Abstract: The invention provides a remote controlled power switch including a line interface, a radiation-based receiver and a processor. The line interface is electrically connected in series to a power line. The radiation-based signal receiver functions as receiving a radiation-based signal and converting the radiation-based signal into an operative code. And, the processor controls, based on the operative code, the line interface to cut off or provide transmission of electric power transmitted through the power line.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and system for managing a power distribution network is provided. In one embodiment, the computer program product comprises a VARs management module configured to generate a command configured to cause a capacitor bank to connect to the power distribution network; a voltage management module configured to receive voltage data derived from a measurement of a power line of the power distribution network and to output an alert if the voltage data is beyond a threshold; a measurement module configured to generate a request for measurement data that comprises data of a measurement of one or more electrical parameters of the power distribution network; and a power outage management module configured to output data of a location of a power outage of the power distribution system.

Abstract: An electrical power management system includes a power intervening panel having a low voltage power supply having a low voltage output electrically coupled to a low voltage circuit, a low voltage common and a power load input, a power module array having a plurality of power contactor modules wherein each of the plurality of power contactor modules has a power contactor with a power load input and a power load output switchable between a closed and an open position and a low voltage switch operably connected to the power contactor for switching the power contactor between the closed and the open position, a low voltage signal relay module having a plurality of signal couplings wherein a primary coupling is a low voltage signal output connected to the low voltage power supply for transmitting a low voltage output signal to one of a direct digital controller and a digital timer and wherein a secondary coupling is a low voltage signal input for receiving the low voltage output signal from one of the direct digit

Abstract: Electronic equipment includes a fuel cell for supplying electrical power. A power source switch controls supply of power to the electronic equipment. A voltage check unit compares a voltage of the fuel cell with a reference voltage and generates a voltage depleted signal when such voltage is below the reference voltage. A control unit measures from a time when the supply of power of the fuel cell to the electronic equipment is stopped to a time when the supply of the power of the fuel cell to the electronic equipment is started, and controls the voltage check unit to operate according to a first reference voltage if the measured time is shorter than a predetermined time. If the measured time is longer than the predetermined time, the voltage check unit is controlled to operate according to a second reference voltage.

Abstract: A wind farm in which electrical power produced in the wind farm is transported via a wind-farm-internal network to a substation. Upon being transferred to an external network, the electrical power is transformed to a voltage which is higher by a selectable step-up ratio than the voltage in the wind-farm-internal network. The electrical load level on a wind energy installation in the wind farm is determined, and the step-up ratio is adjusted as a function of the electrical load level. Accordingly, it is possible to influence the voltage in the wind-farm-internal network such that the wind energy installations are subject to a lower electrical load level.

Abstract: A method for controlling at least one load connected to a primary and a backup power supply having sensor for sensing a voltage on the primary power supply with a first voltage sensor; sensor for sensing a voltage on the backup power supply with a second voltage sensor and implementing a control algorithm in a controller to augment power from said primary power supply with power from the backup power supply in response to an input from the first and second voltage sensors and an input from at least one external sensor wherein the algorithm controls a switch between the at least one load and the primary and backup power supplies.

Abstract: An efficient solar powered irrigation controller system is disclosed with methods for implementing and operating the system. In a solar powered irrigation system, an irrigation controller is configured to deliver a predetermined alternating current voltage to a plurality of solenoid valves for activating the valves. A photovoltaic system is electrically coupled to the irrigation controller and supplies the predetermined alternating current voltage, rather than 110 VAC line voltage, thereby eliminating the necessity for step-down transformer in the controller. The scheduling of the watering duration in the irrigation cycles is predicated on the amount of solar radiation received at the site, in conjunction with the solar cells in the photovoltaic system, thereby lowering the power consumption of the controller and the plurality of solenoid valves corresponding with solar radiation received at the solar cells.

Abstract: The vehicle-use power supply apparatus includes an alternator driven by an engine mounted on a vehicle to generate electric power in accordance with a command value, a battery electrically connected to the alternator to be charged by the alternator, and connected to electrical loads mounted on the vehicle to apply a power supply voltage to the electrical loads. The vehicle-use power supply apparatus further includes a first function of determining, as a power generation cost, an increase amount of fuel which the engine consumes for the alternator to generate electric power, and a second function of transmitting the command value to the alternator, the second function being configured to determine the command value on the basis of the power generation cost determined by the first function such that a change rate of the power supply voltage does not exceed a predetermined limit value.

Abstract: Control systems and methods for operating the doors of an elevator where the control logic is distributed in local car and landing door controllers that communicate wirelessly with one another to eliminate door control signal wiring in the hoistway thereby simplifying installation and diagnostics and affording door motor control that is individualized for each door.

Abstract: An auto-compensation method for compensating power regulators configured to generate a regulated output voltage. Auto-compensation may be performed dynamically by determining various coefficients of a compensation function used in compensating the power regulator, based on assumptions about the structure of the regulator and corresponding filters. The method may be used to determine at least the DC loop gain and the position of the compensation zeros, without requiring any prior knowledge of the values of the various components of the system. Furthermore, the selection of the compensation parameters (loop gain, position of zeroes) may be based on measurement of various state variables of the actual power converter, and adjustment of the various coefficients of the compensation function according to the measurements. Since no power-plant model of the power regulator is used, inaccuracies that would be inherent using any method that employs a model of the system instead of the system itself may be eliminated.

Abstract: Tuning a switching power supply, the power supply including a switching transistor; a filter circuit; a pulse generator that drives the switching transistor; a programmable filter connected to the output of the filter circuit; a digital signal processor (‘DSP’) connected to the output of the filter circuit, the DSP configured to program the programmable filter; and a tuning control circuit connected to the output of the filter circuit, to the pulse generator, and to the DSP; including calculating by the DSP, from sampled voltage values of a tuning pulse driven through the filter circuit by the pulse generator, the actual impedance of the filter circuit; and programming, by the DSP, the programmable filter, setting the combined impedance of the filter circuit and the programmable filter to the design impedance of the filter circuit.

Abstract: A microcontroller for controlling an actuator includes a single wire controller configured to receive data and power from a base station through a single wire bus, where the single wire bus is part of a power and signal cable configured to connect the microcontroller to the base station. The microcontroller also includes a peripheral interface controller (PIC) microcontroller configured to transmit data signals to and receive data signals from the single wire controller, where the PIC microcontroller is configured to receive reduced voltage level from a power wire of the power and signal cable, to measure the voltage level and to communicate the measured voltage level to the base station through the single wire bus.

Abstract: A method and a control unit for controlling a power level being drawn from a power source (26). Based on a determined rate of change of a measured voltage (1) an estimated remaining runtime is calculated. The estimated remaining runtime represents a time where specific run criteria will no longer be fulfilled if the present power level is maintained. The estimated remaining runtime is compared to a threshold value, and in case the estimated remaining runtime is shorter than the threshold value, the power drawn from the power source (26) is decreased. Thereby the runtime for the power source (26) is maximised. This is particularly useful if the power source is a limited power source, such as a battery (26), e.g. for running a compressor (27) for a movable refrigeration system (24). The invention is suitable for automotive applications.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention may include systems and methods for controlling power in renewable solar energy sources. According to an example embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for controlling a renewable energy solar farm, where the farm may include one or more renewable energy sources. The method may include measuring aggregate energy output of the renewable energy solar farm and measuring individual source energy output of the one or more renewable energy sources. The method may also include controlling energy production from the one or more renewable energy sources via a controller based at least in part on the measured aggregate energy output and the measured individual source energy output, where the controller facilitates communications with the one or more renewable energy sources.

Abstract: Provided are a novel distribution automation system and its voltage control method, which can supply a stable voltage to a user by properly adjusting the settings of a control device so as to compensate for reactive power at each load terminal.

Abstract: A system for connecting an electric vehicle to a Level I or Level II power source. The system including an electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) having an electrical plug compatible with a Level I or Level II power outlet, the plug connected to a power cord. The power cord is connected to a housing containing a number of electrical components configured to control the power flow to an electric vehicle to recharge the vehicle's batteries, via either Level I or Level II. The power cord extends from the housing and is connected to a standard electric vehicle connector compatible with battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The EVSE further includes safety measures, such as a relay that controls the flow of power to the vehicle connector and a ground fault interrupter, to protect users from high voltage electric shocks.

Abstract: A Substation Automation (SA) system in high or medium voltage power networks is provided for determining a bus bar voltage at a first node. The disclosure replaces a ‘real’ voltage transformer with an intelligent electronic device (IED) and/or a ‘virtual’ voltage transformer (VT), which determines the bus bar voltage at the first node from a first bay connected to the first node. The IED receives network message from a second IED of the SA system, indicating the bay voltage of the first bay connected to the first node. The IED also receives switch status of the switching device arranged between the first bay and the first node, from a third IED. Depending upon the switch status, the IED establishes the bay voltage as the bus bar voltage at the first node.

Abstract: A system for connecting an electric vehicle to a high voltage power source. The system including an electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) having an electrical plug compatible with a high voltage power outlet, the plug connected to a power cord. The power cord is connected to a housing containing a number of electrical components configured to control the power flow to an electric vehicle to recharge the vehicle's batteries. The power cord extends from the housing and is connected to a standard electric vehicle connector compatible with battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The EVSE further includes safety measures, such as a relay that controls the flow of power to the vehicle connector and a ground fault interrupter, to protect users from high voltage electric shocks.

Abstract: In a power generating system the remanent voltage of an induction machine is measured. The frequency of the remanent voltage is compared to a predetermined threshold. When the frequency of the remanent voltage is greater than the predetermined threshold the induction machine is connected to the power grid. Induction machine is disconnected from power grid once generated power drops below a predetermined threshold. Once the induction machine is disconnected, it is prevented from being reconnected to the power grid until a predetermined time period elapses.

Abstract: In a method for controlling a Voltage Source Converter having at least one phase leg comprising a series connection of switching elements, in which each said element has at least two semiconductor devices of turn-off type, at least two free-wheeling diodes connected in parallel therewith and at least one energy storing capacitor, each said switching element is controlled according to a Pulse Width Modulation pattern so that each switching element is switched to change between applying a zero voltage and the voltage across its capacitor across its terminals each time a saw tooth voltage wave for that switching element crosses a reference alternating voltage belonging to that switching element.

Abstract: A power management system includes a plurality of monitors, communicatively coupled together over a communications medium. Each respective monitor of the plurality of monitors is configured to capture power factor (PF) data at a corresponding distribution segment for calculation of a PF correction.

Abstract: Regulation of a remote load center voltage from a local location of a voltage regulator and a voltage regulator control using voltage measurements from the remote load center obtained using a metering device at the load center in communication with the voltage regulator control. The metering device may obtain remote voltage information at the load center and communicate such to the voltage regulator control using a direct communications line, a wide area network, or the like. The communications may include electrical (e.g. copper cable), light (e.g. infrared over fiber optics), radio frequency, or the like. The voltage regulator control may be configured to use local measurements and a line drop compensation algorithm in the event that the remote voltage information becomes unavailable.

Abstract: A power supply device comprises a capacitance (Ca) consisting of an overhead power line (100) and an electrode (20) extending in the longitudinal direction of the overhead power line (100) via an insulator (30), an inductance (La) connected in parallel with the capacitance (Ca), and an output portion (50) led out from both ends of a parallel circuit including the capacitance (Ca) and the inductance (La). The parallel circuit is operated as a parallel resonant circuit and power is supplied from the output portion (50), thereby obtaining a compact and simple structure and improving power supply efficiency to a load as compared with a conventional power supply device.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling a TCSC disposed on a high voltage line of an electrical transmission network. The system comprises: (a) a voltage measuring module; (b) a current measuring module; (c) a regulator, working in accordance with a non-linear control law to receive on its input the output signals from the two modules for measuring voltage and current, and a reference voltage corresponding to the fundamental of the voltage which is to obtained across the TCSC; (d) a module for extracting the control angle in accordance with an extraction algorithm; and (e) a module for controlling the thyristors (T1, T2) of the TCSC, and for receiving a zero current reference delivered by a phase-locked loop which gives the position of the current.

Abstract: A drive system for operation of a tap changer for voltage regulation of a transformer on load. An electric motor is connectible to a movable part of the tap changer for moving the movable part for carrying out a tap change operation. An electric converter connects an electric power supply to the electric motor. A control arrangement is adapted to control the electric converter for controlling the operation of the motor and by that of the tap changer.

Abstract: A power supply device for plasma processing, wherein electric arcs may occur, comprises a power supply circuit for generating a voltage across output terminals, and a first switch connected between the power supply circuit and one of the output terminals. According to a first aspect the power supply device comprises a recovery energy circuit connected to the output terminals and to the power supply circuit. According to a second aspect the power supply device comprises an inductance circuit including an inductor and a second switch connected parallel to the inductor. According to a third aspect the power supply device comprises a controller for causing the power supply circuit and the first switch to be switched on and off. The controller is configured to determine a quenching time interval by means of a self-adaptive process. The quenching time interval defines the time interval during which, in an event of an arc, no voltage is generated across the output terminals.

Abstract: The method determines the optimal settings for the controllable taps ut of voltage regulating transformers and the capacitor bank switches uc in a distribution network. Var optimization is calculated with the controllable tap settings ut fixed at an initial value, or the best value found so far, to output an optimized set of control settings uc. Voltage optimization is calculated with the control settings uc fixed at the best solution found so far, to output an optimal set of control settings ut. Using an objective function, system performance is evaluated using the optimal set of control settings ut and uc and repeating the steps until either the control values ut and uc do not change from one iteration to the next, the objective function value does not change or if the new objective function value is greater than the last. The control values ut and uc are then output to a distribution control system.

Abstract: A method for controlling output from a photovoltaic array comprises changing electrical connections between photovoltaic panels in the array in response to changes in parameters related to a selected power transfer objective. Examples of power transfer objectives include matching array impedance to changes in electrical load impedance, outputting power at a maximum power point value, and maintaining array output voltage within the input voltage range of an inverter during changes in temperature, illumination, or other parameters affecting photovoltaic panel output. Photovoltaic panels adapted for reconfigurable electrical connections to other photovoltaic panels, referred to as intelligent nodes, are electrically interconnected according to the disclosed method in combinations of serial and parallel circuits selected according to measured and calculated values of parameters related to the selected power transfer objective.

Abstract: A method of performing loadflow calculations for controlling voltages and power flow in a power network by reading on-line data of given/specified/scheduled/set network variables/parameters and using control means, so that no component of the power network is overloaded as well as there is no over/under voltage at any nodes in the network following a small or large disturbances.

Abstract: A method for the operation of a wind farm having two or more wind energy plants, which has a farm control which presets a desired value for an electric variable of the wind farm which has to be generated, wherein the farm control calculates an average increase of the real values of the electric variable for at least one time interval continuously, and compares it with a maximum value for the increase of the electric variable in the respective time interval, the farm control determines a proposal of a desired value for each predetermined time interval, based on a real value of the electric variable which was averaged continuously over the time interval, and in the case that the average increase in the at least one time interval is smaller than the maximum value in the corresponding time interval, the farm control determines a new desired value of the electric variable of the wind farm, with a selection of the desired value as the smallest of several proposals for a desired value.

Abstract: A system, device and method for regulating the voltage at a customer premises that is supplied power via a first medium voltage power line is provided. In one embodiment, the method of using a computer system comprises determining medium voltage (MV) data comprising data of the voltage supplied to the first medium voltage power line at a plurality of times, storing the MV data for each of the plurality of times in a memory, determining current data comprising data of a current supplied to the medium voltage power line at the plurality of times, storing the current data at each of the plurality of times in memory in association with the voltage data of the same time.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for managing an application of power with a power generator to a load, the apparatus comprising a power generator configured to apply power to the load; a controller coupled to the power generator, the controller configured to control a plurality of parameters to optimize operational performance of the power system in response to indicia of operational performance of the power system; and a performance assessor, coupled to the power generator and coupled to the controller, the performance assessor configured to provide the indicia of operational performance of the power system to the controller, where the indicia of the operational performance are relative to a plurality of metrics indicative of operational efficiency of the power system.

Abstract: A power control apparatus is disclosed. The power control apparatus includes a temperature sensor, a level-controlling unit, a reset unit and a first voltage converter. The temperature sensor is for sensing an operation temperature of a computer system and accordingly outputs a sensing signal. The level-controlling unit is for deciding whether or not to output a control voltage according to the sensing signal. The reset unit is for producing a reset signal according to a plurality of reference voltages generated by dividing the power voltage and using the control voltage to adjust the levels of the reference voltages. The first voltage converter is for producing a start signal according to the reset signal, wherein the start signal is for enabling the embedded controller.

Abstract: A refrigerator and a method of operating the same are disclosed. In the refrigerator and the method of operating the same, a voltage of an electric power input is measured and rectified through the half wave rectification or the full wave rectification in correspondence with the measured voltage, so that the refrigerator can be used without a voltage converting device when a voltage of the input power is changed. Therefore, the change or the modification of the circuit is not needed in order to use the refrigerator in other regions. Since components are compatible and utility of the components is improved, manufacturing costs can be reduced.

Abstract: A power management apparatus for a hybridized energy device includes a hybridized energy device including a plurality of units. The units include electrical energy storage and/or gathering cells, in series or in parallel to form a module. A plurality of the modules in series or in parallel form a pack. The power management apparatus also includes a central management apparatus (CMA) interconnecting a plurality of module management apparatus (MMAs) by means of either wired or wireless connections and a plurality of MMAs. Each MMA interconnects with a plurality of unit management apparatuses by means of either wireless or wired communication circuits. The power management apparatus further includes a plurality of units management apparatuses (UMAs), each wired, connected with, or deposited on a unit. Furthermore, the power management apparatus includes a rechargeable battery power source for a CMA, a plurality of MMAs, and a plurality of UMAs.

Abstract: A lower limit value setting unit (52) variably sets a lower limit value (Vth) of a target voltage (Vh*) in a range of a voltage that is higher than the maximum value of voltages (Vb1, Vb2) of power storage devices and is not affected by a dead time provided for converters, based on temperatures (Tb1, Tb2) and required electric powers (Pb1*, Pb2*). A maximum value selection unit (53) sets the maximum value among the voltages (Vb1, Vb2) of the power storage devices and required voltages (Vm1*, Vm2*) of motor-generators, as the target voltage. A target voltage limiting unit (54) compares the target voltage with the lower limit value (Vth), and if the target voltage is lower than the lower limit value (Vth), the target voltage limiting unit (54) sets the lower limit value (Vth) as the target voltage (Vh*).

Abstract: A power system may comprise two or more transformers operating in parallel. A voltage differential may exist between the transformers, which may create a circulating current in the power system. The system voltage of the power system may be modified by performing a tap change operation on one or more of the transformers. The tap change operation may be configured to minimize the circulating current. The circulating current may be minimized by determining the bias between the transformers using an angular difference between the transformer currents. The angular difference may be calculated using time-aligned measurement data. A tap change operation configured to modify the system voltage, while minimizing circulating current, may be determined using the transformer bias.

Abstract: An intelligent auxiliary power supply system for supplying power to a load such as a furnace or air handler using a rechargeable power source. An intelligent controller determines appropriate periods for switching to auxiliary power, thus allowing the user to realize increased energy related cost savings. A plurality of sensors including a current transducer, an indoor and outdoor temperature sensor, and a clock transmit information to the intelligent controller. Implementing user configured algorithms, the intelligent controller continuously compares information transmitted from said sensors and said load, to information inputted by the user via an electronic device to determine the appropriate power configuration. A remote electronic device may also be connected to the system, allowing the user to control the system while not in close proximity to said system and also allowing the user's energy provider to send requests to switch to auxiliary power.

Abstract: There is provided a digital controller which can reduce a variation in output voltage as compared to the conventional digital controller at the time of abrupt changes in load and in input of a power amplifier. The digital controller is built in the power amplifier for supplying an output voltage vo to a load and is equipped with a manipulated variable calculating unit which detects the output voltage vo to calculate a manipulated variable ?1 and a signal generating unit which converts the manipulated variable ?1 into a signal for making the power amplifier operate. A feedforward function from an equivalent disturbance qy caused by the variation in the load is replaced by a feedback function from the output voltage vo and the manipulated variable ?1, thereby allowing a transfer characteristic from the disturbance qy to the output voltage vo to result in a quadratic differential characteristic.

Abstract: A voltage regulation optimization (VRO) system receives inputs from a DCS or other distribution network control/monitoring system. The VRO then calculates optimized control commands for various network devices including the controllable taps of voltage regulating transformers.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention may include systems and methods for controlling power in renewable solar energy sources. According to an example embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for controlling a renewable energy solar farm, where the farm may include one or more renewable energy sources. The method may include measuring aggregate energy output of the renewable energy solar farm and measuring individual source energy output of the one or more renewable energy sources. The method may also include controlling energy production from the one or more renewable energy sources via a controller based at least in part on the measured aggregate energy output and the measured individual source energy output, where the controller facilitates communications with the one or more renewable energy sources.

Abstract: A system, method and device for controlling the voltage supplied to a customer premises that is supplied power from a substation via a power distribution network is provided and wherein a resident of the customer premises obtains internet access service via an internet access network. In one embodiment, the method includes measuring a voltage at an electrical outlet of the customer premises to provide voltage data with the device, determining whether the measured voltage is beyond a threshold voltage with the device or a remote computer, transmitting the voltage data over the internet access network of the customer premises to the remote computer from the device, and adjusting a voltage supplied to the power distribution network by the substation if the voltage is beyond a threshold voltage.

Abstract: A voltage control arrangement for a system of multiple windfarms with transmission lines. Voltage is regulated at a point of regulation on the system, such as a high voltage substation or other system bus. Regulation is achieved at the point of regulation by sensing the voltage, comparing to a reference voltage, and adjusting the reactive power output of the wind turbines and other equipment in the system. The regulation point may be shifted to another point if needed to respect voltage limits at that points of the system after attempting to shift reactive load to restore voltage within limits at the other points in the system. The reference voltage may be adjusted to minimize losses for the system of multiple windfarms and transmission lines. A loss optimizing algorithm is applied to the combined multiple windfarm and transmission line to shift reactive load among local windfarms to minimize losses and to shift reactive load among individual wind turbines within an individual windfarm.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing subsynchronous resonance phenomena in a power transmission system. A determining arrangement determines components of the voltage from stator windings of a generator with one or more discrete frequencies. A calculating arrangement calculates, on a basis of the result of the determining, a voltage to be added to the voltage from the stator windings for reducing phenomena in the power system and an arrangement adapted to add the voltage calculated to the voltage from the stator windings.

Abstract: Disclosed are a system and method with a cooperative control algorithm that can appraise voltage stability of a power system in cooperation with a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)/emergency management system (EMS) for cooperative control on multiple parallel flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) to enhance voltage stability, and that can calculate individual operation points of the FACTS.

Abstract: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) includes a plurality of UPS modules. Each of the UPS modules has a battery that provides power to a protected load in the event of a utility power failure. A plurality of controllers control how much power each of the batteries deliver to the protected load, and a communication bus allows the controllers to exchange information about the battery voltages. One of the controllers calculates the average battery voltage of the plurality of batteries and adjusts the amount of energy provided by an individual battery such that the battery voltage is about equal to the average battery voltage.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to systems, devices and methods for the efficient use of utilities, more particularly to the distribution and provision of electricity supply at appropriate voltages, monitoring and usage by end devices, and to facilitating consumers in changing their energy usage behaviour, and to adopt and easily install appropriate sustainable, energy efficient or renewable technologies. Said end devices typically including traditional electric, electronic and lighting appliances requiring AC or DC power provision or low voltage DC power via AC/DC converters.

Abstract: A method for monitoring operation of a rapper in an electrostatic precipitator using a rapper control system is described. The method includes determining model electrical characteristics of the rapper. The model electrical characteristics of the rapper correspond to model mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper. The method also includes storing data corresponding to the model electrical characteristics and the model mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper, determining actual electrical characteristics of the rapper, and comparing the actual electrical characteristics of the rapper to the stored model electrical characteristics to determine actual mechanical operating characteristics of the rapper.

Abstract: A method and model for evaluating transmission ultracapacitor response in a power system. The method includes the steps of implementing a transmission ultracapacitor model into power system simulation software, simulating a desired condition of a power system, and determining a desired output power of a transmission ultracapacitor to define a control setpoint. The method further includes the steps of determining the transmission ultracapacitor limit, such that the desired output power does not exceed the transmission ultracapacitor limit, responding to the condition by adjusting output according to the control setpoint, and using the output in conjunction with other elements in the power system to determine an overall system response.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus provide an accurate time constant for electroporation. A model voltage function is created (analog, digital, or combination) to provide a model voltage having the desired time constant. A voltage is applied to the sample. A comparing circuit compares the output voltage, which may be attenuated, to the model voltage and provides an output control signal. This output signal is used to modify a resistance in parallel with the sample, thereby altering the output voltage to approximate the model voltage, which has the desired time constant. In one aspect, the control signal may be used to turn on and off a transistor that is in series with a resistor in order to modify the parallel resistance.