Stimulation treatments for various medical disorders, such as neurological disorders, comprise novel systems, strategies, and methods for providing TMS, electrical, magnetic, optical and other stimulation modalities. Some stimulation methods comprise varying the stimulation parameters to improve the therapeutic efficacy of stimulation, and decrease risk of habituation and side-effects such as interference with normal brain, sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. The creation, and subsequent variation, of stimulation parameters can use sensed data in order to match, adjust, or avoid matching characteristics of the stimulation therapy relative to certain endogenous brain activities. Improvements for the treatment of pain are disclosed.

Abstract: Selective high-frequency spinal chord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side affects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal chord region to address low back pain without creating unwanted sensory and/or motor side affects. In other embodiments, modulation in accordance with similar parameters can be applied to other spinal or peripheral locations to address other indications.

Abstract: A system and method for providing electrical stimulation to biological tissue to treat medical conditions. The system can include a lead configured to be positioned in contact with biological tissue proximate one or more occipital nerves, an implantable pulse generator configured to deliver electrical stimulation to the biological tissue via the one or more leads, and/or a power source configured to operatively connect and supply power to the implantable pulse generator. The system can further include a processor configured to communicate with the implantable pulse generator. The processor can operate the implantable pulse generator to deliver the electrical stimulation to the biological tissue via the lead. The implantable pulse generator can deliver the electrical stimulation by applying a stimulation waveform or a stimulation pattern. The stimulation waveform can include a series of stimulation pulses that can vary over time, which can reduce an effect of neural accommodation or adaptation.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are disclosed for electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve to treat or prevent disorders in a patient. The methods comprise transmitting impulses of energy to the vagus nerve according to a treatment paradigm. The treatment paradigm may include generating and transmitting the electrical impulse as a single dose from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. The treatment paradigm may comprise a treatment session of 2 to 4 times within an hour time period and/or as a single dose from 2 to 5 times during a day.

Abstract: The method of treating a patient addicted to pain medication or opioids has the step administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses to the patient. A second embodiment includes a treatment to reduce a patient's pain caused by a medical condition and/or medical procedure to reduce or eliminate the taking of addictive pain medication. The treatment has the step of administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses directed to an area near a source of the pain or to one or more reflexology zones or to one or more reflexology zones and to an area near the source of the pain or both to treat the medical condition or prior to the medical procedure or during the medical procedure or after the medical procedure or any combination thereof.

Abstract: The method of treating a patient addicted to pain medication or opioids has the step administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses to the patient. A second embodiment includes a treatment to reduce a patient's pain caused by a medical condition and/or medical procedure to reduce or eliminate the taking of addictive pain medication. The treatment has the step of administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses directed to an area near a source of the pain or to one or more reflexology zones or to one or more reflexology zones and to an area near the source of the pain or both to treat the medical condition or prior to the medical procedure or during the medical procedure or after the medical procedure or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Paddle leads and delivery tools, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative system is for use with a signal delivery paddle that is elongated along a longitudinal axis, and has a paddle length and a first cross-sectional area distribution that includes a first maxima. The system comprises a delivery tool including a proximal handle and a distal connection portion positioned to removably couple to the signal delivery paddle. The paddle and the delivery tool together have a combined second cross-sectional area distribution along the length of the paddle, with a second maxima that is no greater than the first maxima.

Abstract: A patient stimulation device is provided comprising a plurality of stimulators for selectively applying a stimulus to a patient's body. Each of the plurality of stimulators is locatable in a different position upon a patient's body. A patient input interface is provided for receiving data representative of a perceived stimulus from the patient, and an output is provided for communicating to a patient data representative of an applied stimulus. The device comprises a controller having a training mode, the training mode comprising the controller actuating at least one of the plurality of stimulators to apply a stimulus to the patient's body, subsequently receiving data representative of a perceived stimulus from the patient input interface, and subsequently providing the output with data representative of the applied stimulus for communication to the patient, such that the data representative of the applied stimulus identifies, or allows the identification of, the applied stimulus.

Abstract: A method to treat a patient having a pelvic floor dysfunction by establishing a neurostimulator having a processor and a signal generator to generate a stimulation signal. The processor is set to one or more parameters effective in the treating of the patient's pelvic dysfunction when the stimulation signal is applied to a saphenous nerve of the patient. The neurostimulator is configured to provide the stimulation signal to a stimulator in accordance with a stimulation protocol. At least one stimulator is positioned next to a portion of the saphenous nerve of at least one lower limb of a patient. The processor is operationally activated to provide the stimulation signal to the stimulator for treatment of the patient.

Abstract: Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) may be controlled based on detected physiological effects of the PNFS, which may be an efferent response to the PNFS. In some examples, a closed-loop therapy system may include a sensing module that senses a physiological parameter of the patient, which may be indicative of the patient's response to the PNFS. Based on a signal generated by the sensing module, the PNFS may be activated, deactivated or modified. Example physiological parameters of the patient include heart rate, respiratory rate, electrodermal activity, muscle activity, blood flow rate, sweat gland activity, pilomotor reflex, or thermal activity of the patient's body. In some examples, a patient pain state may be detected based on a signal generated by the sensing module, and therapy may be controlled based on the detection of the pain state.

Abstract: An implantable pulse generator (IPG) is disclosed having an improved ability to steer anodic and cathodic currents between the IPG's electrodes. Each electrode node has at least one PDAC/NDAC pair to source/sink or sink/source a stimulation current to an associated electrode node. Each PDAC and NDAC receives a current with a magnitude indicative of a total anodic and cathodic current, and data indicative of a percentage of that total that each PDAC and NDAC will produce in the patient's tissue at any given time, which activates a number of branches in each PDAC or NDAC. Each PDAC and NDAC may also receive one or more resolution control signals specifying an increment by which the stimulation current may be adjusted at each electrode. The current received by each PDAC and NDAC is generated by a master DAC, and is preferably distributed to the PDACs and NDACs by distribution circuitry.

Abstract: The disclosed electrical stimulation system generates interventions to assist patients in complying with a diet. The wearable device includes a microprocessor, electrical stimulator and at least one electrode configured to deliver electrical stimulation to the epidermis, through a range of 0.1 mm to 10 mm or a range of 0.1 mm to 20 mm of the dermis, of a T2 dermatome to a T12 dermatome or meridian of the patient, a C5 to a T1 dermatome across the hand and/or arm, and/or the upper chest regions. The device is adapted to provide electrical stimulation as per stimulation protocols and to communicate wirelessly with a companion control device configured to monitor and record appetite patterns of the patient and deliver titrated therapy. The control device is also configured to monitor, record, and modify stimulation parameters of the stimulation protocols.

Abstract: A method of treating cardiovascular disease in a patient includes generating, by an implantable stimulator configured to be implanted beneath a skin surface of the patient, stimulation sessions at a duty cycle that is less than 0.05 and applying, by the implantable stimulator in accordance with the duty cycle, the stimulation sessions to a location, within the patient, that is associated with the cardiovascular disease. The duty cycle is a ratio of T3 to T4. Each stimulation session included in the stimulation sessions has a duration of T3 minutes and occurs at a rate of once every T4 minutes.

Abstract: A method for spinal cord stimulation treatment includes positioning eight implantable electrodes to a dura matter in an epidural space proximate to a subject's spinal cord so that (i) a first circuit is created between a first and second electrode on a first channel, (ii) a second circuit is created between a third and fourth electrode on a second channel, (iii) a third circuit is created between a fifth and sixth electrode on a third channel, and (iv) a fourth circuit is created between a seventh and eighth electrode on a fourth channel, transmitting signals through the first and second circuits that interfere to produce a first beat signal, transmitting signals through the third and fourth circuits that interfere to produce a second beat signal, and interaction of the first and second beat signals results in a combined beat signal proximate to the subject's spinal cord.

Abstract: A wireless charger system for inductively charging a rechargeable battery of an implantable pulse generator (IPG) implanted in a human body is provided. A charging coil in the charger is wirelessly coupled to a receiving coil of the IPG to charge the rechargeable battery. An end-of-charge (EOC) circuit continuously monitors the reflected impedance from a reflected impedance sensor and determines the end of charge when a predetermined pattern of the reflected impedance corresponding to an EOC signal from the IPG is received. Advantageously, receiving the EOC signal through the charging coil eliminates the need to provide a separate communication circuit in the IPG that communicates with the charger.

Abstract: Wirelessly networked systems of implantable and non-implantable medical devices with networking protocols, software, and hardware that allow for communications and energy transfer between different the medical devices (free standing, implants and wearables) using ultrasonic waves. The networks and methods of use are used to construct cardiac pacing, deep brain stimulation, and neurostimulation networks based on ultrasonic wide band technology.

Abstract: Methods, devices and systems to improve neural stimulation by applying biphasic waveforms including a positive anodal pulse followed by a negative cathodal pulse to speed conduction and improve mitochondrial function in conditions such as cerebellar dysfunction (such as gluten ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia, and Alzheimer's disease). Improved neural stimulation of more distal brain structures may interrupt epileptic seizures. Additionally, biphasic waveforms including a positive anodal pulse followed by a negative cathodal pulse speed wound healing by lowering the cell membrane potential of the skin, and may stimulate the release of hormonal secretions or insulin by proper placement of electrodes.

Abstract: The pain-relieving apparatus has a housing, a stimulating surface, user inputs, and a plurality of ports, such as a battery port and a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) output connector. The stimulating surface may include a suction ring, vacuum apertures, vibration stimulators, a plate, heat and cold transducer elements, and medicinal holders to provide various approaches for relieving pain. The pain-relieving apparatus may also have a sound speaker for producing nerve stimulating sounds.

Abstract: A system for electro-therapeutically treating a patient includes a stimulatory device electromagnetically coupled with the nervous system of a patient, an electrical power supply, and a control mechanism structured to energize the stimulatory device by way of the electrical power supply at a stimulation frequency. The control mechanism is further structured to control the energizing so as to produce a treatment signal encoded in the energizing and having a treatment signal frequency equal to or less than the stimulation frequency.

Abstract: A system includes a medical device comprising a reader and a processor, and a storage medium containing a content. The reader is configured to read the content from the storage medium such that the processor switches the medical device from a first mode to a second mode based on the content. The processor or the reader is configured to interface with the storage medium based on the processor switching the medical device from the first mode to the second mode such that the content of the storage medium is deleted or scrambled. Once the content in the storage medium is erased or scrambled, it is no longer usable by the medical device until additional content has been loaded or programmed into the storage medium.