Abstract: A method may include initializing a simulation of a renewable energy plant with an initial set of plant parameters, simulating a first output of the renewable energy plant based on first environmental factors and the initial set of plant parameters, executing a machine-learning model using as input the first simulated output of the renewable energy plant and an actual output of the renewable energy plant to generate an updated set of plant parameters, and simulating a second output of the renewable energy plant based on second environmental factors and the updated set of plant parameters.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for performance benchmark for host performance booster are described. The memory system may receive a plurality of read commands from a host system. The memory system may detect a pattern of random physical addresses as part of the plurality of read commands and increase an amount of space in a cache of the memory system based on the detected pattern. In some cases, the amount of space may be used for mapping between logical block addresses and physical addresses. The memory system may determine, for a different plurality of read commands, whether a rate of cache hits for a portion of the mapping satisfies a threshold. In some cases, the memory system may determine whether to activate a host performance booster mode based on determining whether the rate of cache hits satisfies the threshold.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for offsetting carbon emissions of a transport are provided. Apparatus may include a computing device that receives transport data related to a transport. Transport may be conducted by a vehicle of a transportation organization. Computing device may provide one or more carbon emission metrics based on the transport data. The transport data may be transmitted to a remote device, such as a remote device of an operator or a party of the transportation organization. Carbon emission metrics may be compared to an impact threshold, where if one or more of the carbon emission metrics are outside of a preconfigured value or range of values of the impact threshold then an offset element is generated as a function of the carbon emission metric and the impact threshold. The offset element may provide instructions to the transportation organization or operator to reduce further carbon emissions of subsequent transports.

Abstract: An abnormality detection apparatus for detecting an abnormality of a ball screw provided in an injection molding machine includes a current sensor configured to detect an alternating current of a motor for applying a driving force to the ball screw; and a computation unit configured to detect an abnormality of the ball screw based on information related to a distribution of frequency components obtained by frequency analysis of an alternating current detected by the current sensor, and information related to a distribution of frequency components obtained by frequency analysis of an alternating current detected when the ball screw, which is normal, operates.

Abstract: Techniques for providing a database performance report in a restricted access environment are disclosed. In some embodiments, a computer system performs a method comprising: receiving, from a computing device of a user, a request to generate a database performance report for a first database that is hosted on a cloud computing platform, the request including a service key; obtaining administrative credentials from a second database using stateless authentication and the service key; obtaining one or more database performance metrics of the first database from the first database using the administrative credentials; and generating the database performance report based on the one or more database performance metrics.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver is provided, wherein the communication between the sender and receiver is performed using a hybrid automatic-repeat-request protocol. Artificial noise is added digitally to a first data packet in order to trigger transmission of a second data packet. Corresponding artificial noise is added digitally to the second data packet such that the receiver device can process the data packets together to remove the introduced artificial noise and extract the desired message. Also disclosed are methods where artificial noise is added to a predetermined set of plural data packets in a similar fashion.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for automated inspection and part enrollment. In one implementation, a selection of an area of a part is received within a graphical user interface depicting a representation of the part. Based on the selection of the area of the part, a location of the selected area is determined. Image capture parameter(s) are determined based on the determined location. Based on (a) the determined image capture parameters and (b) the location of the selected area, an inspection path is computed with respect to the part. The computed inspection path is executed with respect to the part via an inspection system.

Abstract: A method by one or more network devices implementing a scrubbing center for mitigating distributed denial of service attacks, where the scrubbing center is communicatively coupled to a plurality of clients and one or more servers. The method includes determining a set of packet fingerprints seen in a set of packets sent between the plurality of clients and the one or more servers, assigning a risk value to each packet fingerprint in the set of packet fingerprints based on analyzing previous security decisions made for packets having that packet fingerprint, and responsive to detecting an occurrence of a potential distributed denial of service attack, activating a security measure for each of one or more packet fingerprints in the set of packet fingerprints based on the risk value assigned to that packet fingerprint.

Abstract: Systems and methods for remotely monitoring digital signage. Display assemblies include components for operation, including an electronic display, and sensor(s) for monitoring local conditions. Server(s) receive data from the sensors and components of the display assemblies by way of local controllers and network connection devices of the display assemblies. The data is stored such that data points thereof are identifiable to the display assembly and sensor or component of origination. Data requests are received requesting specific information. For each request, a subset of the data points is retrieved in accordance with the data request and at least one data output display is generated based on the subset of said data points.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided that may be applicable to refrigeration assets, including refrigeration plants and cold-storage facilities comprising large numbers of refrigeration assets. The performance of refrigerators and refrigeration devices may be monitored based on temperature and electrical current and other measurements known or deemed to be correlated with refrigeration performance. Refrigeration assets in need of repair may be identified and a repair process may be specified, classified, managed and optimized. The immediate effectiveness and long-term persistence of repairs may be determined over time. The refrigeration assets may be classified according to reliability, performance, make, model and manufacturer. The effectiveness of repairs may be classified based on measured performance results following repairs.

Abstract: A discrimination device includes: a log acquisition unit that acquires sensor data including acceleration acquired by a sensor placed in a shoe, a storage unit that stores log data of the sensor data, a log calling unit that calls the log data stored in the storage unit, a discrimination unit that distinguishes a walking state from a waveform of the log data, a threshold setting unit that retains a first threshold and a second threshold, and sets the first threshold and the second threshold based on a discrimination result, and a transmission unit that transmits the discrimination result. When acceleration in the log data has not exceeded the second threshold within a discrimination time, the discrimination device outputs a discrimination result of being erroneous activation, and updates the first threshold based on a value of the acceleration in the traveling direction in the log data according to the discrimination result.

Abstract: A multi-zone anti-icing system for an aircraft part. The system includes at least two or more-part zones configured with the aircraft part and an electrothermal heater associated with at least one part zone of the aircraft part; at least one resistive temperature detector (RTD) associated with each part zone of the aircraft part configured to generate temperature data associated with each part zone. A controller coupled to the electrothermal heater and configured to implement an algorithm of a control logic for an anti-icing operation that uses feedback temperature data from at least one RTD at an associated part zone wherein the feedback temperature data is analyzed by the controller via the algorithm to assess reliability of the temperature data generated by the at least one RTD associated with each part zone.

Abstract: A method for machine program analysis, preferably including determining data for a set of programs and determining relationships between the set of programs, and optionally including determining an analysis based on the program relationships, acting based on analyses, and/or operating manufacturing system machines. A system for machine program analysis, preferably including one or more computing systems, and optionally including one or more manufacturing systems.

Abstract: An intelligent system and a method for coordinating harvester and logistics vehicle are illustrated. The intelligent system comprises a harvester terminal and a logistics vehicle terminal. The harvester terminal comprises a repository monitoring module and a control module, wherein the repository monitoring module monitors storage information of a storage bin of the harvester. The control module receives the storage information from the repository monitoring module, and determines whether the storage location of the storage bin of the harvester reaches a preset location. The harvester terminal and the logistics vehicle terminal are communicatively connected. When the storage location of the storage bin of the harvester reaches the preset location, the control module sends a transport instruction to the logistics vehicle terminal to control the logistics vehicle to transport grain, thereby achieving intelligent coordination between the harvester and the logistics vehicle.

Abstract: When a worker executes an operation on an actual plant, an information processing device generates a first calculation result obtained by calculating a behavior of the actual plant after execution of the operation using a virtual plant following an operational status of the actual plant and generates each second calculation result obtained by calculating a behavior of the actual plant with respect to each of operation pattern plans corresponding to a state of the actual plant. The information processing device evaluates the operation that is executed by the worker based on the first calculation result and the second calculation result.

Abstract: Methods for performing operations for improving driver safety across a fleet of vehicles are disclosed. A plurality of safety events pertaining to a driving of a fleet of vehicles by a plurality of drivers are detected. A subset of the events is identified. The subset corresponds to one or more safety events of the plurality of safety events involving one or more vehicles of the fleet of vehicles to which drivers have not been assigned. A user interface is generated for presentation on a client device, the user interface including an interactive user interface element for accessing the subset of the events. One or more user interface elements are provided for accepting or rejecting recommendations for assignments of one of the plurality of drivers to each of the vehicles. The recommendations are generated based on an application of a machine-learned model to images of faces captured.

Abstract: An example method comprises receiving historical sensor data from sensors of components of wind turbines, training a set of models to predict faults for each component using the historical sensor data, each model of a set having different observation time windows and lead time windows, evaluating each model of a set using standardized metrics, comparing evaluations of each model of a set to select a model with preferred lead time and accuracy, receive current sensor data from the sensors of the components, apply the selected model(s) to the current sensor data to generate a component failure prediction, compare the component failure prediction to a threshold, and generate an alert and report based on the comparison to the threshold.

Abstract: In order to predict the future evolution of a health-state of an equipment and/or a processing unit of a chemical production plant, e.g., a steam cracker, a computer-implemented method is provided, which builds a data-driven model for the future key performance indicator based on the key performance indicator of today, the processing condition of today, and the processing condition over a prediction horizon.

Abstract: Systems, devices, kits, and methods are provided herein in the form of example embodiments that relate to calibration of medical devices. The medical devices can be sensors adapted to sense a biochemical attribute. The embodiments can be used to determine calibration information specific to an individual medical device. The embodiments can determine the calibration information by reference to one or more parameters obtained during manufacturing of the medical device. The embodiments can also determine the calibration information by reference to in vitro testing of the medical devices. The embodiments also apply to systems incorporating those medical devices in their use in the field. Also described are embodiments of modifications to surfaces of sensor substrates, such as through applied radiation and/or the creation of a well, to aid in the placement and/or sizing of a sensor element on the substrate.

Abstract: A novel system includes an intelligent process anomaly detection and trend projection system which is configured to train artificial intelligence and machine learning systems for anomaly prediction in industrial systems according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, such intelligent process anomaly detection and trend projection system is configured to determine an estimated remaining useful life of an industrial asset. For example, in some embodiments, the system is configured to identify a degradation part of the signal and a normal part of the signal; separate the degradation part of the signal from the normal part of the signal; identify one or more patterns of a degradation part of the signal and the normal part of the signal; and determine an anomaly prediction based on the one or more patterns.

Abstract: An air conditioner which comprises: a temperature sensor; and a processor that obtains, based on receiving a turn-on command for the air conditioner, a first temperature value sensed through the temperature sensor; based on a threshold time elapsing subsequent to the receiving of the turn-on command, obtains a second temperature value sensed through the temperature sensor; and provides notification information related to an environment in which the air conditioner is installed, on the basis of the first temperature value and the second temperature value.

Abstract: Provided is a method of signalling a command to a water heating appliance remote from a controllable water outlet fed from the appliance via a water supply installation, the method comprising: monitoring the water supply that feeds the controllable water outlet; detecting a sequence of changes in a property or state of the water supply consequent on operation of the controllable water outlet; correlating the sequence of changes with a stored pattern; detecting a match above a stored threshold; interpreting the match as a command. It is thus possible to manipulate a tap, or other controllable water outlet, to signal to a processor so that the temperature or flow rate of water supplied by the outlet can be increased. Thus a water supply system may have default flow and temperature levels designed for economy and low water usage, but a user can on demand override one or both of these limitations without the necessity of needing to go to the appliance to reset it.

Abstract: A system and a method for operating an aircraft during a climb phase of flight include a control unit configured to receive data regarding one or both of a current flight or one or more previous flights of the aircraft from one or more sensors of the aircraft. The control unit is further configured to determine efficient climb phase parameters for the aircraft based on the data. The aircraft is operated during the climb phase of one or both of the current flight or one or more future flights according to the efficient climb phase parameters.

Abstract: A pump health analysis method and a pump health analysis device using the same are provided. A standard vibration curve of a standard pump is obtained. The standard vibration curve is converted from a time domain to a frequency domain to obtain a first frequency distribution curve. A sample vibration curve of a sample pump is obtained. The sample vibration curve is converted from the time domain to the frequency domain to obtain a second frequency distribution curve. The first frequency distribution curve is compared with the second frequency distribution curve by using a cosine similarity algorithm to obtain a health index of the sample pump.

Abstract: Video surveillance system for assessment of customer ordering in a drive-through, wherein the video surveillance system having a first camera, a second camera, a network, a control unit, a computer vision unit. The first camera acquires a first image, the second camera acquires a second image. The computer vision unit has a calculating features for the first and second images. The computer vision unit a means for matching such features, wherein a vehicle is tracked by matching the first image and second images. The control unit computes a time span between the appearance of the vehicle appearing in the first image and appearing in the second image. The first and second cameras are arranged laterally to a side window of the vehicle, so that inside the vehicle is recorded at two time points.

Abstract: A method and a device for non-invasive vibration-based condition monitoring of a machine placed on a physical frame of reference, using a time-domain broadband magnetoresistive sensor having a sensor transfer function of electric resistance versus magnetic field intensity, said machine comprising an attached magnet or a magnetic part; comprising the steps of: placing the magnetic sensor on said physical frame of reference at a distance from the machine and at a predetermined distance from the magnet or magnetic part, such that the magnetoresistive sensor is operating in a dynamic part of the sensor transfer function in respect of the magnetic field produced by the magnet or a magnetic part; capturing a time-domain magnetic field signal transduced by the sensor; and using an electronic data processor to process the captured signal to obtain a vibration-based indicator of the machine's condition.

Abstract: The present application provides an optical module and parameter transmission method, detection method, control method thereof, and a fronthaul system. The parameter transmission method includes: generating, in response to at least one of a plurality of registers of a far-end optical module becoming a first source register, an uplink optical signal according to ID information and a register value of the first source register, where the first source register is a register having a changed register value of the plurality of registers, and register values of the registers have a mapping relationship with performance parameters of the far-end optical module; and transmitting the uplink optical signal to a near-end optical module of a near-end node.

Abstract: A load port is capable of monitoring various environmental parameters associated with a transport carrier to minimize and/or prevent exposure of the semiconductor substrates therein to increased humidity, increased oxygen, increased vibration, and/or one or more other elevated environmental conditions that might otherwise contaminate the semiconductor substrates, damage the semiconductor substrates, and/or cause processing defects. For example, the load port may monitor the environmental parameters as indicators of a potential blockage of a diffuser of the transport carrier, and a relief valve may be used to divert a gas away from the transport carrier based on a determination that a diffuser blockage has occurred. In this way, the gas may be diverted through the relief valve and away from the transport carrier to prevent increased humidity, contaminants, and/or vibration from contaminating and/or damaging the semiconductor substrates.

Abstract: A computing system receives data for a game. The data includes at least one of tracking data or event data. Based on the data for the game, the computing system determines that an event has occurred within the game. Based on the determining, the computing system generates a graphic responsive to the event. The graphic includes insights related to the event. The computing system recommends an image relevant to the event based on metatags associated with the event. The computing system generates a visual element by merging the image and the graphic.

Abstract: A method for controlling an autonomous vehicle includes receiving road data. The road data includes information about a plurality of potential events along the road ahead of the autonomous vehicle. The method further includes determining, in real time, a probability that the plurality of potential events along the road ahead of the autonomous vehicle will occur while the autonomous vehicle moves along the road and determining, in real time, an adjusted planned path using a probabilistic predictive control that takes into account the probability that the plurality of potential events along the road ahead of the autonomous vehicle will occur. Further, the method includes controlling the autonomous vehicle to cause the autonomous vehicle to autonomously follow the adjusted planned path.

Abstract: An exemplary mobile apparatus for assessing an operating condition of an asset. The mobile device includes at least one sensor device for acquiring data related to one or more operational or environmental characteristics of an asset during operation. The mobile device further includes a processing device encoded with a neural network architecture having one or more models trained to identify one or more operating conditions of one or more assets according to asset type. The processing device can determine an operating condition of the asset by extracting features from the acquired data and comparing attributes of the extracted features to attributes of at least one known operating condition determined through training of the models. The mobile device can also include an output interface to output a result of the determination performed by the processing device, which can include communicating the result to a remote device.

Abstract: A system for hardware installation is disclosed that includes a rack template system operating on a first processor and configured to receive location data and to provide a workflow of a series of rack image data sets. An agent system operating on a second processor and configured to display the series of rack image data sets and to prompt a user to enter user-generated image data sets. A rack validator operating on the first processor and configured to receive the user-generated image data sets and to determine whether the user-entered image data sets match the series of rack image data sets.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing efficient integration tests on mobile device for contactless data transfers are described. Rather than performing contactless communications with a variety of test user devices (e.g., test smart cards), which may be time consuming and may present physical difficulty, a mobile device can simulate the result of these communications using a simulator application operating on the mobile device. A contactless communication application, also operating on the mobile device, can communicate with the simulator application in order to generate interaction payloads based on stored data records corresponding to the test user devices. These interaction payloads can then be transmitted by the mobile device to a processing computer. Later, the mobile device may receive a response from the processing computer or another computer system, indicating if the interaction payloads were successfully received and interpreted. This in turn may indicate if the integration test was successful.

Abstract: Techniques for contextualizing utility visualization patterns in a utility infrastructure environment are described herein. A utility meter data dashboard associated with a type of event may be displayed. A selection of a portion of a first utility visualization displayed in the utility meter data dashboard is received, the portion being associated with a subset of utility data. One or more previously used utility visualizations may be determined from among a plurality of additional utility visualizations. One or more candidate utility visualizations associated with the type of event may be determined from among the previously used utility visualizations. A ranked list of one or more candidate utility visualizations may be displayed. A second utility visualization may be displayed based at least in part on a selection from the ranked list.

Abstract: Food processing monitoring systems and method thereof are provided. A method includes obtaining first temperature data from a first temperature sensor at an inlet of a food processing machine; obtaining second temperature data from a second temperature sensor at an outlet of the food processing machine; obtaining current data from a current sensor that is configured to measure current of a motor of the food processing machine; determining presence of food product at the inlet based on a peak current, of the current data at a time the motor starts, being greater than a first current threshold; and logging a temperature of the first temperature data based on the peak current being greater than the first current threshold.

Abstract: An operation method for production facilities operates production facilities of a same kind located at production sites, and includes: a data information preparation step of aggregating operational data of each of the production facilities for each of the production sites; a data accumulation step of accumulating the operational data aggregated at the data information preparation step into a computer located at a data accumulation site; a data analysis step of analyzing an operation status of each of the production facilities, using the operational data accumulated at the data accumulation step; a data display step of displaying information on analyzed the operation status of each of the production facilities on a display unit located at each of the production sites; and a facility operation step of referring to the displayed information and operating a production facility located at a second production site from a first production site.

Abstract: A trace circuitry may be configured to receive a selection of one or more types of events possible in a processor core among multiple types of events. The trace circuitry may generate a message including trace information when an event corresponding to the selection occurs in the processor core. The trace information may include an address associated with the event and an indication of the type of event and/or cause for why the event occurred. In some implementations, the trace circuitry may use an event filter to pass events corresponding to the one or more types of events that are selected and block events corresponding to one or more types of events that are not selected. In some implementations, the trace circuitry may generate timestamps based on events to enable measurements between the events.

Abstract: A method for configuring and parameterizing field bus subscribers interconnected via a field bus, wherein a first field bus subscriber provides and/or receives process data and a second field bus subscriber allows a user program to run, where a topology is determined by a configuration tool with configuration parameters of the field bus subscribers in a configuration file, the first field bus subscriber is parameterized for subsequent communication via the field bus with a configuration data set including a first part of the configuration file, from the configuration file and further code portions from a program library, an object-orientated class is generated with elements and functions for communication between the first and second field bus subscribers, and the class is instanced in the user program of the second field bus subscriber, the functions being used for communication during execution of the user program to permit access to the process data.

Abstract: A method for operating a storage device capable of improving reliability of a memory system is provided. The method includes providing a storage device which includes a first component and a second component; receiving, via a host interface of the storage device, a command for requesting failure possibility information about the storage device from an external device; and providing, via the host interface, the failure possibility information about the storage device to the external device in response to the command.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting suspicious malware by analyzing data such as transfer protocol data or logs from a host within an enterprise is provided. The systems and methods include a database for storing current data and historical data obtained from the network and a detection module and an optional display. The embodiments herein extract information from non-encrypted transfer protocol metadata, determine a plurality of features, utilize an outlier detection model that is based on historical behaviors, calculate a suspiciousness score, and create alerts for analysis by users when the score exceeds a threshold. In doing so, the systems and methods of the present invention improve the ability to identify suspicious outliers or potential malware on an iterative basis over time.

Abstract: A system comprises a computer including a processor and a memory. The memory storing instructions executable by the processor to cause the processor to determine a perception zone of interest, via a trained perception model, based on at least one of a vehicle parameter or planning data, wherein the vehicle parameter comprises at least one of a vehicle direction or a vehicle speed and the planning data comprises a route and trajectory to be traversed by the vehicle; determine a vehicle route and trajectory based on a subset of sensor data, wherein the subset of sensor data corresponds to the perception zone of interest; and operate the vehicle to traverse the vehicle route and trajectory.

Abstract: Scheduling multiple processes with varying delay sensitivity is disclosed herein. In one example, a processor device iteratively executes a processing workload that includes a fixed-execution-time process and an adjustable-execution-time process. During each iteration of the processing workload, the processor device first determines, for that iteration, a maximum cycle time interval during which both the fixed-execution-time process and an adjustable-execution-time process will execute. The processor device further determines a maximum execution time interval for the adjustable-execution-time process, based on the maximum cycle time interval and a fixed execution time interval for the fixed-execution-time process. The processor device then modifies an adjustable execution time interval for adjustable-execution-time process in the current iteration of the processing workload based on the maximum execution time interval.

Abstract: The invention relates to: a method for monitoring a process engineering installation, in which a model of the process engineering installation is used to ascertain values of at least one performance parameter of the process engineering installation from actual values of at least one operating parameter of the process engineering installation that occur during operation of the process engineering installation, wherein the model is used to ascertain comparison values of the at least one performance parameter of the process engineering installation from setpoint values of the at least one operating parameter, and wherein mutually corresponding values and comparison values of the at least one performance parameter are taken as a basis for ascertaining at least one performance gap in the operation of the process engineering installation and to a process engineering installation.

Abstract: A system for electric aircraft fleet management for at least an electric aircraft is provided. The system includes a computing device communicatively connected to at least an electric aircraft, wherein the computing device is configured to receive measured data from the at least an electric aircraft, generate the aircraft performance model output as a function of the measured data, transmit the aircraft performance model output to a user, receive a flight plan from the user; and manage the at least an electric aircraft using the flight plan.

Abstract: A determination device may include an acquisition unit configured to acquire first degradation values that indicate respective degradation degrees of a plurality of components of a same type, and regard the respective first degradation values of the plurality of components as respective first usage values of a plurality of usage environments in which the plurality of components are used. The determination device may include a determination unit configured to determine, based on a target value that indicates a predetermined target degradation degree of the plurality of components, a first combination of the respective first degradation values of the plurality of components and the respective first usage values of the plurality of usage environments.

Abstract: A method and a device for monitoring a state of a physical passenger transport system are described. The method includes monitoring the state of the passenger transport system using an actualized digital replica dataset (ADRD) which reproduces characterizing properties of components of the passenger transport system in an actual configuration in a machine-processable manner after assembly and installation thereof in a building. At least one detection device is arranged in the physical passenger transport system and detects changes in at least one characterizing property that occur due to wear. These changes are transmitted to the ADRD, wherein changes and change trends in the components are monitored and evaluated using calculations and/or using static and dynamic simulations.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring an HVAC&R system employ a monitoring agent that uses observations of evaporator and condenser intake temperatures, evaporator discharge temperature, and a compressor input power parameter to learn operating characteristics of the HVAC&R system in newly maintained condition. Thereafter, the agent continuously or regularly computes a relative coefficient of performance (COP) for the system under subsequent observed ambient conditions, and relates the present instantaneous efficiency of the HVAC&R system under the observed ambient conditions to the instantaneous efficiency when the system was in newly maintained condition. The relative COP can be used to detect system degradation and quantify the energy usage and cost attributable to the degradation. The agent can take appropriate actions to prevent/minimize damage based on the degree of degradation detected, including shutting off power to the HVAC&R system.

Abstract: A system receives and automatically transforms utility pipe attribute data and pipe break data. The missing and/or incorrect entries in the pipe attributes and/or break data is automatically identified and correct values for these entries are is automatically imputed to generate improved datasets of the pipe attribute data and break data. The improved data can be used to build a model with machine learning. Predictions of future likelihood of failure for pipe sections in a network of pipes can be made based on the model. A national database can be created that is filled with environmental data that has been transformed, optimized, merged, and imputed. The national database can be used for many customers to save computational costs. The national database can be used to build the failure prediction model for utility companies thereby saving computational costs.

Abstract: An impedance measurement jig may include a first contact plate, a second contact plate, a cover plate, a plug, and an analyzer. The first contact plate may make electrical contact with an ESC in a substrate-processing apparatus. The second contact plate may make electrical contact with a focus ring configured to surround the ESC. The cover plate may be configured to cover an upper surface of the substrate-processing apparatus. The plug may be installed at the cover plate to selectively make contact with the first contact plate or the second contact plate. The analyzer may individually apply a power to the first contact plate and the second contact plate through the plug to measure an impedance of the ESC and an impedance of the focus ring. Thus, the impedances of the ESC and the focus ring may be individually measured to inspect the ESC and/or the focus ring.

Abstract: A memory device may include a time counter which is configured to output a count signal according to a predetermined time interval; a use history circuit which is configured to write an operating time value based on the count signal and generate and write a validation value corresponding to the operating time value; and a command decoder which is configured to receive an instruction from a memory controller. The instruction may be according to an operation mode that is determined based on the operating time value and the validation value.