Abstract: A magneto-caloric cooling system includes an energy absorption area configured to be thermally coupled to a thermal energy absorbing device. At least one energy dissipation area is configured to be thermally coupled to a thermal energy dissipation device. A thermal energy transfer device is configured to be cycled between the energy absorption area and the energy dissipation area. A magnetic field generation device is configures to produce a magnetic field proximate the energy dissipation area.

Abstract: A terminal may be provided with a magnetic regenerator unit using a magnetocaloric effect of magnetocaloric materials and a magnetic cooling system having the same. By a circular magnetic regenerator structure capable of evenly flowing heat transfer fluid and magnetic field and the flow of the heat transfer fluid being changed in the same way, and a magnetic band having a relative permeability, similar to a relative permeability of the magnetic regenerator, high efficiency of a flux generator may be obtained while reducing torque of a rotator. Power consumption for driving may be reduced due to the reduction of the cogging torque, and the magnetic band may be manufactured at a low cost by using inexpensive iron powder.

Abstract: A heat pump includes a magnet assembly which creates a magnetic field, and a regenerator housing which includes a body defining a plurality of chambers, each of the plurality of chambers extending along a transverse direction orthogonal to the vertical direction. The heat pump further includes a plurality of stages, each of the plurality of stages including a magnetocaloric material disposed within one of the plurality of chambers and extending along the transverse direction between a first end and a second end.

Abstract: A method for condensing argon can include two flow streams interacting with each other in a heat exchanger found within a cold box: a stream of gaseous argon enters the heat exchanger to be cooled down below its liquefaction point by a stream of pressurized liquid nitrogen entering the heat exchanger. While passing through the heat exchanger, gaseous argon is gradually cooled down until it is condensed into liquid, flowing by gravity to the nearby liquid argon storage tank.

Abstract: An apparatus for condensing argon can include cold box, which is preferably sealed and largely maintenance free, where all instruments and valves requiring routine maintenance are to be located outside, a nitrogen separator disposed within the cold box, a heat exchanger disposed within the cold box, the heat exchanger is configured to condense a gaseous argon stream against a pressurized liquid nitrogen stream. The cold box is elevated as compared to an argon storage vessel, such that the condensed argon stream can flow to the argon storage vessel without the need for a pump.

Abstract: A heat pump includes a magnet assembly which creates a magnetic field, and a regenerator housing which includes a body defining a plurality of chambers, each of the plurality of chambers extending along a transverse direction orthogonal to the vertical direction. The heat pump further includes a plurality of stages, each of the plurality of stages including a magnetocaloric material disposed within one of the plurality of chambers and extending along the transverse direction between a first end and a second end.

Abstract: A magnetic refrigeration system provides flow-balanced channels between fluid control valves and the magnetocaloric beds to eliminate inefficiencies caused by unequal utilization of the magnetic beds from flow variations.

Abstract: A magnetic refrigerator, and a device including the same, include a hot-end heat exchanger, a cold-end heat exchanger, a magnetic material arranged so as to provide a temperature gradient between the hot-end heat exchanger and the cold-end heat exchanger, and a heat exchange medium, and satisfying the following Equation 1. k=Th/Tc=?Sc/?Sh>1??EQUATION 1 In Equation 1, Th is a temperature of a hot-end heat exchanger, Tc is a temperature of a cold-end heat exchanger, ?Sh is an entropy change of a magnetic material at Th, and ?Sc is an entropy change of a magnetic material at Tc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rotatory series-pole magnetic refrigerating system, comprising a moving magnetic body and at least one vertically-disposed magnetic series, wherein the magnetic series further comprising a plurality of heat insulated cavities, wherein the heat insulated cavities are interconnected in series successively, wherein the interior of the heat insulated cavities are provided with magnetic working mediums, and wherein the moving magnetic body is capable of magnetizes and demagnetizes the magnetic working mediums in a crossing pattern, wherein the upper and lower magnetic working mediums which are adjacent to any magnetic working medium in demagnetizing state in the same magnetic series must be in a magnetizing state, wherein the system further comprising a heat-flow structure, which assists the internal heat energy in the magnetic series to flow in one direction.

Abstract: A magnetic refrigeration apparatus includes beds of magnetocaloric material with a hot side and a cold side. The apparatus also includes a magnet to apply a magnetic field to the beds, a heat transfer fluid, a pump to circulate the heat transfer fluid, a hot side heat exchanger, a cold side heat exchanger, and a controller to control the flow of heat transfer fluid from the cold side to the hot side of the beds when the magnetic field on the beds is high at an average flow rate of ?H for a duration ?tH. The controller also controls the flow of heat transfer fluid from the hot side of the beds to the cold side of the beds when the magnetic field on the beds is low at an average flow rate of ?C for a duration ?tC, where ?tC>?tH and ?C<?H.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating electricity by electromagnetic induction, using a magnetic field modulated by the formation, dissipation, and movement of vortices produced by a vortex material such as a type II superconductor. Magnetic field modulation occurs at the microscopic level, facilitating the production of high frequency electric power. Generator inductors are manufactured using microelectronic fabrication, in at least one dimension corresponding to the spacing of vortices. The vortex material fabrication method establishes the alignment of vortices and generator coils, permitting the electromagnetic induction of energy from many vortices into many coils simultaneously as a cumulative output of electricity. A thermoelectric cycle is used to convert heat energy into electricity.

Abstract: A magnetic heat pump system which arranges permanent magnets at the two sides of a magnetocalorific effect material to thereby strengthen the magnetic field to improve the cooling and heating ability, which magnetic heat pump system uses first and second magnets which move inside and outside of the containers in the state facing each other to change a magnitude of a magnetic field which is applied to a plurality of containers in which a magnetocalorific effect material is stored so as to change a temperature of a heat transport medium which is made to flow through the containers by a reciprocating pump, the intensity of the magnetic field which is applied to the magnetocalorific effect material in the containers being increased to enlarge the change of temperature of the heat transport medium which is discharged from the magnetic heat pump and improve the cooling and heating efficiency.

Abstract: A thermal appliance having an uneven number of closed primary circuits, each including at least two outlet points connected in series to at least one exchange zone. In each circuit, a primary fluid is circulating in an alternating cycle of period (T) having two displacement phases of a half-period (T/2) having identical flow rates and volumes but in opposite directions. The primary fluid circulation cycle is phase-shifted (by T/2N) between each of the primary circuits. The inlet of the exchange zone is connected unidirectionally to one of the outlet points of each of the primary circuits and the outlet of the exchange zone is connected unidirectionally to the other outlet points of the primary circuits so that the sum of the heat transfer fluid flow rates, entering the exchange zone, is always greater than zero. A method for optimizing the heat exchange of such a thermal appliance.

Abstract: Use of a composition (A) having a pH of at least 8 at 25° C. containing at least 50 wt.-% of water or a water containing solvent mixture, at least 0.1 mol/m3 of at least one water soluble silicate, optionally at least one molybdate, optionally at least one phosphonate, optionally at least one azole, optionally at least one additional freezing point depressing salt, optionally at least one phosphate, and optionally at least one nitrate, as heat carrier medium for magnetocaloric materials of formula (I) (AyB1?y)2+uCwDxEz (I) where: A is Mn or Co, B is Fe, Cr or Ni, C is Ge, As or Si, D is different from C and is selected from P, B, Se, Ge, Ga, Si, Sn, N, As and Sb, E may be same or different from C and D and is selected from P, B, Se, Ge, Ga, Si, Sn, N, As and Sb.

Abstract: A heat pump includes a magnet assembly which creates a magnetic field, and a regenerator housing which includes a body defining a plurality of chambers, each of the plurality of chambers extending along a transverse direction orthogonal to the vertical direction. The heat pump further includes a plurality of stages, each of the plurality of stages including a magnetocaloric material disposed within one of the plurality of chambers and extending along the transverse direction between a first end and a second end.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention disclosed herein generally provide heat engine systems and methods for generating electricity. In one configuration, a heat engine system contains a working fluid circuit having high and low pressure sides and containing a working fluid (e.g., sc-CO2). The system further contains a power turbine configured to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy, a motor-generator configured to convert the mechanical energy into electricity, and a pump configured to circulate the working fluid within the working fluid circuit. The system further contains a heat exchanger configured to transfer thermal energy from a heat source stream to the working fluid, a recuperator configured to transfer thermal energy from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit, and a condenser (e.g., air- or fluid-cooled) configured to remove thermal energy from the working fluid within the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit.

Abstract: A magnetic refrigeration material includes an alloy represented by a composition formula of La(Fe, Si)13H, and the alloy includes ?-Fe by a weight ratio lower than 1 wt % and a plurality of pores so that a packing fraction of the alloy is within a range from 85% to 99%.

Abstract: A magnetic structure has a magnetocaloric material the temperature of which changes with application or removal of a magnetic field, and a high thermal conduction member which is in contact with the magnetocaloric material and has higher thermal conductivity than the magnetocaloric material. Further, this magnetic air-conditioning and heating device is provided with multiple of the aforementioned magnetic structures, a thermal switch which is arranged between magnetic structures and transmits or insulates heat, and a magnetic field varying unit which applies or removes a magnetic field to each of the magnetic structures. By providing in the magnetic structures a high thermal conduction member with higher thermal conductivity than the magnetocaloric material, some or all of the heat generated in the magnetocaloric material can be quickly conducted in the magnetic bodies.

Abstract: A magnetocaloric heat generator having an assembly of at least two magnetocaloric modules with a heat transfer fluid flowing through them. The cold ends of the modules are in fluidic communication via a cold transfer circuit and the hot ends are in fluidic communication via a hot transfer circuit. The cold transfer circuit is arranged so that the fluid exiting the cold end of one of the magnetocaloric modules with an exit temperature enters the cold end of the other magnetocaloric module with an entry temperature that is substantially equal to the temperature of the cold end. The hot transfer circuit modifies the temperature of the fluid so that the fluid exiting the hot end of one of the magnetocaloric modules with an exit temperature enters the hot end of the other magnetocaloric module with an entry temperature that is substantially equal to the temperature of the hot end.

Abstract: A magnetic cooling apparatus having a plurality of cooling modules, where each of the cooling modules includes at least one magnetic regenerator allowing a heat transfer fluid to pass therethrough and filled with a magnetocaloric material; and a fluid supply device to supply the heat transfer fluid into the magnetic regenerator. The cooling modules are rotatably arranged in a circumferential direction.

Abstract: Apparatus and method to facilitate heat transfer fluid flow are disclosed herein. A flexible tube having first and second ends facilitates a heat transfer fluid to flow from the first end to the second end. Ferromagnetic material encircles at least an outside portion of a length of the flexible tube, and a plurality of coil windings encircles the ferromagnetic material. The flexible tube is to be compressed to reduce an amount of flow of the heat transfer fluid from the first end to the second end by expansion of the ferromagnetic material around the flexible tube, in response to an application of a current to the plurality of coil windings.

Abstract: A dual-mode magnetic refrigeration apparatus includes beds of magnetocaloric material, a magnet to apply a time-varying magnetic field to the beds, a heat transfer fluid (HTF), a pump to circulate the HTF, a hot side heat exchanger (HHEX), a cold side heat exchanger (CHEX), valves to direct flow of the HTF, and a controller configured to control periodic switching of the valves to allow the apparatus to operate in a first mode and in a second mode. The first mode transfers heat from the CHEX to the HHEX. In the second mode of operation, the periodic switching of the valves is suspended to allow unidirectional flow of the HTF through the HHEX, the beds, and the CHEX such that heat is transferred from the HHEX to the CHEX.

Abstract: An improved method to manage the flow of heat in an active regenerator in a magnetocaloric or an electrocaloric heat-pump refrigeration system, in which heat exchange fluid moves synchronously with the motion of a magnetic or electric field. Only a portion of the length of the active regenerator bed is introduced to or removed from the field at one time, and the heat exchange fluid flows from the cold side toward the hot side while the magnetic or electric field moves along the active regenerator bed.

Abstract: A magneto-caloric cooling system includes an energy absorption area configured to be thermally coupled to a thermal energy absorbing device. At least one energy dissipation area is configured to be thermally coupled to a thermal energy dissipation device. A thermal energy transfer device is configured to be cycled between the energy absorption area and the energy dissipation area. A magnetic field generation device is configured to produce a magnetic field proximate the energy dissipation area.

Abstract: The invention is for an apparatus and method for a refrigerator and a heat pump based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) offering a simpler, lighter, robust, more compact, environmentally compatible, and energy efficient alternative to traditional vapor-compression devices. The subject magnetocaloric apparatus alternately exposes a suitable magnetocaloric material to strong and weak magnetic field while switching heat to and from the material by a mechanical commutator using a thin layer of suitable thermal interface fluid to enhance heat transfer. The invention may be practiced with multiple magnetocaloric stages to attain large differences in temperature. Key applications include thermal management of electronics, as well as industrial and home refrigeration, heating, and air conditioning. The invention offers a simpler, lighter, compact, and robust apparatus compared to magnetocaloric devices of prior art.

Abstract: A thermo-magnetism cycle apparatus has a first magneto-caloric element (MCE) element on a low temperature side and a second MCE element on a high temperature side. A first heat transfer medium flows in the first MCE element and a second heat transfer medium flows in the second MCE element. A third MCE element has a first flow passage that flows the first heat transfer medium and a second flow passage that flows the second heat transfer medium. The third MCE element absorbs heat from the first heat transfer medium utilizing a magneto-caloric process and dissipates the absorbed heat partially to the second heat transfer medium. As such, the third MCE element actively transfers heat between the two heat transfer media via the magneto-caloric process. The third MCE element also passively transfers heat between the two heat transfer media.

Abstract: An active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigerator apparatus can include at least one AMR bed with a first end and a second end and a first heat exchanger (HEX) with a first end and a second end. The AMR refrigerator can also include a first pipe that fluidly connects the first end of the first HEX to the first end of the AMR bed and a second pipe that fluidly connects the second end of the first HEX to the first end of the AMR bed. The first pipe can divide into two or more sub-passages at the AMR bed. The second pipe can divide into two or more sub-passages at the AMR bed. The sub-passages of the first pipe and the second pipe can interleave at the AMR bed.

Abstract: A magneto-caloric cooling system includes an energy absorption area configured to be positioned proximate a thermal energy producing device. At least one energy dissipation area is configured to be positioned proximate a thermal energy dissipation device. A thermal energy transfer device is configured to be cycled between the energy absorption area and the energy dissipation area. A magnetic field generation device is configured to produce a magnetic field proximate the energy dissipation area.

Abstract: A magnetic device is provided for a magneto caloric heat pump regenerator. Magnets are arranged within two magnetic flux circuits in a manner than that provides at least four fields of increased magnetic flux density. The regenerator can be used to move working units of magneto caloric material through the fields of increase magnetic flux to provide for heating and cooling as part of heat pump cycle. The orientation of the magnets provides concentrated fields of magnetic flux to induce the magneto caloric effect while optimizing the size of the magnets required to create the fields.

Abstract: A heat pump system is provided that uses MCM for heating or cooling. A magnetic field of decreasing flux intensity is used to decrease power consumption and reduce e.g., the size of one or more magnetic devices associated with creating the magnetic field. In one exemplary embodiment, the heat pump is constructed from a continuously rotating regenerator where MCM is cycled in and out of a magnetic field in a continuous manner and a heat transfer fluid is circulated therethrough to provide for heat transfer in a cyclic manner. The magneto caloric material may include stages having different Curie temperature ranges. An appliance using such a heat pump system is also provided. The heat pump may also be used in other applications for heating, cooling, or both.

Abstract: System and methods for cryogenic magnetocaloric refrigeration are provided. The system may include a magnetocaloric material including a single ion anisotropy and primary magnetic interactions of at most two dimensions. The system may also include a cryogenic fluid in communication with the magnetocaloric material, such that, when a magnetic field having a strength of at least a predetermined threshold is applied, the magnetocaloric material is configured to at least partially liquefy the cryogenic fluid.

Abstract: A magnetic cooling apparatus having an improved structure in which effective heat exchange may be performed by a heat transfer fluid is provided. The magnetic cooling apparatus includes a magnetic regenerator allowing a heat transfer fluid to pass therethrough and a magnetocaloric material, a magnet to apply a magnetic field to the magnetic regenerator, and a high temperature heat exchanger allowing heat to be dissipated by the heat transfer fluid containing heat received from the magnetic regenerator. The magnetic cooling apparatus includes a low temperature heat exchanger allowing heat to be absorbed by the heat transfer fluid, a pipe to connect the magnetic regenerator, high temperature heat exchanger and low temperature heat exchanger such that the heat transfer fluid circulates through the magnetic regenerator, high temperature heat exchanger and low temperature heat exchanger, and a fluid transport unit to circulate or reciprocate the heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: A nanofluid is generally provided for use in a heat transfer system. The nanofluid can include nanoparticles suspended in a base liquid at a nanoparticle concentration in the nanofluid of about 0.01% to about 5% by volume. The nanoparticles can include zinc-oxide nanoparticles. The nanofluid for use in a heat transfer system can, in one embodiment, further include a surfactant. Thermal management systems configured to cool a computer having integrated circuits that generate heat during use are also provided. The thermal management system can include a zinc-oxide nanofluid circulated through a series of tubes via a pump such that heat produced by electronic components of the computer can be captured by the circulating nanofluid and then removed from the nanofluid by a radiator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating electricity by electromagnetic induction, using a magnetic field modulated by the formation, dissipation, and movement of vortices produced by a vortex material such as a type II superconductor. Magnetic field modulation occurs at the microscopic level, facilitating the production of high frequency electric power. Generator inductors are manufactured using microelectronic fabrication, in at least one dimension corresponding to the spacing of vortices. The vortex material fabrication method establishes the alignment of vortices and generator coils, permitting the electromagnetic induction of energy from many vortices into many coils simultaneously as a cumulative output of electricity. A thermoelectric cycle is used to convert heat energy into electricity.

Abstract: A magnetic heat pump cycle has a first to a fourth steps, which are repeatedly carried out. In the first step, a movement of heat medium is stopped by a pressure valve and a pressure accumulating tank and a magnetic field is applied by a magnetic-field control unit to a magnetic working material. In the second step, the pressure valve is opened so that the heat medium flows in a working chamber from a second axial end to a first axial end, and the magnetic field is increased depending on a moving speed of the heat medium. In the third step, the movement of the heat medium is stopped and the magnetic field is decreased. In the fourth step, the heat medium is moved in a reversed direction and the magnetic field is decreased depending on the moving speed of the heat medium.

Abstract: An articles includes: an ion source configured to provide a first ion beam that has a first brightness; and a cooler configured to receive the first ion beam and to produce a second ion beam from the first ion beam, the second ion beam including a second brightness that is greater than the first brightness.

Abstract: A magnetocaloric heat generator (1) which comprises at least one magnetocaloric unit (21) provided with at least one magnetocaloric material (3) in thermal contact with a heat transfer fluid (F) and at least one magnetic unit (41) capable of subjecting the magnetocaloric material (3) to a variable magnetic field. This generator (1) is characterized in that each unit (21, 41) has a modular configuration and comprises at least one fitting form (E1, E2, E3) which facilitates assembly with another unit (41, 21), along a same median axis (M), which is provided with a complementary fitting form (E1, E2, E3).

Abstract: Technologies are generally described herein for multistage thermal flow devices and methods effective to transfer thermal energy between a heat source and a heat sink having different surface areas and thermal energy flow characteristics. Some example multistage thermal flow devices may include multiple stages of heat transfer pumps utilizing electrocaloric effect material with thermal collection devices between stages. The heat flux associated with heat transfer pumps of consecutive stages may increase to concentrate the thermal energy through the multistage thermal flow device or may decrease to diffuse the thermal energy through the multistage thermal flow device.

Abstract: An IV line temperature controlled warming device includes a housing and a fluid cassette or cartridge that receives fluid from an IV line and includes intravenous line tubing arranged in a preformed configuration. The configuration includes tubing sections arranged in generally circular and concentric portions and a central serpentine tubing section that basically reverses fluid flow and facilitates flow in opposing directions within adjacent tubing sections. The fluid cassette is retained within the device on a base plate partially disposed within a device housing interior, while a housing cover is selectively opened and closed to permit access to the base plate. The base plate includes a heater plate disposed thereon, while the cover and heater plate each include heating elements to apply heat to opposing surfaces of the tubing cassette. The heating elements are controlled by a controller in response to measured temperatures of the heater plate and fluid.

Abstract: A magnetocaloric thermal appliance (10) comprising at least one thermal module (2) with at least one magnetocaloric element (3) in contact with a heat transfer fluid and at least one magnetic arrangement (4) arranged so as to create a magnetic field in a gap (6) defined by the magnetic arrangement (4). The gap (6) has two openings (7) enabling the passage of the thermal module (2) through the gap (6) by a relative movement between the magnetocaloric element (3) and the gap (6). The positions able to be taken by the magnetocaloric element (3), outside of the gap (6), define magnetocaloric region (8) in which the magnetocaloric region (8) is disposed in an enclosure delimited by the magnetic arrangement (4) comprising a body (11) forming deflector of the magnetic field able to capture and to lead towards the magnetic arrangement (4) flux of magnetic field that appears outside of the gap (6).

Abstract: An electrocaloric with active regeneration includes first and second electrocaloric capacitors proximate one another enabling heat transfer there between. In the system, complementary first and second electric fields are applied to their respective electrocaloric capacitors such that when the electric fields are applied the temperature of the first electrocaloric capacitor increases while the temperature of the second electrocaloric capacitor decreases or vice-versa. Shifting of one or both of the electrocaloric capacitors relative to one another assists in heat transfer between the two and may additionally transfer heat from an object to be cooled, which is connected to the first electrocaloric capacitor, to a heat sink, which is connected to a second electrocaloric capacitor.

Abstract: A method of preparing a boron-doped transition metal pnictide magnetocaloric material, the method including: contacting a transition metal halide; a pnictogen element, a pnictogen oxide, or a combination thereof; a boron-containing oxide; and a reducing metal to provide a mixture; and heat treating the mixture to prepare the boron-doped transition metal pnictide magnetocaloric material.

Abstract: A heat pump system is provided that uses multiple stages of MCMs with different Curie temperature ranges. An adjustable fluid flow path is used whereby the number of stages through which a heat transfer fluid passes can be varied depending upon e.g., the amount of heating or cooling desired. In certain embodiments, a magnetic field used to activate the MCMs can be manipulated so that the number of stages of MCMs that are activated also be adjusted. These and other features can improve the operating efficiency of the heat pump.

Abstract: There are provided a magnetic material for magnetic refrigeration improving a magnetic refrigeration efficiency by including a wide operation temperature range and a magnetic refrigeration apparatus and a magnetic refrigeration system using the magnetic material. The magnetically refrigerating magnetic material is formed of a magnetic material shown by a composition formula of Gd100-x-yZrxYy, wherein 0<x<3.4 as well as 0?y?13.5, and the magnetic refrigeration apparatus and the magnetic refrigeration system uses the magnetic material. It is preferable that the magnetic material be approximately spherical magnetic particles having a maximum diameter of 0.3 mm or more to 2 mm or less.

Abstract: A magnetocaloric heat generator (10) comprising at least one magnetocaloric element (2) with a first and second ends (3, 4), a magnetic arrangement for subjecting the magnetocaloric element (2) to a variable magnetic field, alternately creating heating and cooling cycles in the magnetocaloric element (2), a mechanism for circulating a heat transfer fluid through the magnetocaloric element (2) alternately towards the first and second ends (3, 4) and vice versa in synchronisation with the variation of the magnetic field, and at least one energy exchange mechanism (15). This heat generator (10) is crossed in one direction by the heat transfer fluid entering the magnetocaloric element (2) through one of the ends (3, 4) during a heating or cooling cycle and to be crossed in the opposite direction by the heat transfer fluid exiting the magnetocaloric element (2) through the same end (3, 4) during the other cooling or heating cycle.

Abstract: What are described are magnetocaloric materials of the general formula (MnxFe1?x)2+zP1?ySiy where 0.55?x<1 0.4?y?0.8 ?0.1?z?0.1.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a magnetic refrigeration device includes magnetic bodies, a magnetic field application unit, a thermal storage medium, and a heat transfer unit. The magnetic bodies are arrayed at an interval. The application unit applies and removes a magnetic field to and from the magnetic bodies, respectively. The medium is arranged to face at least one of the magnetic bodies. The medium has no Curie point within a range of a temperature change of the magnetic bodies and removal. The heat transfer unit selectively brings the medium into thermal contact with the magnetic bodies or thermally isolates the medium from the magnetic bodies, and transfers heat from the magnetic bodies to the medium or from the medium to the magnetic bodies in synchronism with magnetic field application and removal.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods incorporate magnetocaloric materials in integrated circuit chip-carrier structures for electronic packages. An integrated circuit chip is electrically connected to a substrate. A thermostabilization unit is physically connected to the integrated circuit chip and the substrate. The thermostabilization unit comprises a temperature detector and magnetocaloric material on the integrated circuit chip. The integrated circuit structure includes a magnetic field generator operatively connected to the temperature detector. The magnetic field generator generates a magnetic field of variable intensity responsive to changes in temperature detected by the temperature detector.

Abstract: A magnetic cooling apparatus and a control method thereof are provided. The magnetic cooling apparatus provides a replacement having a simplified structure for motors providing driving force and power transmission systems of reciprocation type and rotation type cooling apparatuses. The magnetic cooling apparatus includes magnets forming a magnetic field, magnetic regeneration units formed of a magnetocaloric material that are provided with coils, and using electromagnetic force, generated when currents are supplied to the coils in the magnetic field, as kinetic energy, and a controller controlling the currents supplied to the coils of the magnetic regeneration units to control moving speeds and directions of the magnetic regeneration units.

Abstract: Provided is a packed heat exchanger bed composed of thermomagnetic material particles having a mean particle diameter of 50 ?m to 1 mm. The packed bed has porosity of 30-45%. A thermomagnetic material is a metal containing material such as (AyB1?y)2+?CwDxEz, La(FexAl1?x)13Hy or La(FxSi1?x)13Hy, La(FexAlyCoz)13 or La(FexSiyCoz)13, LaMnxFe2?xGe, Heusler alloys, Gd5(SixGe1?x)4, Fe2P-based compounds, manganites of the perovskite type, Tb5(Si4?xGex), XTiGe, Mn2?xZxSb, or Mn2ZxSb1?x, wherein A-E, P, and Z represent various metal atoms.