Abstract: Systems and methods for optimizing energy distribution are disclosed. Exemplary embodiment may: receive a request for separating a grid sub-network from a greater grid network at a grid point of common coupling, and wherein the greater grid network comprises a first set of premises, a first set of energy resources, and a first set of premise points of common coupling; separate the grid sub-network, wherein the grid sub-network comprises a second set of premises, a second set of energy resources, and a second set of premise points of common coupling; distribute energy from the second set of energy resources to the second set of premises of the grid sub-network; receive a request to reintegrate the grid sub-network to the greater grid network; reintegrate the grid sub-network; and distribute energy from the first set of energy resources to the first set of premises of the greater grid network.

Abstract: A planning tool used to facilitate more efficient design of a central plant is configured to provide an advanced user interface. The user interface includes a symbol palette with selectable symbols that represent resource suppliers, subplants, energy loads, and resource storage devices associated with a central plant. The user interface allows users to drag these symbols onto a workspace and form various connections between the symbols. The user interface provides feedback to the user and prevents improper connections by evaluating user inputs according to a set of rules. The rules define valid relationships between the resource suppliers, subplants, energy loads, and resource storage devices. The user interface also allows users to specify equipment contained within the subplants. After a central plant model is created via the user interface, users can simulate operation of a central plant according to the model for planning, budgeting, and/or design considerations.

Abstract: A method includes detecting a fault in a grid coupled to a distribution power network, the distribution power network comprising a distribution feeder, a plurality of distributed energy resources (DERs) coupled to the distribution feeder and a reference point of applicability (RPA) associated with the plurality of DERs, and in response to detecting the fault, determining an error voltage at the RPA, converting the error voltage into an error signal, broadcasting the error signal to the plurality of DERs, and based on the error signal, reducing the error voltage at the RPA by injecting a plurality of currents from the plurality of DERs to the distribution feeder.

Abstract: An electric power system includes a generating unit, which includes a controller for controlling an operational mode of the generating unit. The electric power system also includes an event estimator communicatively coupled to the controller of the generating unit and a network estimator communicatively coupled to the event estimator. The network estimator includes a processor configured to receive status information associated with the electric power system, determine, based upon the status information, at least one characteristic of the electric power system, and transmit the at least one characteristic to the event estimator.

Abstract: Physical and/or financial instruments may optimally hedge the cash flow of one or more renewable energy generators based on a desired risk and return profile of renewable infrastructure investors. Baseline revenues may be determined based on forward-looking electricity market price scenarios corresponding to qualified market products intended for sale from the renewable energy generators. Risk and return metrics of cash flows of the renewable energy generators may be determined. At least one physical hedge and/or financial hedge may be added. The size and operation of the renewable energy generators along with any physical hedges, or financial hedges, or both physical and financial hedges, may be optimized across multiple market price scenarios of qualified market products to optimize investor-tailored risk and return utility functions.

Abstract: A system is disclosed comprising: a plurality of electronic measuring devices adapted to provide measurement data of a set of physical quantities; wherein the measurement data from each measuring device are characterized by at least one respective measuring characteristic; a data processing arrangement, configured to calculate at least two measurements for each physical quantity based on said measurement data; and further configured to select a best measurement for each physical quantity based on said measuring characteristics.

Abstract: A modular power conversion system. The modular power conversion system includes at least one first electric resource, a modular power stage, at least one second electric resource, and wherein the modular power stage comprising at last one module including power electronics for converting power between the at least one first electronic resource and the at least one second electric resource.

Abstract: An arrangement consisting of a motor vehicle, including a battery, a charging connection and a charging device connected between the battery and the charging connection, and a connector. A first coupling which is or can be connected to the charging connection of the motor vehicle, and a second coupling which is connectable to an energy sink for power transport from the motor vehicle to the energy sink. The connector is designed for providing at least one item of power transport information to the motor vehicle. The charging device is designed for evaluating the item of power transport information or one of the items of power transport information and for specifying the direction of the power transport between the battery and the charging connection depending on the result of the evaluation.

Abstract: A network edge device includes a local network interface, a remote network interface, a memory and a processor. The local network interface receives data from local data sources over a local network. The remote network interface communicates with a remote computer over a remote network. The processor receives a filter parameter set for each local data source from the remote computer. Each filter parameter set includes a data rate parameter and at least one of a minimum threshold parameter, a maximum threshold parameter or a change-of-value (COV) parameter. For each local data source, the processor compare each data value received from the local data source to at least one of the filter parameters, and sends the data value and subsequent data values to the remote computer at a data rate that is based on the data rate parameter.

Abstract: A method includes operating equipment to consume energy resources including energy or power purchased from a utility, and obtaining a block-and-index rate profile for a future time period. The block-and-index rate profile includes a block rate and a block size for each of a plurality of sub-periods in the future time period. The block size for a sub-period identifies an amount of energy or power priced at the block rate for the sub-period. The method also includes applying the block-and-index rate profile in an optimization process for the equipment over the time period, running the optimization process, and allocating energy resources to the equipment over the time period in accordance with a result of the optimization process.

Abstract: A charging processing system includes: a power supply facility that supplies CO2 free power; electrically powered vehicles that each perform CO2 free charging to charge an onboard power storage device using the CO2 free power supplied from the power supply facility; mobile terminals portable by users who own the electrically powered vehicles; and a server. The server issues a coupon to a user of an electrically powered vehicle in which the CO2 free charging is performed, the coupon being usable at a shop located around the power supply facility. The server includes: a storage device that stores user attribute information in which a user ID and an attribute of each user are associated with each other; and a control device that extracts a user who has a specific attribute by making reference to the user attribute information and that notifies coupon advance-notice information to the extracted user.

Abstract: An environmental control system of a building including a first building device operable to affect environmental conditions of a zone of the building by providing a first input to the zone. The system includes a second building device operable to independently affect a subset of the environmental conditions by providing a second input to the zone and further includes a controller including a processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to perform an optimization to generate control decisions for the building devices. The optimization is performed subject to constraints for the environmental conditions and uses a predictive model that predicts an effect of the control decisions on the environmental conditions. The processing circuit is configured to operate the building devices in accordance with the control decisions.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, methods, and related computer program products for managing demand-response programs and events. The systems disclosed include an energy management system in operation with an intelligent, network-connected thermostat located at a structure. The thermostat controls an HVAC system to cool the structure using a demand response event implementation profile over the demand response event period. The thermostat can also receive a requested change to the setpoint temperatures defined by the demand response event implementation profile and access a determination of an impact on energy shifting that would result if the requested change is incorporated into the demand response event implementation profile. This determination can be communicated to the energy consumer.

Abstract: An electrical wall plate includes at least one electrical device opening extending through the wall plate and a camera electrically connected to a power connector configured to electrically connect to an electrical device, when the electrical wall plate is mounted to the electrical device, and a corresponding of method of capturing video images is provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods for implementing an economic strategy such as a model predictive control (EMPC) strategy. An EMPC tool is configured to present to receive sinks and connections between central plant equipment. The EMPC tool also includes a data model extender configured to extend a data model to define new entities and/or relationships. The EMPC tool also includes a high level EMPC algorithm configured to generate an optimization problem and an asset allocator configured to solve the resource optimization problem in order to determine optimal control decisions used to operate the central plant.

Abstract: An optimization system for a central plant includes a processing circuit configured to receive load prediction data indicating building energy loads and utility rate data indicating a price of one or more resources consumed by equipment of the central plant to serve the building energy loads. The optimization system includes a high level optimization module configured to generate an objective function that expresses a total monetary cost of operating the central plant over an optimization period as a function of the utility rate data and an amount of the one or more resources consumed by the central plant equipment. The optimization system includes a demand charge module configured to modify the objective function to account for a demand charge indicating a cost associated with maximum power consumption during a demand charge period. The high level optimization module is configured to optimize the objective function over the demand charge period.

Abstract: A building management system includes one or more memory devices configured to store instructions thereon, that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to receive a publication by an agent on an agent communication channel, the publication comprising timeseries data, identify, based on the publication, an object entity of an entity database associated with the agent, wherein the entity database includes one or more object entities and relationships between the one or more object entities and one or more data entities, identify a data entity related to the object entity based on a relationship of the relationships relating the object entity and the data entity, and ingest the timeseries data into the data entity.

Abstract: A method for electrical charging of an energy storage of a motor vehicle at a motor vehicle external charger, wherein at least one charging constraint specified by a user of the motor vehicle specifically for the upcoming charging process of the energy storage is detected, and a charging current for the upcoming charging process is determined depending on the at least one charging constraint, and the charging process is performed depending on the determined charging current.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides system and method for determining optimal decision parameters for a demand response (DR) event involving a District Cooling Plant (DCP). Most of conventional DR event techniques address control of building-level energy consumption loads alone while in presence of District Cooling (DC) has not received much attention when a plurality of buildings are served by a District Cooling Plant (DCP). The disclosed system and method determine set points of optimal decision parameters of the plurality of buildings and the DCP, by conditioning and un-conditioning on the DCP parameters such that a thermal discomfort of occupants residing in the plurality of buildings is minimum and achieves a maximum target energy demand reduction during the DR event. The disclosed system and method work for hundreds of buildings and able to determine the optimal decision parameters for each building and the DCP efficiently.

Abstract: A prediction calculator uses a prediction model to determine a predicted value of an amount of power to be generated by a power generation apparatus and a predicted value of an amount of power to be consumed by an appliance. The predicted values are associated with accuracy information. An operation planner makes an operation plan using the predicted values determined by the prediction calculator, a user schedule included in user setting information, and an electricity rate table or weather forecast information. When the accuracy of the predicted value is lower than a predetermined reference, the operation planner makes the operation plan only using other information without using the predicted value.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method for performing energy analytics in a building management system. The method can include collecting respective data samples of one or more variables from building equipment during a first period of time and a second period of time. The method can include calculating a first plurality of values for one or more energy audit metrics based on the data samples collected during the first period of time and the second period of time. The method can include comparing the first plurality of values and second plurality of values. The method can include displaying, based on the comparison, at least one of the first plurality of values and/or at least one of the second plurality of values on a dashboard to facilitate adjustment of the one or move variables.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of monitored spaces. For each of at least a subset of the plurality of monitored spaces, the method includes associating a set of laboratory equipment with the monitored space, calculating an equipment utilization score for the monitored space based on resource consumption data for the set of laboratory equipment, calculating an occupancy utilization score for the monitored space based on occupant tracking data for the monitored space, and calculating a combined utilization score based on the equipment utilization score and the occupancy utilization score. The method also includes providing a graphical user interface comprising the combined utilization scores for the subset of the plurality of monitored spaces.

Abstract: A vehicle is configured to perform plug-in charging for charging a battery mounted in the vehicle with electric power supplied through a charging cable from a charging stand. The vehicle includes: an inlet to which a connector of the charging cable is connectable; and an ECU configured to control a supply current from the charging stand such that the supply current does not exceed a maximum allowable current. The ECU is configured to obtain specific information as to whether or not the charging stand is provided with a cooling mechanism for cooling the connector and the inlet. The ECU is configured to set the maximum allowable current to be higher when the charging stand is provided with the cooling mechanism than when the charging stand is not provided with the cooling mechanism.

Abstract: A driving system includes an engine an engine, a motor generator, a gear mechanism, and a controller. The gear mechanism couples the engine and the motor generator to each other. The gear mechanism includes first and second gears. The first and second gears are configured to be supplied with first driving torque from the engine and second driving torque from the motor generator, respectively. The second gear meshes with the first gear. The controller is configured to perform torque control of the engine to make a rate of variation in the first driving torque at the first gear at a time when the following conditional expression (1) is satisfied smaller than that at a time when the following conditional expression (1) is not satisfied. |T2?T1|<Th1??(1) T1 is the first driving torque, T2 is the second driving torque, and Th1 is a first threshold.

Abstract: The disclosed system provides an adaptive control system technique generally related to distributed energy resources (DERs) located in distribution circuits. More specifically, the system technique relates to a DER with both active and reactive generation capability. In an embodiment, the system measures a voltage phase angle and a current phase angle of distribution feeder circuit, and measures a voltage value output by a power converter. The system calculates an active power setpoint value and a reactive power setpoint value of the power converter based on the measured voltage value, and the measured voltage phase angle and current phase angle. The system then sets the active and reactive power setpoint values on the power converter. The disclosed system automatically adjusts the setpoints to real-time load characteristics of the distribution feeder circuit, increases distribution feeder hosting capacity, and enables DERs to integrate in distribution feeders more efficiently.

Abstract: A management device includes at least one processor communicatively coupled to at least one energy resource controller controlling at least one energy resource and to at least one deferrable load controller controlling power to at least one deferrable load. The is configured to receive an indication, determined based on a frequency value of an electrical network and a nominal frequency value, that a frequency anomaly event has occurred. Responsive to receiving the indication that the frequency anomaly event has occurred, the processor is also configured to determine, for at least one of the energy resource and the deferrable load, based on the frequency value, the nominal frequency value, and a power value of the electrical network, a respective power command, and cause at least one of the at least one energy resource and the at least one deferrable load to modify operation based on the respective power command.

Abstract: A static transfer switch is provided for supplying power to a load alternately from two different power sources. Switching between the two power sources may occur within a fraction of one electrical cycle. In response to sensing degraded performance in the power source supplying the load, a main circuit is turned off with a resonant turn off circuit. The resonant turn off circuit is shared between the main circuits of two different power sources such that the resonant turn off circuit is connected to the main circuit of whichever power source is currently supply power to the load.

Abstract: A virtual power plant is presented. A virtual power plant couples to one or more virtual power plant units that provide power and/or storage of power to a power grid. In some embodiments, a method of operating a virtual power plant includes receiving a request from a requester; determining whether the request can be performed by a set of units; reporting the result to the requester; and if a subsequent execution request is received from the requester, then executing the request.

Abstract: A device may receive a power demand for a load and a weather forecast for a time period. The device may determine a first supply of power available from a photo-voltaic (PV) installation for the time period based on the weather forecast. The device may determine a power deficit for the time period based on the power demand and the first supply of power. The device may determine a first cost associated with utilizing a second supply of power available from a battery and a second cost associated with utilizing a third supply of power available from an engine for the time period. The device may determine a power source to overcome the power deficit based on the first cost and the second cost and may cause the PV installation and the power source to supply power to satisfy the power demand for the load.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for automated capacity management using artificial intelligence techniques are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes obtaining image data pertaining to occupancy of a confined space; determining a level of occupancy in the confined space and one or more types of entities occupying the confined space by processing the image data using a first set of one or more artificial intelligence techniques comprising at least a first machine learning model; automatically determining one or more capacity management parameters with respect to the confined space by analyzing the determined level of occupancy and the one or more determined types of entities using a second set of one or more artificial intelligence techniques comprising at least a second machine learning model; and performing one or more automated actions based at least in part on the one or more determined capacity management parameters.

Abstract: Provided is a method for operating a wind farm having a plurality of wind energy installations or a wind energy installation for feeding electrical power into an electrical supply grid, comprising the steps of: feeding electrical power into the electrical supply grid, identifying a forecast power, which describes a power that can be fed in in a predetermined, future forecast period by the wind farm or the wind power installation, determining a reduction forecast power, which denotes, for the forecast period, a power by which the power fed in in the forecast period can be reduced, and supplying the reduction forecast power as negative control power, wherein the reduction forecast power is determined depending on the forecast power and depending on a controllable consumption power, wherein the controllable consumption power describes a power that can be consumed on demand in the forecast period by controllable consumers present in the wind farm or in the wind power installation.

Abstract: A computer system can be configured to: receive, in a low-precision mode, first status data generated by one or more sensors, the first status data reflecting technical parameters of a technical system, the first status data exhibiting a first precision level; apply a low-precision machine learning model to analyze the first status data for one or more indicators of an abnormal technical status, the machine learning model having been trained with data exhibiting the first precision level; send, based on an abnormal technical status being indicated, instructions for the one or more sensors to generate second status data exhibiting a second precision level, the second precision level being associated with greater accuracy than the first precision level; receive the second status data exhibiting the second precision level based on the sent instructions; providing the second status data to a data analyzer.

Abstract: Personal electronic devices are organized into a personal electronic device network. One of the personal electronic devices is designated as a device management hub. Based on contextual information from the personal electronic device network, a current activity of a user is predicted, and based on the predicted current user activity and the contextual information, one or more hierarchy is cognitively derived. The device management hub uses one of the hierarchy to contextually assign user input to one of the personal electronic devices for processing. Cognitively predicting the current user activity can include analyzing, by the device management hub, contextual information from the personal electronic devices.

Abstract: A controller is configured to obtain a cost function defining a cost of operating building equipment over a time period. The cost function includes a revenue term defining revenue to be obtained by operating the equipment to participate in an incentive program over the time period. The controller is configured to modify the cost function to account for an initial purchase cost of a new asset to be added to the equipment and an effect of the new asset on the cost of operating the equipment. The initial purchase cost of the new asset and the effect of the new asset on the cost of operating the equipment are functions of asset size variables. The controller is also configured to perform an optimization of the modified cost function to determine values for energy load setpoints, the asset size variables, and participation in the incentive program over the time period.

Abstract: A power-distribution-system management apparatus according to the present invention includes a communication unit that acquires an amount of insolation, which is a measurement value measured by a pyranometer, via a communication network, which is used to collect a measurement value of a smart meter that measures electric energy, and a meter-data management apparatus and a power-generation-amount estimating unit that estimates, on the basis of the amount of insolation, a power generation amount of each of two or more solar power generation facilities connected to a power distribution line of a high voltage system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating a power distribution system includes a power converter adapted to receive a power supply and convert the power supply to a power output, a set of solid state switching elements connected with the power output, a set of sensors adapted to sense a power demand at the set of solid state switching elements, and a controller module communicatively connected with the set of sensors and the set of solid state switching elements.

Abstract: A method for controlling the charging of one or more electric vehicles at one or more charging stations in a geographic locality includes determining if the charging event of an electric vehicle of the one or more electric vehicles increases a demand billing rate. The demand billing rate may be a cost per unit of energy in the locality. The method also includes charging the electric vehicle at the charging event such that the demand billing rate is not increased.

Abstract: Providing workload mobility between disparate execution environments, including: identifying, by a workload migration module, a workload executing in a first environment, wherein the workload includes a software application that is being executed and data that is accessed by the software application; identifying, by a workload migration module, a second environment for servicing the workload; and deploying, by a workload migration module, the workload in the second environment.

Abstract: A system for fault detection and diagnostics of equipment. The system may also be capable of disaggregation and/or virtual submetering of energy consumption by equipment, such as that of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting, and so forth, in a building. Vibration and current sensors, along with one or more algorithms, may be utilized for fault detection and diagnostics of equipment. Models may be developed to aid in deducing energy consumption of individual components of equipment, and the like, for a building.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for predicting the temporal course of a power requirement in a housing development comprising a plurality of power consumers and a common power supply that is subject to a temporally variable tariff. A prediction of the power consumption of the housing development for a future time period is continuously updated, each prediction of the power consumption using data of detected load profiles of the housing development in the time period having, a current prediction for the future time period being calculated on the basis of a previous prediction and a previously detected load profile The predictions and the detected load profiles are assigned characteristic variables, the predictions of which are known and which have an influence on the load profiles, and a current prediction for the future time period being calculated on the basis of a previous prediction and a previously detected load profile, each having the same characteristic variables.

Abstract: An energy storage system is provided. The energy storage system includes a battery, a power conversion system, and an energy management system configured to control the power conversion system to supply power to the power consumption system using at least one of a power received from an outside or a power charged in the battery. The energy management system estimates power consumption amounts of the power consumption system for each unit time period in a predetermined time period, a reference power amount based on the battery power charged in the battery and the power consumption amounts, and based on the power consumption amounts and the reference power amount, controls the power conversion system to supply power to the power consumption system using the external power and the battery power during the predetermined time period.

Abstract: Embodiments for fault diagnosis and analysis of refrigeration condenser systems by a processor. An energy usage anomaly is detected in a condenser by comparing an energy usage profile of the condenser against a knowledge domain of energy usage standards and energy usage standards anomalies.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory. The at least one processing device is configured to obtain a system of nonlinear equations characterizing a physical system, to construct a flexible embedded system from the system of nonlinear equations, wherein the flexible embedded system is configurable with any of a plurality of arbitrary reference states as respective starting points, to utilize the flexible embedded system to generate at least one output providing a solution to the system of nonlinear equations, and to establish one or more operating parameters of the physical system based at least in part on the output generated utilizing the flexible embedded system. The physical system is configured in accordance with the one or more established operating parameters. The physical system in some embodiments illustratively comprises an electric power system, an integrated circuit, or another type of electrical or electronic system or circuit.

Abstract: An energy management apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a storage unit for storing an operation schedule of the energy management apparatus; a sensing unit for detecting a control signal of at least one energy apparatus in a system including the energy management apparatus; and a control unit for determining whether temporary patterns pass a preset criterion by counting the temporary patterns corresponding to the detected control signal, and updating the operation schedule such that the temporary patterns are added on the basis of determination results.

Abstract: A building energy system includes equipment operable to consume, store, or generate one or more resources subject to a block-and-index rate structure. The building energy system includes a controller configured to obtain a cost function that represents a block of the resource(s) from the utility provider as being sourced from a first supplier at a fixed rate and a remainder of the resource(s) from the utility provider as being sourced from a second supplier at a variable rate. The controller is configured to optimize the cost function to generate values for one or more decision variables that indicate an amount of resource(s) to purchase, store, generate, or consume at each of a plurality of time steps, and control the equipment to achieve the values of the one or more decision variables at each of the time steps.

Abstract: Systems and methods for time use optimization are provided. One embodiment of a method includes determining time of use pricing data associated with purchase of energy from an energy provider, partitioning a predetermined amount of time into a plurality of segments, where the plurality of segments corresponds with the higher cost tier and the lower cost tier, and creating an energy set point schedule for setting a set point of a controllable device, where the energy set point schedule sets the set point of the controllable device to a predetermined value for each of the plurality of segments. Some embodiments include determining energy utilized by the controllable device during at least a portion of the energy set point schedule and iteratively altering the energy set point schedule, based on a comparison of the energy utilized and a current status of the energy set point schedule.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, techniques are provided for producing energy from one or more energy production sources. Energy consumption and energy production sources for an entity in a geographic location are analyzed. Sensor data based on the analysis of the entity is collected, wherein the sensor data includes crowdsourced sensor data. A model is generated based on the collected sensor data and the analysis of the entity, wherein the model includes optimization criteria for energy production. The model is utilized to determine an energy production source and energy production for the entity. Occurrence of a triggering event is detected, and the energy production source is adjusted based on the detected triggering event. The model is updated based on newly collected sensor data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for using a neural network to predict locations of feeders in an electrical power grid. One of the methods includes training a generative adversarial network comprising a generator and a discriminator; and generating, by the generator, from input images, output images with feeder metadata that represents predicted locations of feeder assets, including receiving by the generator a first input image and generating by the generator a corresponding first output image with first feeder data that identifies one or more feeder assets and their respective locations, wherein the one or more feeder assets had not been identified in any input to the generator.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a control method, device and system for a wind turbine. The control method includes: acquiring current working conditions of a power system, a yaw system and a communication system of the wind turbine when a typhoon warning signal is received; determining a target control strategy corresponding to the current working conditions according to a preset corresponding relationship between control strategies and working conditions of the power system, the yaw system and the communication system, wherein the control strategies may include an active windward strategy for controlling the yaw system to face typhoon wind direction, a controlled passive leeward strategy for controlling the yaw system to face opposite to the typhoon wind direction, and a passive leeward strategy for adjusting the yaw system to face opposite to the typhoon wind direction; and controlling the wind turbine by using the target control strategy.

Abstract: An energy storage system for a building includes a battery asset configured to store electricity and discharge the stored electricity for use in satisfying a building electric load. The system includes a planning tool configured to identify one or more selected functionalities of the energy storage system and generate a cost function defining a cost of operating the energy storage system over an optimization period. The cost function includes a term for each of the selected functionalities. The planning tool is configured to generate optimization constraints based on the selected functionalities, attributes of the battery asset, and the electric energy load to be satisfied. The planning tool is configured to optimize the cost function to determine optimal power setpoints for the battery asset at each of a plurality of time steps of the optimization period.