Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of methods and corresponding hardware and software that are configured to illuminate or image the permeability field around or near a well that is to be fracked, both prior to fracking and after various fracking stages. The methods and corresponding hardware and software disclosed herein permit the progress of the fracking operation to be monitored at different stages.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of methods and corresponding hardware and software configured to permit the vicinity around and/or near a well to be imaged, where the well is being subjected to, or has been subjected to, fracking operations. The methods and corresponding hardware and software permit the generation of images of near-well fractures or faults resulting from the fracking.

Abstract: A method for analyzing characteristics of a geological formation includes obtaining at a processor data representative of at least one of stratigraphic, structural, or physical characteristics of the geological formation, applying at the processor a wavelet transform to at least a portion of the obtained data or data interpreted or derived from the obtained data to derive one or more wavelet transform coefficients representative of the obtained data, segmenting at the processor at least one or more of the obtained data or data interpreted or derived from the obtained data into segments, determining at the processor a measure of variability of the obtained data or the data interpreted or derived from the obtained data over each segment at one or more scales of the wavelet transform.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for substantially eliminating the influence of internal multiples when seismic mapping under-water geographical areas of interest without a priori knowledge of subsurface information. The system and method iteratively locate multiple-generating horizons for predicting internal multiples and uses a lower-higher-lower relationship between the multiple generating horizons. The system and method provide an appropriate and cost-effective means for internal multiple attenuation without subsurface information.

Abstract: Numerical simulations of elastic wave propagation algorithms are critical components for seismic imaging and inversion. Finite-difference schemes yield good efficiency but cannot ensure the accuracy of the high frequency component. Pseudo-spectral algorithms are accurate up to the Nyquist frequency, but its efficiency depends on the optimization of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The conventional FFT algorithms are optimized for signal processing, in which problems are generally one dimensional time series. For 3D wave propagation, FFT algorithms have the potential to be further optimized. Under current computer hardware architecture, a vectorization scheme for high dimensional FFTs is presented. Compared to conventional numerical scheme implementations, the systems and methods disclose herein has the best performance on the slowest or higher dimensions of data.

Abstract: Computing device and method for determining primary and ghost components from S-waves recorded in near-surface conditions, wherein the S-waves are refracted or reflected from a structure in a subsurface. The method includes a step of receiving seismic data (R, V) with regard to the S-waves, wherein the seismic data includes vertical and radial components recorded with a buried three-component receiver; a step of calculating with a processor a primary component (P) and a ghost component (G) from the vertical and radial components; and a step of computing an image of a subsurface based on the primary and ghost components (P, G). The S-waves form a plane wave.

Abstract: Computing device, computer instructions and method for denoising marine seismic data recorded with first and second seismic sensors. The method includes receiving first seismic data recorded with the first sensor in a time-space domain; receiving second seismic data recorded with the second sensor in the time-space domain, calculating with a processor models of the first and second seismic data in a transform domain that is different from the time-space domain; calculating in the transform domain an energy related to a down-going energy based on the models of the first and second seismic data; determining a noise in the transform domain corresponding to the second seismic data based on the calculated energy; reverse transforming the noise from the transform domain into the time-space domain; and denoising the second seismic data by subtracting the noise in the time-space domain from the second seismic data.

Abstract: A method for processing seismic data. The method may include receiving seismic data due to a plurality of seismic sources and applying a first operator to the seismic data to generate a first estimate of seismic data. The method may then include applying a second operator to the first estimate of seismic data to generate residual seismic data due to one or more seismic sources. The method may determine a second estimate of seismic data based on the first estimate and the residual seismic data. The method may then process the second estimate of seismic data due to each seismic source to determine the presence of hydrocarbon deposits in a subterranean area of the earth.

Abstract: A system for measuring geological data is disclosed. The system includes several transceivers distributed over a geographical area. Each of the transceivers has at least one transmitter and at least one receiver. The transceivers are in communication with each other. The receivers are adapted to measure at least one electrical signal. The transmitters are adapted to inject an electrical current into a subsurface area. The transmitters operate simultaneously to inject the electrical current into the subsurface area simultaneously from a number of locations.

Abstract: A technique includes decomposing a signal that is derived from a seismic acquisition into a plurality of signals such that each signal is associated with a different frequency band. For each signal of the plurality of signals, the technique includes performing the following: decomposing the signal into subbands in successive stages, where the subbands are associated with at least different frequency ranges of the signal; selectively applying adaptive noise attenuation in between the successive stages such that the stages decompose noise-attenuated subbands; and reconstructing the signal from the subbands resulting from the decomposition. The technique includes combining the reconstructed signals.

Abstract: A system and computer program product for seismic imaging implements a seismic imaging algorithm utilizing Reverse Time Migration (RTM) and Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) techniques requiring large communication bandwidth and low latency to convert a parallel problem into one solved using massive domain partitioning. Since in RTM and FWI, the forward wave propagation is iteratively calculated on time step increments, there are very high statistical correlation between the intermediate wavefields at the adjacent time steps. This correlation is exploited in compression of the intermediate wavefields so as to achieve much higher compression ratio and avoid the disk IO bottleneck and reduce the overall computing time substantially. Further, during simulation of a reverse wavefield, reverse predictive encoding technique is performed such that snapshots are not recovered in the reverse propagation path due to a prediction chain.

Abstract: A technique includes processing seismic data indicative of samples of at least one measured seismic signal in a processor-based machine to, in an iterative process, determine basis functions, which represent a constructed seismic signal. The technique includes in each iteration of the iterative process, selecting another basis function of the plurality of basis functions. The selecting includes based at least in part on the samples and a current version of the constructed seismic signal, determining a cost function; and interpreting the cost function based at least in part on a predicted energy distribution of the constructed seismic signal to select the basis function.

Abstract: A system for and computer implemented method for transforming seismic trace information includes obtaining seismic trace information for each trace, the seismic trace information including shot to receiver offset and the vertical velocity of at least one subsurface primary reflector and including respective information resulting from near-surface layering and velocity effects and relating to the primary reflector, reversibly transforming seismic trace information from each non-zero offset trace such that the respective information resulting from the near-surface effects at each non-zero offset position is moved in a time dimension such that they become effectively periodic with respect to respective primary reflector information and in accordance with a periodicity for a zero offset trace at the same surface location, filtering the transformed seismic trace information to remove at least a portion of the information resulting from near-surface effects, and inverting the reversible transforming.

Abstract: A zero-offset VSP survey is carried out with spaced apart receivers located in a vertical wellbore. Spectra of the signals at the receivers following wavefield separation are estimated. An absorption coefficient is estimated using differences in spectra between all pairs of receivers.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for collecting and analyzing seismic data (D) include a frequency dependent noise factor (?2) for stabilizing a transformation matrix (S). The noise factor (?2) is a function of a number of nonzero eigenvalues of the transformation matrix (S).

Abstract: A method for removing seismic noise from an input seismic trace. The method may receive the input seismic trace. The method may receive one or more noise references for the input seismic trace. The method may receive one or more filters corresponding to the noise references. The method may apply a nonlinear function to the input seismic trace and to the one or more noise references to produce respective output signals for the input seismic trace and for the one or more noise references. The nonlinear function may be capable of determining higher-order statistics. The method may update the filters based on increasing one or more information attributes of the output signals to a predetermined threshold. The method may then filter noise corresponding to the noise references.

Abstract: Performing seismic data processing using frequency diverse basis functions and converting a data processing problem into a one-norm or zero-norm optimization problem, which can be solved in frequency-space domain. The data processing problems can be data deghosting, data regularization or interpolation. The data being processed can be aliased or un-aliased, single sensor data or group-formed data, single component or multi-component data single source data or simultaneous sources, or some combinations.

Abstract: Adaptive filtering method to remove ground roll from seismic data. In an M channel adaptive filter, weights Wi are set using an adaptive algorithm based on seeking the minimum in the partial differential of cost function J. The cost function includes an expansion of the primary trace d into d=dg+?d (where: dg is ground roll contribution and ?d=dsig+dran, where dsig is the reflected signal component and dran is a random noise component) and a corresponding expansion of the reference x into x=xg+?x (where xg is ground roll contribution and ?x=xsig+xran; where xsig is a reflected signal component and xran is a random noise component). The delta components are included in the denominator of cost function J to provide an optimal solution of the filter coefficients biased by the reflection signal and random noise is removed.

Abstract: The invention relates to processing seismic data that includes signals from at least two sources and typically three or four sources where source separation is necessary for geophysical analysis. Specifically, the present invention is a process for correcting data prior to inversion where the correction is provided to correct for the filtering effect of the earth. The earth is a non-homogenous seismic propagator that causes distortions of wavelets of seismic energy related to the source and receiver azimuth and offset that makes the identification of source specific data within the composite data harder to identify. Computing an earth response and correcting for the effects of the earth on the wavelets provides for more resolution and more clarity in the resulting data and better geophysical interpretation.

Abstract: Implementations of various technologies for a method for processing seismic data. In one implementation, the method may include receiving a record of seismic data. The record of seismic data may have a plurality of attributes. A first seismic data process may be performed on the record of seismic data. The first seismic data process may generate a plurality of datasets. A selection of a portion of the plurality of attributes for ranking the datasets may be received. A quality score may be determined for each attribute of the portion of the plurality of attributes for each dataset. A ranking may be determined for each dataset based on the quality score.

Abstract: A method for de-ghosting seismic data includes receiving seismic data corresponding to plural depth sources or plural depth receivers located at a first depth and a second depth below a geophysical surface, wherein the second depth is below the first depth, where the plural depth sources or plural depth receivers comprise a first seismic receiver located at the first depth and a second seismic receiver located at the second depth, or, a first seismic source located at the first depth and a second seismic source located at the second depth. The method also includes aligning primary reflections within the seismic data to provide improved seismic data. A corresponding system is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A seismic acquisition system includes a distributed optical sensor (having an optical fiber) and an interrogation subsystem configured to generate a light signal to emit into the optical fiber. The interrogation subsystem receives, from the distributed optical sensor, backscattered light responsive to the emitted light signal, wherein the backscattered light is affected by one or both of seismic signals reflected from a subterranean structure and noise. Output data corresponding to the backscattered light is provided to a processing subsystem to determine a characteristic of the subterranean structure.

Abstract: Input survey data containing ghost data is processed, the ghost data containing data caused by a reflection from an interface, and the processing including performing full wave propagation. An output is produced in response to the processing.

Abstract: Computing device, computer instructions and method for denoising input seismic data d. The method includes receiving the input seismic data d recorded in a first domain by seismic receivers, wherein the input seismic data d includes pure seismic data ss relating to an exploration source and coherent noise data n generated by a man-made device; generating a model m in a second domain to describe the input seismic data d; and processing the model m to obtain an output seismic dataset d? indicative of seismic data substantially free of the coherent noise data n generated by the man-made device.

Abstract: A vibrator-coupled ground filter improves seismic data recorded during a seismic operation. This filter is based on a ground model that takes into consideration the vibrator system, the coupling system between the baseplate and captured ground, and the coupled ground system. Using acceleration data from the baseplate and the reaction mass, the ground model can be used to derive particular variables for the ground model to help characterize the system. Using the derived variables in a ground filter, the recorded seismic data can be corrected to remove errors in the trace data produced by typical assumptions.

Abstract: A method, having application to petroleum exploration or production, for picking the arrival time of seismic waves and use thereof for orienting the components of a multi-component sensor. After acquisition of seismic data using a VSP type method, with a multi-component sensor, a module signal is constructed by calculating the square root of the sum of the squares of at least two orthogonal seismic components. Arrival times of a direct seismic wave are then picked on an amplitude extremum of this module signal. Based on this picking, the seismic components can then be oriented in a unique reference frame whatever the depth of the sensor. A time window is defined on either side of the picked arrival times and the azimuthal direction is determined by maximizing the energy of the horizontal components within this time window. Finally, the three components are oriented in a reference frame defined with respect to the azimuthal direction, which is identical for each depth.

Abstract: A data set representing features of a geologic formation is formed from two or more signal acquisition data set representing independent aspects of the same wavefield. A wavelet transform is performed on the two or more signal acquisition data sets, and the data sets are further transformed to equalize signal portions of the data sets. Remaining differences in the data sets are interpreted as excess noise and are removed by different methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of any resulting data set.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a motion detecting device is configured to detect whether one or more movement events have occurred. The motion detecting device can include: (a) a processing module configured to run on a computational unit; and (b) a sensing device having: (1) one or more pressure sensors configured to provide two or more pressure measurements; and (2) a transmitter electrically coupled to the one or more pressure sensors and configured to transmit the two or more pressure measurements to the computational unit. The processing module is configured to use the two or more pressure measurements to determine whether the one or more movement events have occurred. The sensing device can be configured to be placed in at least one of ductwork of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system or an air handler of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and computing systems for processing collected data are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method is provided for predicting a plurality of surface multiples for a plurality of target traces in a record of multi-component seismic data acquired in a survey area. The method may select a target trace. The method may select an aperture of potential downward reflection points for the target trace. The method may calculate dip propagation attributes from the multi-component seismic data. The method may map the dip propagation attributes into a multiple contribution attribute gather based on the aperture. The method may modify the aperture based on the multiple contribution attribute gather. The method may then predict multiples for the selected target trace using the modified aperture.

Abstract: Methods of acquiring and processing seismic data using derivative sensors, such as strain sensors, that facilitate ground roll noise attenuation with seismic interferometry are disclosed. The methods use both seismic data and their spatial derivatives in computing ground-roll noises which are removed from processed seismic data.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for processing seismic data to generate images or determine properties of an interior section of the Earth. The seismic data is processed to filter coherent noise such as ground roll noise from seismic survey data. The noise is attenuated using 3D and/or 2D fan filters, which may have combined low-pass and band-pass filters derived from signal decomposition. The filters are designed with selected operator length, velocity bands of signals and noises and frequency range for a primary trace and adjacent traces within the operator length. The data is decomposed with the filters into signals and noises, and the noises are then filtered from the decomposed data. The process may be repeated for various frequencies and traces within the seismic data. The methods may be used for surveys that have either regular or irregular seismic receiver or seismic source positions.

Abstract: Device, medium and method for de-blending seismic data. The method for de-blending seismic data associated with a subsurface of the earth includes receiving initial seismic traces recorded by plural sources; de-blending, in a processor, the initial seismic traces to generate de-blended seismic traces; and generating an image of the subsurface based on the de-blended seismic traces. The initial seismic traces include uncontaminated portions corresponding to time intervals substantially free from cross-talk from other sources, and the uncontaminated portions are used to remove cross-talk noise on other initial seismic traces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of filtering seismic data for noise attenuation. An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of processing seismic data in which the seismic data is transformed into an f-x domain using a discrete Fourier transform and is then filtered at each discrete frequency using an infinite impulse response (HR) filter.

Abstract: Methods and systems for interpolating seismic data estimate a first frequency spectrum associated with the seismic data using a matching point (MP) algorithm having a pre-computed term. A second frequency spectrum is also estimate for the seismic data, using the MP algorithm, an anti-aliasing mask and the estimated first regular frequency spectrum. From the second frequency spectrum, the interpolated seismic data can be determined by performing an inverse fast Fourier Transform thereon.

Abstract: A geophysical target-oriented approach is proposed to derive seismic sensitivity to 4D positioning mismatches, which focuses on the impact on the reflective response from the reservoir. The sensitivity indicators provide information about the seismic impact, in terms of reservoir imaging, of a surface positioning mismatch. Some embodiments capitalize on the use of legacy data, enabling a fast-track analysis to be carried out on the velocity model to extract trends and mapping of lateral geological variability.

Abstract: Methods and systems for shallow shear-wave splitting analysis using receiver functions of seismic data are described. Radial and transverse receiver functions are calculating by, for example, performing cross-correlations of vertical component data with radial component data and vertical component data with transverse component data, respectively. The receiver functions are then used to determine orientation and other characteristics associated with shear waves passing through an azimuthally anisotropic layer.

Abstract: A horizon-picking solution for a geological volume of interest is determined. To determine the horizon-picking solution, a plurality of horizons through the geological volume of interest included in an initial horizon-picking solution are perturbed to more closely follow the local character of measured data related to the geological volume of interest. In particular, the horizons may be perturbed simultaneously by blending the initial solution with a secondary horizon-picking solution that automatically identifies a plurality of horizons through the geological volume of interest that follow the measured data related to the geological volume of interest.

Abstract: Methods and devices for seismic data processing attenuate noise by replacing an attribute value v(i) of a selected data point i with a weighted average {circumflex over (?)}(i) of attribute values of data points j from a window that includes the selected data point i. The contribution to the weighted average of an attribute value v(j) corresponding to a data point j depends on how similar attribute values in the neighborhood Nj of the data point j are to attribute values in the neighborhood Ni of the selected data point i.

Abstract: A technique includes using a filter having filtering parameters based at least in part on a dispersion curve of at least one vibration mode of a streamer to filter a measurement acquired by at least one sensor of the streamer and using results of the filtering to suppress vibration noise present in the measurement.

Abstract: Methods and systems for separating surface wave velocity information from surface wave noise in seismic data are described. The seismic data can be comprised of irregularities in spatial sampling, non-stationarity in time and non-stationarity in frequency. The methods and systems can then be adapted to create a multi-component dip filter that removes high amplitude dispersive noise from the seismic data based on the use of slant stacking.

Abstract: A system and method for attenuating noise in seismic data representative of a subsurface region of interest including receiving a seismic dataset representative of seismic signal or seismic noise and a seismic dataset representative of seismic signal and noise, transforming them into a domain were they have sparse or compressible representation, comparing the sets of coefficients to identify desirable coefficients in the set of coefficients representing the signal and noise dataset, selecting the desirable coefficients to produce an improved set of coefficients, and inverse transforming the improved set of coefficients to produce a modified seismic dataset. The modified seismic dataset may be noise-attenuated seismic data or may be a noise model that is subtracted from the original data to produce noise-attenuated data.

Abstract: A technique includes towing at least one seismic source in connection with a survey of a structure; and operating the seismic source(s) to fire shots, where each shot is associated with a frequency sweep. The technique includes varying phases of the frequency sweeps from shot to shot according to a predetermined phase sequence to allow noise in an energy sensed by seismic sensors to be attenuated.

Abstract: Passive seismic data is collected from measurements of seismic sensors in respective sensor assemblies, where the passive seismic data is based on measurements collected during periods when no active seismic source was activated. Attenuation of surface noise in the passive seismic data is performed using data from divergence sensors in at least some of the sensor assemblies. The passive seismic data with surface noise attenuated is output to allow for performing an operation related to a subterranean structure using the passive seismic data with the surface noise attenuated.

Abstract: Seismic image filtering machines, systems, program products, and computer implemented methods are provided to generate a filtered seismic image responsive to filtered seismic image data generated by attenuating coherent seismic noise from surface waves of an unfiltered wavefield constructed from unfiltered seismic image data through a single downward extrapolation of the unfiltered wavefield using a plurality of nonstationary convolution operators to perform localized filtering at each of a plurality of spatial locations of the unfiltered wavefield. Various embodiments, for example, can beneficially handle strong lateral velocity variations thus making various embodiments effective tools to remove complicated coherent seismic noise which is typically in the form of exponentially decaying evanescent waves.

Abstract: A data set can be corrected for the effects of interface waves by interferometrically measuring an interface wavefield between each of a plurality of planned locations within a survey area; and correcting survey data acquired in the survey area for the interface waves. The interface wavefield may be interferometrically measured by receiving a wavefield including interface waves propagating within a survey area, the survey area including a plurality of planned survey locations therein; generating interface wave data representative of the received interface wavefield; and constructing a Green's function between each of the planned survey positions from the interface wave data. Other aspects include an apparatus by which the interface wavefield may be interferometrically measured and a computer apparatus programmed to correct the seismic data using the interferometrically measured interface wave data.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for predicting internal multiples generators to correct near surface statics, by estimating a first timing or position associated with reflectors using internal multiple generators identified based on predictive deconvolution operators, estimating a second timing or position associated with the reflectors using the acquired seismic surface data, comparing the first timing or position with the second timing or position for each of the reflectors to determine a travel time delay associated with the reflectors, and correcting the acquired seismic surface data using the travel time delay.

Abstract: Methods and systems for separating multiple events from primary events in noisy seismic data are described. Multiples are predicted and then the predictions are improved by least-square matching filtering in the space and time domain. An adaptive curvelet domain separation (ACDS) is then performed and the ACDS equation is solved with an iterative soft-thresholding technique. Further processing can be added to compensate for prediction inaccuracy or variable/excessive seismic data noise by dividing the seismic data into predetermined bands and processing each band independently.

Abstract: Described herein are architectures, platforms, computing systems, and methods for mitigating noise in wavefield extrapolation and imaging. In one aspect, a method of wavefield extrapolation is provided that includes receiving data representing at least one measurement of pressure wavefield or particle motion wavefield; modeling the received data as a sum of signal and noise; providing a noise model to components of the received data; and weighting the measured components of the received data to reduce the impact of noise of results of the wavefield extrapolation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for shear noise attenuation based on matching vertical particle velocity data and pressure data are described. The shear noise attenuation is based on the fact that different stages of the analysis can be performed with different numbers of wavelet orientations. The analysis is performed for frequency sub-bands for all wave numbers and vice versa.

Abstract: Noise may be filtered or attenuated from seismic data by building a four-dimensional volume using the acquired seismic data and then applying a random noise attenuation filter to the four-dimensional volume. The dimensions of the four-dimensional volume may include a trace number dimension, a time dimension, a shot number dimension, and a cable number dimension. The random noise attenuation filter may filter portions of the acquired seismic data if the seismic data is not correlated with respect to other seismic data in the four dimensional volume.