Abstract: Method and parameterization unit for parameterization of a tractive force controller of a controlled roller of a web-processing machine, the tractive force controller controlling a speed of the controlled roller in order to transport a material on the web-processing machine from the controlled roller to a further roller or from a further roller to the controlled roller at a line speed and while being subjected to the tractive force. The method includes, during a standstill test at a line speed of zero, increasing the tractive force to an identification tractive force, preferably 90% of a predetermined standstill tractive force operating point, to determine standstill system parameters of the tractive force system, to calculate standstill controller parameters of the tractive force controller from the standstill system parameters of the tractive force system, preferably by a frequency characteristic method, and to parameterize the tractive force controller using the standstill controller parameters.

Abstract: An asset monitoring and reporting system (AMRS) implements an interface to establish an asset hierarchy to be monitored and reported against. The interface employs a search query of extant asset data from which definitional aspects of the asset hierarchy can be identified, and therefrom the interface automatically determines control information reflective of the asset hierarchy to direct the ongoing operation of the AMRS. The interface further allows for configuration of a metric definition for a metric of an asset node of the asset hierarchy, the metric representing a point in time or a period of time and derived from a metric-time search of machine data produced by or about the asset node and receives an identification of a metric determination specification for the metric definition, the metric determination specification comprising at least identification of a metric component and identification of a calculation operation to apply to the metric component.

Abstract: A photographing apparatus includes a carriage, a light source, and a camera. The carriage moves in a travel direction. The light source is mounted on the carriage. The camera is attached to the carriage and configured to perform photography. A normal direction is defined orthogonal to the travel direction and a vertical axis. The camera faces a camera direction that is rotated about the vertical axis with respect to the normal direction.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing a line scan camera. The method comprises: obtaining line scan data of a region of interest (ROI) of a travelling surface from the line scan camera, the line scan camera being oriented perpendicular to a direction of travel of the travelling surface, the line scan data comprising a plurality of lines; identifying occurrences of a major frequency of a repeated texture on the travelling surface using characterized line scan data for each line in the plurality of lines of the line scan data; determining a period of the major frequency; and changing a line rate of the line scan camera when the determined period is different than a reference period.

Abstract: A method for operating an ore comminution circuit is provided. The method includes obtaining at least one sensor signal related to an ore feed to the comminution circuit; determining a first ore grindability parameter of the ore feed from the at least one sensor signal, using a model; determining a second ore grindability parameter using parameters of the comminution circuit and/or of at least one comminution device in the comminution circuit; and updating the model with the second ore grindability parameter and the at least one sensor signal.

Abstract: The method provides for detecting a temporary stop request by a machine of the line, for example to replace a member subject to wear or a consumable. In view of this stop, the speed of the line is modulated so as to increase, for example, the level of filling of an accumulator, and makes sure that the subsequent temporary stop has a minimum effect on the overall productivity of the line.

Abstract: A system for controlling a parameter of a plant associated with a substrate processing chamber is disclosed. A measuring circuit measures a response of the plant associated with the substrate processing chamber when the parameter of the plant is changed. A model generating circuit determines a delay and a gain of the plant based on the response. The model generating circuit generates a model of the plant based on the delay, the gain, and a time constant of the plant. A predicting circuit receives a set point for the parameter and a measurement of the parameter, generates a value of a prediction of the parameter based on the set point for the parameter and the measurement of the parameter using the model, wherein the value of the prediction of the parameter does not include the delay, compares the value of the prediction of the parameter with the set point to generate a control signal, and controls the parameter of the plant based on the control signal.

Abstract: Embodiments provide systems, methods and apparatus for effecting a demand response (DR) event by providing a demand response management system (DRMS) communicatively coupled to a plurality of participant sites, the DRMS including an aggregation engine having a rules-based function operative to generate an aggregation of the participant sites for a DR event using inclusion criteria that includes a custom field, wherein business objects (BOs) are used to represent the participant sites and other related entities (e.g., participants, enrollments, service delivery points (SDPs), etc.) and the BOs store core characteristics of the participant sites and the other related entities in core fields, and wherein the custom field is associated with a BO but the definition and content of the custom field is stored external to the associated BO; generating the aggregation using the inclusion criteria; and executing the DR event on the aggregation. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: An asset monitoring and reporting system (AMRS) implements an interface to establish an asset hierarchy to be monitored and reported against. The interface employs a search query of extant asset data from which definitional aspects of the asset hierarchy can be identified, and therefrom the interface automatically determines control information reflective of the asset hierarchy to direct the ongoing operation of the AMRS. The interface further allows for configuration of a metric definition for a metric of an asset node of the asset hierarchy, the metric representing a point in time or a period of time and derived from a metric-time search of machine data produced by or about the asset node and receives an identification of a metric determination specification for the metric definition, the metric determination specification comprising at least identification of a metric component and identification of a calculation operation to apply to the metric component.

Abstract: A utility individual usage allocation and control system and method to manage utility and related services to a plurality of units in a facility to increase operational efficiency and cost savings. The system and method include a plurality of controllers positioned in a plurality of respective zones. A plurality of output devices are operably coupled to each controller and a utility provider is operably coupled to each of the output devices. A processor is configured to receive run-time data from each of the plurality of controllers, the run-time data corresponding with actual time the output device is in an engaged state. Run-time data from each controller is processed to determine proportion of total utility used by each zone. The processor is remote from the controllers and data is transmitted by wireless signals. The utility is selected from a group comprising hot air, hot water, cool air, electricity and memory data.

Abstract: The printing apparatus includes a supply section that supports a plurality of rolls into which roll-paper strips are wound and supplies the roll-paper strips, a transport section that applies respective transporting forces to the supplied roll-paper strips and transports the roll-paper strips, a printing section that performs printing onto the transported roll-paper strips, and a tension-imparting section that individually imparts respective tensile forces to a plurality of roll-paper strips against the transporting forces.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to automate the assembly of a wing panel, such as utilized by commercial aircraft. In the context of a system, a tacking cell is provided that is configured to tack one or more stringers to a skin plank. The system also includes a riveting cell configured to receive a tacked plank from the tacking cell and to rivet the one or more stringers to the skin plank. The system also includes a splicing cell configured to receive a plurality of riveted planks from the riveting cell and to attach one or more splice stringers to the plurality of riveted planks. Further, the system includes a side of body cell configured to receive a spliced panel from the splicing cell and to attach a side of body chord thereto to produce a wing panel.

Abstract: Controlling a multiple-array, sheetmaking cross-directional process with a multivariable model predictive controller (MPC) employs a cost function incorporating a prediction horizon. The MPC provides a measurement profile target reference trajectory over the prediction horizon of the MPC cost function. Improved CD-MPC performance is achieved by employing a measurement profile target reference trajectory over the prediction horizon in the MPC cost function. A series of target profiles creates a reference trajectory to bring the cross-direction measurements smoothly from their current profile to the final target. By carefully designing the reference trajectory, the CD-MPC exhibits a good measurement response without aggressive control action. The current measurement target profile can be filtered through a first order plus deadtime process at each controller update and repeating the filter operation once for each step of the MPC prediction horizon generates a full reference trajectory for the profile.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a tile sheet for a shower wall or bath enclosure in which a user designs a tile pattern which is stored in a database. An acrylic sheet is placed on a frame and clamped in place. A computer controlled router cuts grout lines in the acrylic sheet which simulates a tile pattern. The finished sheet having the tile pattern is cut and installed on a shower wall. Other designs can be stored in the computer and used to create different tile patterns using the same computer controlled router.

Abstract: A cut data generating device includes a control device which causes the generating device to acquire data indicating a pattern, to extract outlines of plural subpatterns contained in a design, to determine the number of layers associated with the number of sheets with respect to the extracted outlines, and to determine a sequence for stacking plural layers. The control device further causes the generating device to generate an integrated outline obtained by integrating the outline of first and second subpatterns contained in the extracted outlines, to specify the outline of the first subpattern on a first layer, to generate cut data for cutting the outline of the first subpattern from a first sheet associated with the first layer and for cutting the integrated outline from a second sheet associated with the second layer, and to output the generated cut data via the communication unit to the cutting apparatus.

Abstract: A control loop includes a process controller for controlling a field device in a process. A remote measurement transmitter measures a desired process variable and transmits the measured variable as a wireless measurement signal to a wireless interface unit on the controller side. The interface unit passes the received measurement signal, and a trigger signal indicating a reception of a new measurement, to an adaptive estimator. When triggered by a trigger signal from the wireless interface, i.e. when a new measurement value is received, the adaptive estimator outputs the new value measurement value to the process controller. Otherwise, between consecutive trigger signals, the adaptive estimator generates an estimated measurement value that gradually moves towards a setpoint according to a predetermined estimation algorithm or process.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes: an air-conditioning control unit; a data read and write unit; a data control unit; and an operation unit. The air-conditioning control unit controls air-conditioning running based on running information; the data read and write unit to which a storage medium configured to store therein data can be removably connected; the data control unit transfers the running information and the operation setting information transmitted from the air-conditioning control unit to the data read and write unit; and the operation unit can input the operation setting information for performing an operation of the air-conditioning running.

Abstract: A cutting apparatus includes a cutting unit including a cutting blade, a holding member having an adhesive layer on which an object to be cut is removably held, a wireless tag containing cutting information, a reading unit reading the cutting information from the wireless tag when the holding member has been set on the apparatus, and a control unit controlling the cutting unit based on the cutting information the reading unit has read from the wireless tag. The cutting information includes at least one of a relative moving speed between the blade and the object, a pressing force of the blade against the object and a correction amount which corrects a relative movement amount of the blade relative to the object. The cutting unit includes a pressing unit which presses the object held by the holding member, and the cutting information includes a pressing force of the pressing unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distributed energy services management are disclosed. A particular embodiment includes: receiving an input command via a network interface at a site gateway, the input command including information for controlling one or more physical devices at a site; converting, by use of a data processor, the input command to a virtualized command in a common command format; executing, by use of the data processor, one or more executor modules to cause execution of one or more corresponding virtual devices associated with the virtualized command; and using the executed one or more virtual devices to control the corresponding one or more physical devices at the site.

Abstract: Each of a plurality of tape feeders arranged in a component feed section includes a display part which displays setting information stored in a feeder storage part, an operation input part which displays the setting information in the display part and a modification process part which outputs a signal for modifying the setting information stored in a main body storage part and the feeder storage part in accordance with an input of a modification operation. The modification operation of the setting information can be carried out in a flexible form and with a good working property.

Abstract: In order to achieve an improved or optimized operation mode of an “expanded drying section” of a paper machine—having the “actual” drying section, separated, if applicable, into pre-drying and post-drying sections with a size press located therebetween, a steam and condensate system, an exhaust air heat recovery system, a wet press and the white water—a model that includes the above system components is proposed, with which mass and energy balances for the system components as well as the specific energy consumption of the drying section are calculated, based on values for parameters relevant for the drying process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control for a machine for producing paper padding material. The machine comprises a drive motor which transports sheets of paper through a shaping device. In this shaping device, the sheets of paper are shaped to paper padding material which is then cut to the desired length in a cutting device. The inventive control allows for an automatic memorization of a manually selected storage length.

Abstract: A film supplying apparatus includes: an upstream belt conveying unit and a downstream belt conveying unit that sequentially convey a label formed by cutting a label-forming base material, to a label delivery position; a label detection sensor that detects the label at an upper position of the downstream belt conveying unit; an encoder attached to a take-up spindle of a label delivery apparatus; and a control unit that calculates the amount of shift in the label on the basis of a label detection signal from the label detection sensor and a pulse signal from the encoder, and controls the operation of the downstream belt conveying unit conveying the label, so as to convey the label and stop the label at the label delivery position, while modifying the amount of shift.

Abstract: Provided are a cutting information determination method that can use a simpler process to improve yield, and a strip-shaped polarizing sheet manufacturing method using such a method, an optical display unit manufacturing method using such a method, a strip-shaped polarizing sheet, and a polarizing sheet material. A cutting position in the width direction A2, in which a polarizing sheet material MP is to be cut along its longitudinal direction A1, is determined based on the numbers of defects counted with respect to plural points in the width direction A2 of the polarizing sheet material MP. This makes it possible to determine the cutting position in such a way that a region with many defects does not fall within the cut width, so that a higher-yield cutting position can be determined. The cutting position can also be determined using a simple process in which defects are counted with respect to plural points in the width direction A2.

Abstract: In mill stands of a continuous rolling train, a product passes through the train is rolled such that the product upon leaving the train has predetermined final characteristics. To remove one of the stands, the mill stand to be removed is completely relieved of load according to a defined temporal load relieving sequence. Locally simultaneously with the load relieving, at least one other mill stand is placed under load according to a defined temporal loading sequence. The load-relieving and loading sequence are mutually adjusted to preserve the final product characteristics. A circumferential roll velocity is controlled until the stand has been completely relieved such that a discharge velocity corresponds always to a predetermined desired discharge velocity. After the complete load-relieving, a correspondence of the circumferential roll velocity to the desired discharge velocity is maintained and the working rolls are lifted off. The mill stand is then deactivated.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for controlling the registration of advancing substrates in absorbent article converting lines. The systems and methods may utilize feedback from technologies, such as vision systems, sensors, remote input and output stations, and controllers with synchronized embedded clocks to accurately correlate registration feature detections and substrate speed control on an absorbent article converting process. The systems and methods may accurately apply the use of precision clock synchronization for both instrumentation and control system devices on a non-deterministic communications network. In turn, the clock synchronized control and instrumentation network may be used to control the substrate speed. As such, the controller may be programmed to track registration features on substrates and components along the converting line without having to account for undeterminable delays.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for controlling the relative positions or phasing of advancing substrates and/or components in absorbent article converting lines. The systems and methods may utilize feedback from technologies, such as vision systems, sensors, remote input and output stations, and controllers with synchronized embedded clocks to accurately correlate component placement detections and placement control on an absorbent article converting process. The systems and methods may accurately apply the use of precision clock synchronization for both instrumentation and control system devices on a non-deterministic communications network. In turn, the clock synchronized control and instrumentation network may be used to control the substrate position. As such, the controller may be programmed to the relative positions of substrates and components along the converting line without having to account for undeterminable delays.

Abstract: Paper and continuous web scanners operate at varying and high temperature conditions. Regulating the temperature within the measurement gap between dual scanner heads during measurement and calibration modes of operation by employing air wipe and sheet guide temperature control assures consistent and accuracy sensor measurements of sheet characteristics. Air wipes blow pre-heated air into the measurement and the sheet guides are heated. The air temperature fluctuations that otherwise caused significant adverse effects on the sensors that measure, for example, the basis weight, ash content, and thickness of the moving sheet, are eliminated.

Abstract: A stretch film sleeve label applicator for separating a stretchable sleeve label from a web of such labels and applying the label to an item, such as a container, is disclosed. The applicator is particularly useful for applying high stretch labels to highly contoured containers. The applicator is configured to receive a series of labels in an elongated, continuous web of flat, 2-ply sleeve labels, open the continuous sleeve of labels, separate an individual label from a next successive label, stretch the label to permit its application to an item to be labeled, such as a container, and apply the label in an accurate and precise location on the container. The applicator comprises three primary components: a label feeding assembly, a label separating assembly and a label stretching assembly. Various embodiments of the label feeding assembly, label separating assembly and label stretching assembly are disclosed.

Abstract: A path of a cutter head of a laser cutting machine is modified to cut features according to a pattern from a material. A no-travel zone that the laser cutter avoids while performing lateral movements between cuts is specified. Locations of the path that cross the no-travel zones are also specified. The path is then modified such that all locations that violate the no-travel zone are removed so that the laser cutter detours around the no-travel zone when performing the lateral movements.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved buffering method for controlling excess fiber length (EFL) and reducing post-extrusion shrinkage in loose buffer tubes. In this way, the method yields first-quality loose buffer tubes not only during steady-state operation but also during ramping, thereby increasing production efficiency and reducing waste.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are set forth for controlling and actuator in a moving web manufacturing process. The method includes: (1) measuring a plurality of actuator profiles and in response generating nominal response models thereof; (2) generating a multivariable profile prediction based on the nominal response models; (3) generating a multivariable control target based at least one of the actuator profile; and (4) adjusting control of the actuator by minimizing error between the multivariable control target and the multivariable profile prediction.

Abstract: A method for regulating a web tension in a processing machine for processing a product web, in particular a shaftless printing press, includes separating a first product-web section from a second product-web section by a delay section. The web tensions in the first and second product-web sections are influenced by first and second actuators, respectively. To regulate the web tension in the first product-web section, the method further includes defining a regulation output value from which an actuating command for the first actuator is derived. An actuating command for the second actuator is defined from the regulation output value and a delay element to decouple the web tension in the second product-web section from the regulation of the web tension in the first product-web section. The delay element delays the effect of the regulation output value on the actuating command for the second actuator by a delay time.

Abstract: An adaptive assembly line for assembly of a continuous first web to a continuous or discontinuous second web. The assembly line includes a control device. The control devices includes a first camera arranged to take a first picture of the first web before assembly of the first web to the second web. The control device is arranged to use the first picture for determining the position of a first center line in the first web. The control device is arranged to use the first picture for controlling the position of the first web and/or the second web so that the first center line becomes aligned with a second center line comprised in the second web during assembly of the first web to the second web.

Abstract: A device for processing objects which are conveyed one after another in a continuous manner, or a quasi endless material web, includes tools revolving on a revolving path. In one variant of the device, the tools are controllably pivotable relative to the revolving path in a manner such that their pivot position is adapted in a controlled manner to the objects to be processed or the material web, independently of an orientation of the revolving path. In a further variant of the device, the device includes at least one drive, which are controllable in a manner such that the tools in groups or individually, may be driven simultaneously at different speeds on the revolving path. This, for example, is realized by way of two drives, wherein each second tool is coupled to the first drive, and the other tools to the second drive.

Abstract: A foreign matter detection unit detects an entry of an unexpected foreign matter that is other than the substrates by light transmitting optical sensors 7 having light projecting portions 7a and light receiving portions 7b at opening sections 3a, 3b formed in cover members 2 through which the substrates pass. By executing an emergency stop processing, when the entry of the foreign matter is detected at one of the opening sections, to stop the electronic component mounting apparatus that is adjacent to the opening section at which the entry of the foreign matter is detected, safety of the machine operators is properly ensured in check and confirmation works conducted at the time of machine troubles etc even in an electronic component assembling line in which the small-sized thin unit apparatuses are combined.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for correcting programming and optimizing treatment and/or subsequent treatment processes in technical installations, such as in the paper industry. The method and system carry an optimization suitable for treatment processes and for corresponding subsequent treatment processes according to a production plan defined by processing qualitative data and/or information related to the quality of at least one starting product of an advanced production stage.

Abstract: A curved composite aircraft frame comprises a multi-ply composite laminate having a generally Z-shaped cross section. At least certain of the laminate plies include unidirectional reinforcing fibers that are substantially tangent at substantially all points along the curvature of the frame.

Abstract: A method for tuning operation of servo motors includes selecting a plurality of discrete positions in a guillotine blade cycle for which to determine tuning coefficients, determining tuning coefficients at the discrete positions, interpolating tuning coefficients for positions between the discrete positions, and applying the determined and the interpolated tuning coefficients to the servo motor. The servo motors may be used in connection with a guillotine cutter for separating individual sheets from a continuous web. The guillotine cutter blade may be driven by a servo motor to cyclically lower and raise to transversely cut the web transported below the cutter blade.

Abstract: The invention provides a production management system and a production management method which are applied to an optical display device production system which can more precisely carry out a production management. A memory stores a panel information allocated per an optical display unit, and a roll information including a positional information of optical films in a material roll before the optical films bonded to the optical display unit are cut so as to coordinate. A position in the material roll before the optical films bonded to the optical display unit are cut is specified based on the panel information corresponding to the optical display unit of the optical display device determined by an inspecting apparatus that a defect exists, and the roll information coordinated to the panel information. If it is possible to recognize what position in what material roll the defect exists, as mentioned above, it is possible to carry out a production management more precisely.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating cut descriptive parameters in relation to digital cutting, by means of digital cutting machineries, of objects in a sheet material, said estimating apparatus comprising an input module enabling a user to provide object parameters to said estimating apparatus comprising geometric characteristics of said objects to be cut, a storage module for storage of information at least in relation to said digital cutting machineries and said sheet material, an estimating module for estimating said cut descriptive parameters by means of a data processor unit based on said object parameters provided by a user and the stored information relating to the digital cutting machineries and the sheet material, and an output module for presenting said cut descriptive parameters to said user, said cut descriptive parameters being estimated based on a correlation of said object parameters, said information in relation to said digital cutting machineries and said sheet material.

Abstract: Systems and methods for registering a web to an on-line pitched unit operation.

Abstract: A system for the characterization of webs that permits the identification of anomalous regions on the web to be performed at a first time and place, and permits the localization and marking of actual defects to be performed at a second time and place.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of a web composed essentially of a granulate and a polymer. In order for the web to have good suction against the substrate after it has been laid on a floor, the interstices between the granulate particles are not allowed to be filled with the polymer. According to the invention, this is brought about in that the polymer is applied to the top side of the granulate. After the polymer melts, the polymer seeps down through the granulate. By means of targeted control or regulation, this sinking process is influenced before the polymer reaches the underside of the web. The invention also comprises a sensor and the product as such.

Abstract: A method for creating a cutting plan for a strip-like material for maximizing a quality yield of the process is invented. In the method a cutting plan for a strip-like material is made based on end-product data, and the strip-like material is driven at a production speed in a manufacturing machine or in a finishing machine, and strip length data is recorded. A chart of the strip-like material characteristics is generated and stored in a memory. The recorded strip length data and the chart of the strip-like material characteristics is calibrated with calibration data in a winding process, and during a set change in the winding process the cutting plan for the strip-like material is optimized for maximizing a quality yield of the process based on the end-product data and the calibrated chart of the strip-like material characteristics, and a revised cutting plan is created from the optimization result.

Abstract: Rolls of prepared, and of unprepared materials, for use in a web-processing machine, are stored in a warehouse. Information that is used to anticipate consumption data for an impending production period, or anticipated consumption data, is supplied to a material flow system that includes implemented logic. A warehousing strategy is defined in a sub-process which uses the anticipated consumption data and a current inventory.

Abstract: Described herein is a system for controlling advance of a web material having characteristics of extensibility and comprising successive stretches of web for the production of respective articles, such as sanitary articles. In the passage from a delivery assembly to a treatment station functioning cyclically, the web material is subjected to extension. In order to ensure proper alignment of the individual articles with patterns or decorations provided thereon, the web must be fed to the treatment station in phase with the position reached by the treatment station within its operating cycle. A position sensor enables detection, for each stretch of web, of a real position of operation of the treatment station used for feeding the stretch of web itself to the treatment station with the aforesaid given phase relationship.

Abstract: A conversion control system is described for spatially synchronizing data gathered from a plurality of operations performed on a web. The conversion control system applies a set of fiducial marks to a web, performs a plurality of operations on the web, generates a first and a second set of digital information for first and second operations, respectively, in accordance with respective first and second coordinate systems using the set of fiducial marks such that the each of the sets of digital information includes position data for respective first and second sets of regions on the web. The conversion control system may then register the position data of the first set of regions and the position data for the second set of regions to produce aggregate data and outputting a conversion control plan.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for controlling the relative positions or phasing of advancing substrates and/or components in absorbent article converting lines. The systems and methods may utilize feedback from technologies, such as vision systems, sensors, remote input and output stations, and controllers with synchronized embedded clocks to accurately correlate component placement detections and placement control on an absorbent article converting process. The systems and methods may accurately apply the use of precision clock synchronization for both instrumentation and control system devices on a non-deterministic communications network. In turn, the clock synchronized control and instrumentation network may be used to control the substrate position. As such, the controller may be programmed to the relative positions of substrates and components along the converting line without having to account for undeterminable delays.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for controlling the registration of advancing substrates in absorbent article converting lines. The systems and methods may utilize feedback from technologies, such as vision systems, sensors, remote input and output stations, and controllers with synchronized embedded clocks to accurately correlate registration feature detections and substrate speed control on an absorbent article converting process. The systems and methods may accurately apply the use of precision clock synchronization for both instrumentation and control system devices on a non-deterministic communications network. In turn, the clock synchronized control and instrumentation network may be used to control the substrate speed. As such, the controller may be programmed to track registration features on substrates and components along the converting line without having to account for undeterminable delays.