Abstract: A method of producing polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy (Y-358) whereby powders of yttrium (III) oxide, a barium (II) salt, and copper (II) oxide are pelletized, calcined at 850 to 950° C. for 8 to 16 hours, ball milled under controlled conditions, pelletized again and sintered in an oxygen atmosphere at 900 to 1000° C. for up to 72 hours. The polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy thus produced is in the form of elongated crystals having an average length of 2 to 10 ?m and an average width of 1 to 2 ?m, and embedded with spherical nanoparticles of yttrium deficient Y3Ba5Cu8Oy having an average diameter of 5 to 20 nm. The spherical nanoparticles are present as agglomerates having flower-like morphology with an average particles size of 30 to 60 nm. The ball milled polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8Oy prepared under controlled conditions shows significant enhancement of superconducting and flux pinning properties.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for propulsion. The system may comprise one or more motor assemblies for driving at least one shaft or rotor of a vehicle. The motor assemblies may comprise one or more motor windings and/or magnets. The system may comprise one or more fuel cells in fluid communication with the motor assemblies. The fuel cells may be configured to generate electrical energy from a fuel that is directed through a portion of the motor assemblies to (i) cool the motor windings and the magnets and (ii) and heat the fuel before the fuel enters the fuel cells. The system may comprise a combustion chamber in fluid communication with the fuel cells. The combustion chamber may be configured to combust an exhaust flow from the fuel cells to (i) react unused hydrogen exhausted from the fuel cells and (ii) provide thermal and/or mechanical power.

Abstract: A system for generating magnetic fields in one or more axis, the system comprising a primary electromagnet comprising a first coil having a first axis wherein the first coil is formed of a superconductor, a cooling element configured to cool the first coil below the critical temperature of the superconductor, a power source configured to energise the primary and secondary and electromagnets, wherein the primary electromagnet comprises a frame member, and wherein the frame member is suspended from at least one bracket by a thermally insulating structural member and/or a thermally insulating spring.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet assembly is provided. The magnet assembly includes a magnet configured to generate a polarizing magnetic field, a thermosyphon tube, a main tank, and a metering tank. The thermosyphon tube is in thermal contact with the magnet, the thermosyphon tube configured to carry cryogen therethrough and cool the magnet via the cryogen. The metering tank contains the cryogen and is coupled with the main tank, and the main tank has an interior volume greater than an interior volume of the metering tank, The thermosyphon tube is coupled with the main tank at a first end of the thermosyphon tube and coupled with the metering tank at a second end of the thermosyphon tube, the second end opposite the first end, and the thermosyphon tube and the metering tank define a path along which the cryogen flows.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet apparatus includes a plurality of superconducting magnet coil sections connected in series and housed within a cryogenically cooled, vacuum container. A power source generates a current. A first lead is electrically connected to the superconducting magnet coil sections. A second lead is enclosed entirely within the vacuum container. The second lead has a first section and a second section, and the first section is electrically connected to the power source. The second section is electrically connected to the first lead, and rigidly connected to a linear displacement device enclosed entirely within the vacuum container. The linear displacement device linearly displaces the second section relative to the first section, so that the first section contacts the second section thereby electrically connecting the first and second sections, or by creating a gap between the first section and second section thereby electrically disconnecting the first section from the second section.

Abstract: A vapor collection system that can be used at an extra-terrestrial body is envisioned to collect target gaseous atoms and molecules (material) floating around in a shielded environment at a pressure at or less than a bar. The shielded environment is defined within a cover and skirt arrangement that rests atop granular soil, which in one embodiment is regolith. The cover and skirt arrangement generally comprises a skirt that extends from the cover to essentially seal against the surface of regolith to create a shielded environment to contain gaseous material from escaping into space. The skirt can be lowered on the regolith surface or dragged across and even made to conform to the surface. The gaseous material can be mined via a blade or excavation tool and heat source that liberates the gaseous material from the regolith.

Abstract: In one example, a portable fuel gas system includes: a portable enclosure; a fuel gas supply manifold; a throttle in fluid communication with the fuel gas supply manifold. The fuel gas supply manifold includes a first pressure zone and a second pressure zone separated from one another by the throttle; and a fuel gas shutoff valve in fluid communication with the fuel gas supply manifold and operative to control a flow of a fuel gas in the fuel gas supply manifold, wherein the fuel gas supply manifold, the throttle, and the fuel gas shutoff valve are disposed within the portable enclosure.

Abstract: In a temperature control apparatus for controlling the temperature of a load by supplying high-temperature circulating liquid to the load, a device in which a helical channel portion of a first heat exchange channel through which circulating liquid flows is housed in a second heat exchange channel formed of a channel space in a hollow shell through which coolant flows is used as a heat exchanger for cooling the circulating liquid, cylindrical members are individually fitted on an inflow channel portion and an outflow channel portion connected to opposite ends of the helical channel portion of the first heat exchange channel, and the cylindrical members are each fixed to the shell of the heat exchanger with a weld.

Abstract: A vapor collection system that can be used at an extra-terrestrial body is envisioned to collect target gaseous atoms and molecules that are floating around in a shielded environment at a pressure at or less than 1×10?5 bar. The shielded environment is defined within sidewalls and in some cases is defined within a cover. A condensation surface in the shielded environment is maintained at a temperature between 2° Kelvin and 100° Kelvin to collect the target gas that is floating around, which condenses on the condensation surface as a liquid. A collection receptacle at the condensation surface collects the liquid. A heating element in the shielded environment is made to heat and release the target gas from minerals at or beyond the rim. The gas floats around in the shielded environment.

Abstract: Medical devices and related methods, and, more specifically, cryogenic surgical systems and related methods are disclosed. Some example cryogenic surgical systems may include a cryosurgical control unit configured to cool a cryosurgical probe to a temperature colder than a temperature at which flow of cryogenic fluid to the probe is stopped. Some example tank level indicating systems may utilize the pressure of the fluid in the tank and a temperature of the exterior wall of the tank to indicate liquid level.

Abstract: A hydrogen tank assembly is provided for use in vehicles, such as aircraft. The hydrogen tank assembly has an inner tank wall, an outer tank wall, and an inert gas source. The inner tank wall defines a hydrogen tank volume that is surrounded by a shroud volume which is defined by the outer tank wall. The hydrogen tank volume is filled with cryogenic hydrogen and has a higher pressure than the shroud volume that is filled with an inert gas, such as helium. The counter-pressure of the inert gas prevents micro-cracks in the inner tank wall and increases the in-service life.

Abstract: To provide a superconducting magnet device enabling improved access to internal equipment. A superconducting magnet device includes: a superconducting coil; and a hollow tubular cryostat having an outer peripheral wall and an inner peripheral wall connected to each other so as to define a vacuum region where the superconducting coil is disposed. The cryostat has a tubular partition wall connecting the outer peripheral wall and the inner peripheral wall and a cavity partitioned from the vacuum region by the tubular partition wall is formed inside the tubular partition wall. The outer peripheral wall has an opening portion wide in the circumferential direction of the cryostat, and the opening portion communicates with the cryostat hollow portion radially inside the inner peripheral wall through the cavity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for preparing a cryogenic sample, whereby the sample is subjected to rapid cooling using a cryogen. A pair of conduits for transporting cryogenic fluid are provided, each of which conduits opens out into a mouthpiece, which mouthpieces are arranged to face each other across an intervening gap, wherein in said gap a sample that is provided on a substantially planar sample carrier can be received. Cryogenic fluid can be pumped through said conduits so as to concurrently flush from said mouthpieces and suddenly immerse the sample in cryogenic fluid from two opposite sides. As defined herein, at least one of said mouthpieces comprises at least two nozzle openings for evenly cooling said substantially planar sample carrier during said flushing.

Abstract: The present invention is related to cooling systems for electronic devices used in downhole operations. In this scenario, the present invention provides a downhole electronic device cooling system comprising a first heat exchanger element (1) internal to a heat exchanger vessel (3), and a second heat exchanger element (2) associated with the electronic device (4), wherein the first (1) and second (2) heat exchanger elements are in fluid communication by a cooling fluid, wherein the heat exchanger vessel (3) allows the circulation of a secondary cooling fluid.

Abstract: A discharge pipe is connected to a refrigerant container from outside of a vacuum container, and discharges a vaporized refrigerant. A pair of external leads are electrically connected respectively to opposite ends of a superconducting coil from a position outside of the vacuum container, so as to cause a current to flow through the superconducting coil. A protection circuit is electrically connected to the superconducting coil, and consumes energy stored in the superconducting coil during quenching. The protection circuit is in contact with the discharge pipe outside of the vacuum container.

Abstract: Cryogenic device analysis systems are provided that can include: a cold source within a first vacuum chamber; a cryogenic device mount within a second vacuum chamber, wherein the first and second vacuum chambers are separated by a vacuum barrier; a first thermal conduit extending from the cold source through the vacuum barrier to the sample mount; a first thermal switch along the first thermal conduit and operatively aligned between the cold source and the vacuum barrier. Methods for performing analysis of a cryogenic device are also provided.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for ultra or extreme-high vacuum are described. Such systems may comprise a vacuum chamber, a target within the vacuum chamber, two or more overlapping radiation shields arranged within an inner vacuum space of a vacuum chamber, and surrounding at least a portion of the target, a first and a second cooling element unit thermally coupled to a first and second radiation shield of the two or more overlapping radiation shields, wherein the first unit is configured to reduce the first radiation shield's temperature to at least <100K, and the second unit is configured to reduce the second radiation shield's temperature to at least <25K, and a third cooling element unit coupled to the target and isolated from the first and second radiation shield, wherein the third cooling element unit is configured to reduce the target's temperature to at least <4K.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a storage system comprising a storage tank configured to store fuel at a cryogenic temperature for a predetermined amount of time. The storage tank may have a plurality of layers comprising: a first layer comprising a pressure vessel for containing the fuel at a pressurized state; a second layer comprising insulation for the first layer; a third layer comprising a vapor barrier; and a fourth layer comprising a shell configured to maintain a rigidity of the storage tank.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet assembly may include a switch component including a first thermal switch and/or a second thermal switch. The first thermal switch may include a first activation mode configured to facilitate heat transfer between a first stage cold head and a radiation shield, and a first deactivation mode configured to break or impede the heat transfer between the first stage cold head and the radiation shield. The second thermal switch may include a second activation mode configured to facilitate heat transfer between a second stage cold head and a superconducting magnet, and a second deactivation mode configured to break or impede the heat transfer between the second stage cold head and the superconducting magnet.

Abstract: Variable temperature analytical instruments are provided that can include: a mobile component comprising a cold source; a substantially fixed analysis component; and an interface configured to couple the mobile component with the analysis component. Variable temperature analytical instruments are also provided that can include: a mobile analysis component; a substantially fixed component comprising a cold source; and an interface configured to couple the mobile component with the analysis component. Variable temperature analytical instruments are also provided that can include: a cold source in thermal communication with an analysis component; and at least one pressure barrier defining a plurality of discrete masses maintained at different temperatures between the cold source and the analysis component.

Abstract: A phage dispensing system comprises a user interface, a phage treatment computing system, a phage laboratory, and a phage dispensing apparatus, including a dispensing kiosk. The user interface allows a treating physician to request testing of a patient sample by the phage laboratory to identify a phage mixture treatment. The phage computing system arranges shipping of the sample and provision of the identified phage mixture treatment to a dispensing apparatus located near the patient. The dispensing apparatus has a stock of phage vials which are used to prepare and dispense doses of the identified phage mixture treatment.

Abstract: A novel and useful system wiring apparatus and related techniques that address the need to feed power and electronic signals to and from a sample board between the cold, low pressure region in a vacuum chamber and outside room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The wiring apparatus balances electrical resistance with the thermal conductivity of the power and signal conductors. Printed flexible cables are used having an annular sealing region which together with O-rings provide vacuum sealing while allowing electrical signals to pass between integrated circuit(s) inside the vacuum chamber and equipment outside the chamber. A thermal anchor is placed along the printed flexible cable to maintain a desired temperature along the cable. The printed flexible circuits are multilayer with two outer layers serving as an RF shield while two inner layers comprise the signal lines which typically require shielding, electrical isolation from each other and from external electromagnetic fields.

Abstract: The disclosure describes various aspects of a vibrationally isolated cryogenic shield for local high-quality vacuum. More specifically, the disclosure describes a cryogenic vacuum system replicated in a small volume in a mostly room temperature ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system by capping the volume with a suspended cryogenic cold finger coated with a high surface area sorption material to produce a localized extreme high vacuum (XHV) or near-XHV region. The system is designed to ensure that all paths from outgassing materials to the control volume, including multiple bounce paths off other warm surfaces, require at least one bounce off of the high surface area sorption material on the cold finger. The outgassing materials can therefore be pumped before reaching the control volume. To minimize vibrations, the cold finger is only loosely, mechanically connected to the rest of the chamber, and the isolated along with the cryogenic system via soft vacuum bellows.

Abstract: A detachable cryostat includes many novel structures. Two radiation shields are installed in the detachable cryostat. One of the radiation shields is cooled by the second-stage cold chamber utilized to contain a cryogen, and the other one is cooled by the first-stage cold head of the cryocooler. These structures are both used for reducing heat loads from an outside. The resilient supporting device, the resilient circular sleeve, the bellows and the conductive blocks are utilized to achieve excellent thermal contact and complete thermal isolation between the cryocooler and the cryogen. A detachable binary current lead device can be introduced in the detachable cryostat, wherein, the detachable binary current lead includes a superconducting current lead and a copper current lead. When the installation adjustment mechanism is tightly pressed and loosened, it can enable the superconducting current lead to contact and separate from the copper current lead.

Abstract: Raman analysis systems are partitioned to provide for cost-effective flame resistance and explosion resistance, including relatively small enclosures associated with particular subsystems. One or more of an excitation source, spectrograph and/or controller are disposed in separate, flame-resistant or explosion-resistant enclosures. A remote optical measurement probe may also be disposed in a separate flame-resistant or explosion-resistant enclosure. A grating and a detector of the spectrograph may be disposed in separate enclosures, with sealed windows therebetween to deliver a Raman spectral signal from the optical grating to the detector. The sealed window of the detector enclosure may serve the dual purpose of maintaining flame resistance or explosion resistance while maintaining cooling within the enclosure. Wireless interfaces may be used for communications between the enclosures where practical to reduce or eliminate physical electrical feedthroughs.

Abstract: There is provided a method of reducing noise in a cryogenic cooling system associated with a mechanical refrigerator forming part of said cooling system. The method comprises: monitoring vibrations in the cooling system during operation of the mechanical refrigerator; and modulating an operating frequency of the mechanical refrigerator based on the monitored vibrations so as to reduce the amplitude of said vibrations. This allows noise within the cooling system to be reduced.

Abstract: A method for manipulating a cryogenic specimen for subsequent examination includes mounting a cryogenic specimen on a work surface of a specimen holder and placing the specimen holder within a pumped cryostat chamber having a layer of cryogenic liquid therein. The cryostat chamber is vented and kept at low humidity in order to generate a cryogenic vapor layer above the cryogenic liquid so that the work surface of the specimen holder is within the cryogenic vapor layer and low humidity and inert environment. The cryogenic specimen in then manipulated to a specimen carrier contained on a different portion of the work surface while keeping the cryogenic specimen within the cryogenic vapor layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and apparatus for preparing a sample for imaging or diffraction experiments under cryogenic conditions, comprising the steps of applying a sample to sample carrier, such as a film on a support, in particular a grid comprising such a film on a support, or removing residual medium, typically liquid, from an incubated sample on a film on a support, and vitrifying the sample. The sample is vitrified by directing a jet of liquid coolant to the center of the film and onto the sample.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes: a low temperature side channel through which low temperature liquid helium flows; a high temperature side channel through which high temperature liquid helium flows; and a thermal conduction unit that conducts heat from the high temperature side channel to the low temperature side channel. The thermal conduction unit has a partition member that separates the high temperature side channel and the low temperature side channel from each other and a thermal resistance reduction unit that reduces the thermal resistance between the partition member and the liquid helium. The thermal resistance reduction unit has a porous body having nano-size pores and fine metal particles having higher thermal conductivity than that of the porous body.

Abstract: Disclosed is a computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining first data indicative of electric power supplied to a cooling apparatus during a cooling operation on a biological sample, the cooling operation having a given cooling condition; obtaining second data associated with a reference cooling condition; determining, based on the first data and the second data, whether the given cooling condition has a predetermined relationship with the reference cooling condition; and in response to a determination, by the determining, that the given cooling condition has the predetermined relationship with the reference cooling condition, outputting a control signal. The given cooling condition for the “live” data cooling operation may thus be validated against a reference cooling condition.

Abstract: A remote cooling system of super-conducting magnets uses a closed cycle auxiliary flow circuit in a cryogenic cooling system. The super-conducting magnet is connected to the cryogenic cooling system via a flexible interface. This flexible interface has a rigid insert on its distal end and may be connected to a cryostat on its proximal side. The rigid end may be inserted in a mating cryogenic interface at the super-conducting magnet. The closed cycle auxiliary flow circuit allows the cryogenic cooled magnet to operate at its designed magnetic field strength and can keep the magnet operational at cryogenic temperatures for extended periods of time since no cryogenic fluid needs to be replenished. Such a system can have test samples raised to room temperature to make sample changes without any need to warm up the magnet. This makes sample change time and experiment turnaround time significantly shorter, and significantly increases productivity.

Abstract: A self-supporting flexible shield for location between a warm surface and a cold mass so as to substantially enclose the cold mass, wherein the self-supporting flexible shield comprises a shaped plastic sheet with a low emissivity coating on both of its sides.

Abstract: A cooling liquid flow control device includes a heat dissipation bottom plate, a fixing holder, a cooling module, and a temperature control element. The heat dissipation bottom plate has a bottom surface configured to be in contact with a heating element on a substrate. The fixing holder is connected to the heat dissipation bottom plate and configured to be fixed with the substrate. The cooling module is connected to a top surface of the heat dissipation bottom plate to form a cavity. The cavity is configured to circulate a cooling liquid. The temperature control element is disposed in the cavity and is configured to deform based on a temperature of the cooling liquid in the cavity, thereby adjusting a flow rate of the cooling liquid in and out of the cavity.

Abstract: A tool includes a device including a housing and a rotor, the rotor to rotate about a longitudinal axis, and an axial gap generator including a stator assembly positioned adjacent to the rotor. The axial gap generator generates a voltage signal as a function of a gap spacing between the stator assembly and the rotor, the gap spacing being parallel to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for determining a quality of a mask of a photolithography apparatus are provided, which comprise a parallel calculation, using a plurality of computing devices, of a reference aerial image on the basis of a design of the mask and optical properties of the photolithography apparatus on a plurality of computing devices.

Abstract: An NMR magnet system uses a Stirling cooler having a cold head that extends into a housing of the system to cool a cold shield surrounding a cryogen vessel. The system may have a damper located between the cooler and the cold shield to reduce a transmission of vibration from the cooler to a magnet coil immersed in the cryogen. The damper may be passive, or may be part of an active damping system that uses an acceleration sensor to drive an active damper that compensates for cooler vibration. A compensation apparatus may use a stored characteristic of a signal distortion caused by the vibration and, in response to a trigger signal from the cooler, apply compensation to an excitation signal provided to a sample by an NMR probe in a bore of the magnet coil, or to an FID signal from the sample that is detected by the probe.

Abstract: A cryogenic dewar may include an inner tank and an outer tank. The cryogenic dewar may further include a plurality of trunnion mounts. A first four of the trunnion mounts may be coupled between a front half of the inner tank and a front half of the outer tank. A second four of the trunnion mounts may be coupled between a rear half of the inner tank and a rear half of the outer tank. The trunnion mount may be further strengthen with a plurality of pie-shaped reinforcing pads welded to each other and to an outer surface of the inner tank.

Abstract: Gas pressure actuated fill termination valves for cryogenic liquid storage tanks and storage tanks containing the same.

Abstract: A laser apparatus that can generate a high-quality laser beam is provided. The laser apparatus is provided with a laser medium and an insulation layer. The laser medium has a first surface and a second surface. Incident laser light is incident on the first surface. The second surface totally reflects the incident laser light that is incident to the second surface at an incident angle equal to or larger than a critical angle. The insulation layer covers a second area of the second surface that surrounds a first area of the second surface, the first area totally reflecting the incident laser light. The laser medium is exposed in the first area.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes flat tubes, a header, and a refrigerant inlet. The header has a first plate, a second plate, and a third plate. The first plate has a ridge portion defining a tank space. The second plate has a first flow passage and a second flow passage. The first flow passage extends in such a manner that an area of the first flow passage coincides with an area of the tank space. The second flow passage extends in such a manner that an area of the second flow passage does not coincide with the area of the tank space. An upper portion of the first flow passage and an upper portion of the second flow passage are connected to each other via a first connecting flow passage. A lower portion of the first flow passage and a lower portion of the second flow passage are connected to each other via a second connecting flow passage. The third plate has a communicating hole that allows the first flow passage and each of the flat tubes to communicate with each other.

Abstract: A cooling system includes a coolant transmitter that transmits coolant at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The cooling system also includes an evaporation vessel at atmospheric pressure. The evaporation vessel can contain an amount of coolant at the boiling point of the coolant. The cooling system also includes a pressure reducer fluidically coupled to the coolant transmitter and the evaporation vessel. The pressure reducer can include an orifice. The cooling system is configured such that heat is transferred from the coolant in the coolant transmitter to the coolant contained in the evaporation vessel. An exit stream conduit can fluidically couple the coolant transmitter and the pressure reducer, with the exit stream conduit diverting a portion of the coolant from the coolant transmitter to the evaporation vessel.

Abstract: A dual-wall, vacuum-insulated container (30, 40) has an external wall (1), an internal wall (3) and there in-between a vacuum chamber (5), in which there is arranged a heat insulation device (2, 20). At least three temperature sensors (13, 13a, 13b, 14, 15) that are spaced apart from another recurringly register instantaneous temperatures (T1, T2, T2A, T2B, T3) of the container (30, 40). At least in some points there is calculated a temperature course using a heat insulation model on the basis of the construction and material characteristics of the container and the heat radiation resulting therefrom, which temperature course contains at least two of the temperatures (T1, T2, T2A, T2B, T3) registered. From the temperature course there is calculated a desired temperature value for the position of at least one further of the temperature sensors and compared with the actual temperature value actually registered by this temperature sensor.

Abstract: A system for the remote live auditing of biological samples contained in a cold storage vessel (10). The vessel (10) comprises one or more canisters (100(1), 100(2)), each of which comprises a connector (102(1), 102(2)) and is configured to hold at least one container (50), each of which contains one or more biological samples and has associated therewith an RFID tag identifying the container (50) in question. The system further comprises a docking assembly (200) mounted on the vessel (10) and comprising a plurality of connectors (202), each of which is configured to engage with the connector (102(1), 102(2)) of one of said canisters (100(1), 100(2)), thereby providing an electrical connection between the docking assembly (200) and the canister (50) in question.

Abstract: A low vibration cryostat includes a cryocooler with a cold head having a flange and a cooling body extending from the flange. A housing is coupled to the cold head, with the housing having an opening receiving at least a portion of the cooling body. A first bellows extends between the housing and the flange to mitigate the transfer of vibrational forces between the housing and the flange. The first bellows, the flange, and the housing collectively define a first chamber. A force balancing assembly containing a second bellows is coupled to the housing and includes a second chamber spaced from the first chamber. The two chambers are arranged to create a net zero force on the cold head when the pressure in the bellows changes. A viscous damping assembly mitigates bouncing of the cold head on support springs.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet includes a liquid helium reservoir (14), superconducting magnet windings (12) disposed in the liquid helium reservoir, and a vacuum jacket (20) surrounding the liquid helium reservoir. A cold head (30) passes through the vacuum jacket. The cold head has a warm end (32) welded to an outer wall (22) of the vacuum jacket and a cold station (46) disposed in the liquid helium reservoir. A heat exchanger (60) is disposed inside the vacuum jacket and secured to or integral with the cold head. The heat exchanger includes a fluid passage (62) having an inlet (64) in fluid communication with the liquid helium reservoir and having an outlet (66) in fluid communication with ambient air. While the cold head is turned off, gas helium flows from the liquid helium reservoir to ambient air via the heat exchanger, thereby cooling the non-operating cold head.

Abstract: A heat pump system includes a first heat pump arrangement having a compressor having a compressor output; a second heat pump arrangement having an input portion and an output portion; and a coupler for thermally coupling the first heat pump arrangement and the second heat pump arrangement, the coupler including a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, the first heat exchanger being connected to the input portion of the second heat pump arrangement, and the second heat exchanger being connected to the output portion of the second heat pump arrangement.

Abstract: A heat pump includes a condenser for condensing compressed working vapor; a foreign gas collection space arranged within the condenser, the foreign gas collection space comprising: a condensation surface which during operation of the heat pump is colder than a temperature of the working vapor to be condensed; and a partition wall arranged, within the condenser, between the condensation surface and a condensation zone; and a foreign gas discharge device coupled to the foreign gas collection space so as to discharge foreign gas from the foreign gas collection space.

Abstract: A sealed container having gloves attached thereto is provided as part of a physical properties measuring system (PPMS). The PPMS includes a sealed pressurized portion that is pressurized with a gas to purge out air from inside the sealed pressurized portion to reduce water vapor inside the sealed pressurized portion below a water vapor threshold. The system further includes a cryogenic tank having a cryostat disposed therein. The cryogenic tank contains a cryogenic liquid cooled to a cryogenic temperature. Test samples are placed inside the sealed pressurized portion in preparation of measuring physical properties of the test samples. One of the test samples is immersed in the cryogenic liquid to measure the physical properties. The test sample is removed from the cryogenic liquid and is exchanged for another test sample inside the sealed pressurized portion to prevent ice formation inside the cryostat.

Abstract: A data center is cooled by a cryogenic cooling system which is wind driven, and powered by energy stored in the cryogenic liquid. The cooling occurs through downwardly passing cryogenic liquid which is recycled and pushed back to a top of a system in a cyclic manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transport container (1) for helium (He), comprising an inner container (6) for receiving the liquid (He), an insulation element (26) that is provided on the exterior of the inner container (6), a coolant container (14) for receiving a cryogenic liquid (N2), an outer container (2) in which the inner container (6) and the coolant container (14) are received, and a thermal shield (21) which can be actively cooled with the aid of the cryogenic liquid (N2) and in which the inner container (6) is received, wherein a peripheral gap (31) is provided between the insulation element (26) and the thermal shield (21), and said insulation element (26) comprises a copper layer (27) that faces the thermal shield (21).