Abstract: A system may include at least one lead, a stimulation waveform generator, and a controller. The controller may be programmed to implement a process to suggest at least one electrode to be used to stimulate the nerve root. A therapeutic window may be determined for each electrode. For each electrode determining the therapeutic window may include applying stimulation, determining a first stimulation threshold for the applied stimulation to cause a first physiological effect, determining a second stimulation threshold for the applied stimulation to cause a second physiological effect, and determining a difference between the first stimulation threshold and the second stimulation threshold, wherein the difference is the therapeutic window. The process may further include determining at electrode(s) with a minimum value for the therapeutic window, and suggesting the electrode(s) to be used to stimulate the nerve root based on the determined electrode(s) with the minimum value.

Abstract: The present technology provides systems and methods for directly suppressing nerve cells by delivering electrical stimulation having relatively long pulse widths and at amplitudes below an activation threshold of the nerve cells. For example, some embodiments include delivering a therapy signal having individual pulses with pulse widths of between about 5 ms and 100 ms. Directly suppressing the nerve cells is expected to reduce the transmission of pain signals.

Abstract: Apparatus for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in a user, the apparatus comprising: a stimulation unit for electrically stimulating at least one nerve using electrical pulses; an electrode assembly connectable to the stimulation unit, the electrode assembly comprising a sensing unit, a storage unit, and a communications unit; and a control unit connected to the stimulation unit and the communications unit, the control unit being configured for controlling operation of the stimulation unit based on information from the electrode assembly.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to devices, systems, and techniques for controlling electrical stimulation therapy. In some examples, a medical device includes stimulation generation circuitry configured to deliver a first stimulation pulse to a patient, sensing circuitry configured to sense the first stimulation pulse, and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to determine that a value of a characteristic of the sensed first stimulation pulse exceeds a target stimulation pulse value and responsive to determining that the value of the characteristic of the sensed first stimulation pulse exceeds the target stimulation pulse value, change a first value of a parameter to a second value of the parameter that at least partially defines a second stimulation pulse deliverable by the stimulation generation circuitry after the first stimulation pulse was sensed.

Abstract: An Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) is disclosed that is capable of sensing a degree to which recruited neurons in a patient's tissue are firing synchronously, and of modifying a stimulation program to promote desynchronicity and to reduce paresthesia. An evoked compound action potential (ECAP) of the recruited neurons is sensed as a measure of synchronicity by at least one non-active electrode. An ECAP algorithm operable in the IPG assesses the shape of the ECAP and determines one or more ECAP shape parameters that indicate whether the recruited neurons are firing synchronously or desynchronously. If the shape parameters indicate significant synchronicity, the ECAP algorithm can adjust the stimulation program to promote desynchronous firing.

Abstract: Apparatus (20) is provided that includes a battery (48) including first and second poles (78, 79); and a circuit board (50) that includes electronic circuitry (53), the second pole (79) electrically coupled to the circuitry (53). A battery-isolation tab (42, 142) is removably disposed between the first pole (78) and the circuitry (53), and includes a non-conductive substrate (90) configured to electrically isolate the first pole (78) from the circuitry (53), while the tab (42, 142) is disposed between the first pole (78) and the circuitry (53); and a conductive layer (92) disposed upon the non-conductive substrate (90), the conductive layer (92) being electrically coupled to the first pole (78) and configured to facilitate electrical coupling of the first pole (78) to the circuitry (53), while the tab (42, 142) is disposed between the first pole (78) and the circuitry (53). Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method includes providing a first electrode and a second electrode, receiving a first plurality of signals from the first electrode during a first period of time, and receiving a second plurality of signals from the second electrode during a second period of time. The method also includes receiving a pooled signal comprising a third plurality of signals from the first electrode and a fourth plurality of signals from the second electrode and isolating, from the pooled signal, one or more of the third plurality of signals and one or more of the fourth plurality of signals.

Abstract: A shoulder brace includes a shoulder cuff that can be worn to cover the shoulder of a user, an upper arm cuff that can be worn to cover the elbow joint of the user, a belt that can secure the shoulder cuff to the shoulder of the user, and an actuator that is the McKibben artificial muscle which can optionally expand and contract in entire length. The actuator contains a main actuator to link the vicinity of the acromion on the shoulder cuff and a side face of the upper arm cuff across the shoulder joint, an anterior auxiliary actuator to link a front face of the shoulder cuff and a front face of the upper arm cuff across the shoulder joint, and a posterior auxiliary actuator to link a back face of the shoulder cuff and a back face of the upper arm cuff across the shoulder joint.

Abstract: New waveforms for use in an implantable pulse generator or external trial stimulator are disclosed which mimic actively-driven biphasic pulses, and which are particularly useful for providing sub-perception Spinal Cord Stimulation therapy using low frequency pulses. The waveforms comprise anodic and cathodic pulses which are effectively monophasic in nature, although low-level, non-therapeutic charge recovery can also be used.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for the treatment of pain through activation of select neural fibers. The neural fibers may comprise one or more afferent neural fibers and/or one or more efferent neural fibers. If afferent fibers are stimulated, alone or in combination with efferent fibers, a therapeutically effective amount of electrical stimulation is applied to activate afferent pathways in a manner approximating natural afferent activity. The afferent fibers may be associated with primary receptors of muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, secondary receptors of muscle spindles, joint receptors, touch receptors, and other types of mechanoreceptors and/or proprioceptors. If efferent fibers are stimulated, alone or in combination with afferent fibers, a therapeutically effective amount of electrical stimulation is applied to activate intrafusal and/or extrafusal muscle fibers, which results in an indirect activation of afferent fibers associated therewith.

Abstract: Applying therapeutic neural stimuli involves monitoring for at least one of sensory input and movement of a user. In response to detection of sensory input or user movement, an increased stimulus dosage is delivered within a period of time corresponding to a duration of time for which the detected sensory input or user movement gives rise to masking, the increased stimulus dosage being configured to give rise to increased neural recruitment.

Abstract: Methods for treating and managing pain in a patient with therapeutic neuromodulation and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. Chronic or debilitating pain can be associated, for example, with a disease or condition of the abdominal or reproductive viscera. One aspect of the present technology is directed to methods that at least partially inhibit sympathetic neural activity in nerves proximate a target blood vessel of a diseased or damaged organ of a patient experiencing pain. Targeted sympathetic nerve activity can be modulated at least along afferent pathways which can improve a measurable parameter associated with the pain of the patient The modulation can be achieved, for example, using an intravascularly positioned catheter carrying a therapeutic assembly, e.g., a therapeutic assembly configured to use electrically-induced, thermally-induced, and/or chemically-induced approaches to modulate the target sympathetic nerve.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for treating back pain are provided, in which an implantable stimulator is configured to communicate with an external control system, the implantable stimulator providing a neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy designed to cause muscle contraction to rehabilitate the muscle, restore neural drive and restore spinal stability; the implantable stimulator further including one or more of a number of additional therapeutic modalities, including a module that provides analgesic stimulation; a module that monitors muscle performance and adjusts the muscle stimulation regime; and/or a module that provides longer term pain relief by selectively and repeatedly ablating nerve fibers. In an alternative embodiment, a standalone implantable RF ablation system is described.

Abstract: This application is generally related to systems and methods for providing a medical therapy to a patient by tracking patient activity and adjusting medical therapy based on occurrence of different types of activities performed by the patient while automatically balancing stimulation program duration.

Abstract: It has been discovered that pain felt in a given region of the body can be treated by stimulating a peripheral nerve at a therapeutically effective distance from the region where pain is felt to generate a comfortable sensation (i.e., paresthesia) overlapping the regions of pain. A method has been developed to reduce pain in a painful region following limb joint replacement by stimulating a peripheral nerve innervating the painful region with an electrode inserted into tissue and spaced from the peripheral nerve. This method may be used to help alleviate postoperative pain in patients following total knee arthroplasty surgery or other limb joint replacement surgeries.

Abstract: In one example, a method includes selecting, by one or more processors and based on a representation of sensed electrical signals for a particular patient and a plurality of representations of sensed electrical signals for a plurality of other patients, a combination of electrodes of a plurality of combinations of one or more implantable electrodes for delivery of electrical stimulation to the particular patient.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for managing pain uses separate varying electromagnetic fields, with a variety of temporal and amplitude characteristics, which are applied to a particular neural structure to modulate glial and neuronal interactions as a mechanism for relieving chronic pain. In another embodiment, a single composite modulation/stimulation signal which has rhythmically varying characteristics is used to achieve the same results as separate varying electromagnetic fields. Also, disclosed is an apparatus and method for modulating the expression of genes involved in diverse pathways including inflammatory/immune system mediators, ion channels and neurotransmitters, in both the Spinal Cord (SC) and Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) where such expression modulation is caused by spinal cord stimulation or peripheral nerve stimulation using the disclosed apparatus and techniques.

Abstract: A microcurrent treatment device has one or more electrodes or emitters configured for electrical communication with the surface of a subject's skin. A voltage or current supply is adapted to generate an electrical waveform or other energetic waveform for application to the skin surface, via the one or more electrodes or emitters, and a controller is configured to modulate the waveform. The controller can modulate consecutive pulses of the waveform so that the pulse width, period, frequency, amplitude or integrated amplitude of the consecutive pulses varies in a predefined, random, pseudorandom, or other aperiodic manner, or so that the pulses exhibit a degree of statistical randomness, over a predefined period. The period can cover a set of consecutive pulses defining a treatment cycle, or a continuous subset of consecutive pulses defining one or more phases of a treatment cycle.

Abstract: An Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) or External Trial Stimulator (ETS) system is disclosed that is capable of sensing an Evoked Compound Action Potential (ECAP), and (perhaps in conjunction with an external device) is capable of adjusting a stimulation program while keeping a location of a Central Point of Stimulation (CPS) constant. Specifically, one or more features of measured ECAP(s) indicative of its shape and size are determined, and compared to thresholds or ranges to modify the electrode configuration of the stimulation program.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an implantable stimulation device includes providing a circuit board of the implantable stimulation device, the circuit board optionally equipped with circuit components and being electrically connected to an antenna, adhering one or more electrodes to the circuit board, and applying an insulation material to the circuit board such that the insulation material forms a housing that surrounds the circuit board, the optional circuit components and antenna, while leaving the one or more electrodes exposed for stimulating a tissue.

Abstract: An external control device for indicating whether a stimulation parameter set for use in a neurostimulator is available on a remote control in communication with the external control device is provided. The device includes a user interface configured for displaying the stimulation parameter set and an indicator that indicates whether the stimulation parameter set is available to the patient from the remote control. The device also includes control circuitry configured for, in response to input from the user (e.g., actuating the indicator), selectively turning the indicator on or off. The indicator may be an icon, and the icon may be a graphical depiction of a remote control. The user interface may be further configured for receiving additional input from the user, and the control circuitry may be further configured for, in response to the additional input from the user, programming the remote control with the stimulation parameter set.

Abstract: A device is described for marking a path on a skin surface for inserting an epidural needle into an epidural space. The device includes a first arm having one or more holes spaced apart along the length of the first arm. A pin is attached at the proximal end of the first arm. A second arm has a proximal end attached to the pin allowing the first and second arms to rotate about the pin to adjust an angle separating the first and second arms. The second arm has one or more holes spaced apart along the length of the second arm. The holes on the first and second arms provide locations for marking the path on the skin surface to insert the epidural needle.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to implantable neuromodulation devices and methods of fabrication, and in particular to a separable high density connectors for implantable neuromodulation devices. Particularly, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a medical device comprising an electronics module and a header for connecting the electronics module to a lead assembly. The header includes: a housing that includes (i) a cavity having a central axis or plane and an internal surface, and (ii) an opening aligned with the central axis or plane of the cavity, an array of retractable contacts extending from the internal surface towards the central axis or plane of the cavity, and an array of connection terminals on the housing, where each connection terminal of the array of connection terminals is: (i) electrically connected to the electronics module, and (ii) electrically connectable to a retractable contact of the array of retractable contacts.

Abstract: The present invention is a device and a method to generate an electric current in a conductor (15). More specifically, the present invention is a device (10) that comprises a magnetic field generator element (11), a control element (12), and a support element (14). The magnetic field generator element (11) and the control element are electrically assembled, the magnetic field generator element (11) is designed to generate a varying magnetic field (B). The aforementioned varying magnetic field (B) comprises at least one varying parameter, the control element (12) is designed to control at least one varying parameter, and the support element (14) is designed to hold the magnetic field generator element (11), and the control element.

Abstract: Digital-to-Analog (DAC) circuitry for an implantable pulse generator is disclosed which is used to program currents at the electrodes. Calibration circuitry allows the positive and negative currents produced at each electrode to be independently calibrated to achieve an ideal (linear) response across a range of amplitude values provided to the DAC circuitry by a digital amplitude bus. The calibration circuitry includes electrode gain and electrode offset circuitry for each of the electrodes. Current range DAC circuitry is also provided which can be used to adjust the gain and offset current at all of the electrodes. The current range DAC circuitry is particularly useful when spanning a range of therapeutic currents for a patient, and allows all possible amplitude values provided by the digital bus to be used to span the range. This can improve (reduce) the current resolution of the electrode currents with each amplitude value step.

Abstract: An example of a system for modulating neuroinflammation at a tissue site in a patient includes a neuromodulation output circuit, a memory, and a control circuit. The neuromodulation output circuit may be configured to deliver the neuromodulation. The memory may be configured to store a neuromodulation parameter set selected to modulate neural activity at the tissue site and a sensed biomarker parameter. The biomarker parameter may include a measure of a biomarker or a measure of a derivative of the biomarker. The biomarker may be indicative of the neuroinflammation at the tissue site. The control circuit may be configured to control the delivery of the neuromodulation using the neuromodulation parameter set and adjust one or more parameters of the neuromodulation parameter set using the biomarker parameter.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a system and method for selectively and reversibly modulating targeted neural and non-neural tissue of a nervous system for the treatment of pain. An electrical stimulation is delivered to the treatment site that selectively and reversibly modulates the targeted neutral- and non-neural tissue of the nervous structure, inhibiting the perception of pain while preserving other sensory and motor function, and proprioception.

Abstract: Variable amplitude signals for neurological therapy, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative method includes activating automatic delivery of an electrical therapy signal to a patient's spinal cord region at a frequency in a frequency range between 1.5 kHz and 100 kHz, via at least one signal delivery contact carried by an implanted signal delivery device. The delivery can include repeatedly and automatically delivering the electrical therapy signal at each of multiple therapy signal amplitudes to the at least one signal delivery contact, without the therapy signal generating paresthesia in the patient. The foregoing process can be used as a screening tool to screen responders from non-responders in the context of a non-paresthesia-generating therapy, and/or can be used during long-term treatment, for example, for chronic pain.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for treating chronic pain occurring secondarily to subacromial impingement syndrome in a human body. A system is provided to deliver percutaneous electrical stimulation through at least one electrode to neurological motor points of the posterior and middle deltoid muscles to mediate such pain. One-time, continued and/or periodic dosing of treatment methods according to the present invention may result in a change to central nervous system maladaptive neuroplasticity.

Abstract: Devices for controlling spinal cord modulation for inhibiting pain, and associated systems and methods, including controllers for automated parameter selection are disclosed. A particular embodiment includes receiving a first input corresponding to a location of a signal delivery device implanted in a patient, establishing a positional relationship between the signal delivery device and an anatomical feature of the patient, receiving a second input corresponding to a medical indication of the patient, and, based at least in part on the positional relationship and the indication, automatically identifying a signal delivery parameter in accordance with which a pulsed electrical signal is delivered to the patient via the signal delivery device.

Abstract: Current cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy have significant side-effects for the patients. New treatments are being developed to reduce these side-effects while giving doctors alternative methods to treat patients. This invention introduces a new apparatus for treatment of malignant tumors including brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. The apparatus couples RF power into the tumor using evanescent waves. The evanescent waves disrupt the division of cancer cells causing the cancer cells to die and shrink the size of the tumor. Due to the targeted approach of the evanescent waves, less RF energy is wasted in healthy cells.

Abstract: The method of treating a patient addicted to pain medication or opioids has the step administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses to the patient. A second embodiment includes a treatment to reduce a patient's pain caused by a medical condition and/or medical procedure to reduce or eliminate the taking of addictive pain medication. The treatment has the step of administering acoustic shock waves or pressure pulses directed to an area near a source of the pain or to one or more reflexology zones or to one or more reflexology zones and to an area near the source of the pain or both to treat the medical condition or prior to the medical procedure or during the medical procedure or after the medical procedure or any combination thereof.

Abstract: A system for adjusting neuromodulation parameters used by a neuromodulator operably connected to a plurality of electrodes to modulate a neural target, may comprise a translation trigger detector configured to determine that a translation trigger has occurred, a first parameter setting storage configured to store first parameter settings for use by the neuromodulator to modulate the neural target, and a neuromodulation parameter translator. The neuromodulation parameter translator may be operably connected to the translation trigger detector to automatically translate the first parameter settings into a second parameter settings in response to determining the translation trigger has occurred, and replace the first parameter settings with the second parameter settings, or store the second parameter settings in a second parameter setting storage.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including electrodes (22) configured to be placed upon a portion of a body of a subject, and a user interface device (26). A computer processor (24) applies a neuromodulation treatment to the subject, by driving electrical pulses into the portion of the subject's body via the electrodes, and generates an output on the user interface device that indicates to the subject a physiological effect that the neuromodulation treatment has upon the subject's body. Other applications are also applied.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are provided for targeted treatment of a variety of conditions, particularly conditions that are associated with or influenced by the nervous system, such as pain. Targeted treatment of such conditions is provided with minimal deleterious side effects, such as undesired motor responses or undesired stimulation of unaffected body regions. This is achieved by directly neuromodulating a target anatomy associated with the condition while minimizing or excluding undesired neuromodulation of other anatomies.

Abstract: Devices and methods that use returned power (RP) measurements during microwave energy delivery to perform one or more functions. For example, microwave devices and systems with one or more features to measure the returned microwave power. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power may be used to obtain information about one or more of: antenna shape, system status and system performance. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power shaping elements may also be used to obtain information about one or more properties of the target material. Devices and methods for delivering microwave energy to a variety of target materials to achieve a variety of desired microwave effects.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and technique selectively eliminates the noxious signal components in a neuronal signal by creating an interfering electrical signal that is tuned to a given frequency corresponding to the oscillatory pattern of the noxious signal, resulting in a modified neuronal signal that substantially reproduces a normal, no-pain neuronal signal. The disclosed system and technique of pain relief is based on the hypothesis that the temporal profile of pain signals encodes particular components that oscillate at unique and quantifiable frequencies, which are responsible for pain processing in the brain.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing pain in patient are described. A system may include sensors configured to sense physiological or functional signals, and a pain analyzer to generate signal metrics from the physiological or functional signals. The pain analyzer also generates weight factors corresponding to the signal metrics. The weight factors may indicate the signal metrics reliability in representing an intensity of the pain. The pain analyzer generates a pain score using a plurality of signal metrics and a plurality of weight factors. The pain score may be output to a user or a process. The system may additionally include an electrostimulator to generate and deliver closed-loop pain therapy according to the pain score.

Abstract: An active implantable stimulating device (10) includes: (a) a tissue coupling unit (40) for being implanted directly onto a vagus nerve (Vn) of a patient, (b) an EEG-unit (70) for measuring an electroencephalogram of the patient, (c) an encapsulation unit (50) configured for being subcutaneously implanted, (d) an energy transfer lead (30) for transferring pulses of electrical and/or optical energy, (e) a signal transfer lead (60) for transferring signals between the EEG unit and the encapsulation unit. EEG electrodes (70a-70d) monitor the electric activity of the brain of a patient. The EEG signal is conveyed to the electronic circuit (53) in the form of EEG conditioned data. The electronic circuit analyses the EEG conditioned data to yield analysis results. The electronic circuit takes a decision to trigger energy pulses to stimulate the vagus nerve (VN).

Abstract: The present invention reduces pain and improves function long-term in persons with back pain using electrical stimulation in the back. This approach involves an electrical stimulation device including at least one electrode adapted for insertion within an animal body with back pain and at least one pulse generator operatively coupled with the at least one electrode, wherein the pulse generator delivers electrical stimulation activating at least one muscle in a back of the animal body for pain relief.

Abstract: Transcranial electrostimulation systems and methods are contemplated in which a high current level, charge balanced alternating current electrical signal is generated for delivery to the occipital region of a patient's brain. By stimulating the brain with a charged balanced stimulation current with a stimulation current envelope defining one or more series of pulses at particular frequencies and durations designed to evoke metabolic response in the neurons, significant improvements in efficacy and reductions in patient discomfort may be achieved relative to earlier methods of transcranial electrical stimulation, especially those in which result in a resultant rectified direct current component being administered to the patient.

Abstract: A system for use with a neurostimulator coupled to one or more electrodes implanted adjacent neural tissue of a patient. The system comprises a user input device configured for allowing a user to select different nerve fiber diameters and to select a set of stimulation parameters. The system further comprises processing circuitry configured estimating regions of activation within the neural tissue of the patient based on the selected nerve fiber diameters and the selected stimulation parameter set. The system further comprises a display device configured for displaying the estimated regions of tissue activation. The user input device may further be configured for allowing the user to select different tissue regions of therapy, in which case, the display device may display the different tissue region on a human body map, and different indicia associating the displayed tissue regions for therapy to displayed estimated regions of tissue activation.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of blocking a nerve or neuron by applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity below the excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods are provided for transcutaneously delivering energy impulses to bodily tissues for therapeutic purposes, such as for enhancing the body's bone healing process in spinal fusion patients. A therapeutic stimulator system comprises a housing for an energy source and a signal generator. The system further includes one or more electrodes coupled to the signal generator. A processor is coupled to the housing and configured to determine usage levels of the signal generator and/or motion data of the housing. The system may include a mobile device that allows the patient to input user status data, such as pain levels, and compare the user status data with the usage levels and/or the motion data, thereby improving patient compliance with a prescribed therapy regimen.

Abstract: New waveforms for use in an implantable pulse generator or external trial stimulator are disclosed which mimic actively-driven biphasic pulses, and which are particularly useful for issuing low frequencies pulses. The waveforms comprise at each electrode interleaved first and second pulses. Each first pulse comprises a first monophasic pulse and a first passive charge recovery period. Each second pulse comprises a second monophasic pulse with a polarity opposite the first monophasic pulse and a second passive charge recovery period. Preferably, the amplitudes and pulse widths of the first and second monophasic pulses are equal, or at least charge balanced at each electrode. The first and second monophasic pulses mimic the functionality of a symmetric biphasic pulse, with the first monophasic pulse mimicking the functionality of the biphasic pulse's first phase, and the with the second monophasic pulse mimicking the functionality of the biphasic pulse's second phase.

Abstract: A method of blocking a nerve or neuron by applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity below the excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

Abstract: The present technology provides systems and methods for directly suppressing nerve cells by delivering electrical stimulation having relatively long pulse widths and at amplitudes below an activation threshold of the nerve cells. For example, some embodiments include delivering a therapy signal having individual pulses with pulse widths of between about 5 ms and 100 ms. Directly suppressing the nerve cells is expected to reduce the transmission of pain signals.

Abstract: A wearable garment may have a flexible material configured to wrap around a portion of a user's body. The flexible material may have an interior surface configured to contact the user's body and an opposite exterior surface. The garment may further have a first electrode positioned at the interior surface and configured to contact a targeted part of the user's body and a second electrode positioned at the interior surface and configured to contact a targeted part of the user's body. The garment may also have a first electrode connector positioned at the exterior surface and operably connected to the first electrode and a second electrode connector positioned at the exterior surface and operably connected to the second electrode. The first and second electrodes are configured to deliver a therapeutic signal from an electrotherapeutic device via the first and second electrode connectors.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and techniques are described for adjusting electrical stimulation based on detected ECAPs. In one example, a medical device includes processing circuitry configured to control stimulation circuitry to deliver a first electrical stimulation pulse and sensing circuitry to detect, after delivery of the first electrical stimulation pulse, an ECAP signal. The processing circuitry may be configured to determine a characteristic value of the ECAP signal, determine an ECAP differential value that indicates whether the characteristic value of the ECAP signal is one of greater than a selected ECAP characteristic value or less than the selected ECAP characteristic value, determine, based on the ECAP differential value, a gain value, determine, based on the gain value, a parameter value that at least partially defines a second electrical stimulation pulse, and control the stimulation circuitry to deliver the second electrical stimulation pulse according to the parameter value.

Abstract: A system and method of using a lead introduced to a subject proximate to a region of pain is contemplated to deliver pain relief without the need for multiple needle insertions or electrical stimulation. The three-dimensional lead may include spring-like characteristics and/or coils to translate mechanical energy into the therapy.