Abstract: A method for digital processing of vibration signals from rolling bearings in rotating machines is presented, allowing subsequent fault detection with high reliability. A linear, adaptive filter is applied to the acquired vibration signal and iteratively tuned to increase the statistical asymmetry of its output. In this process, the filter removes phase- and amplitude distortion from underlying fault impulses. Furthermore, suppression of sinusoidal disturbances is simultaneously achieved with high robustness to measurement noise. The result is a processed signal from which rolling bearing defects are more easily detected.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for determining engine knock sensor degradation. In one example, a method may include sending an excitation signal to an actuator to generate vibrations in the absence of engine combustion, and determining engine knock sensor degradation by comparing the knock sensor output with the excitation signal.

Abstract: An abnormality detecting device includes a memory, and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: detect an envelope of an audio signal indicating a periodic sound emitted by a target object and a periodic sound emitted by another object; execute time-to-frequency conversion on the envelope to calculate a frequency spectrum of the audio signal; and determine whether or not the target object has an abnormality, based on a frequency component included in the frequency spectrum and corresponding to a time interval between time points when the sound is emitted by the target object.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a tachometer signal from a vibration sensor is disclosed in which an approximately idealized band pass filter is used along with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to create a sufficient analytic signal to derive the tachometer signal for a shaft or other rotating component. In addition, jitter in the generated tachometer signal, or any tachometer signal, can be reduced by using an approximately idealized low pass filter and then transforming the filtered signal using a real FFT. These processes can be performed using a smart vibration sensor, which facilitates improved vibration analysis on rotating equipment where in the past the addition of a tachometer would be prohibitive due to cost, weight, certification requirements, or physical impracticality.

Abstract: A system for measuring, monitoring and controlling the performance of bridges and other infrastructure creates a database for analysis of real time performance and learning through adaptive algorithms allowing the performance to be analyzed over time and for changes in performance against the specific bridge or infrastructure and other bridges or infrastructure in the a network of such infrastructure.

Abstract: An exemplary analyzer, such as a circuit breaker analyzer, method, and system are provided for use in determining the mechanical condition of a device, such as a circuit breaker, appliance, machine, equipment, or other mechanical system. In one embodiment the analyzer is implemented using a smartphone or other smart device to couple to the device being analyzed to measure mechanical vibrations generated at a surface of the device during an operational event using a force detector, such as an accelerometer, and then comparing such measured values to a known, good signature of mechanical vibrations for the same type of operational event for same type of equipment.

Abstract: A method of operating an apparatus for analyzing the condition of a machine having a part rotating with a speed of rotation, includes receiving a first digital signal dependent on mechanical vibrations emanating from rotation of the part, analyzing the first digital signal so as to detect peak amplitude values during a finite time period, the finite time period corresponding to a certain amount of revolution of the part, the certain amount of revolution corresponding to more than one revolution of the monitored rotatable part, defining amplitude ranges, sorting the detected peak amplitude values into corresponding amplitude ranges so as to reflect occurrence of detected peak amplitude values within the plurality of amplitude ranges, and estimating a representative peak amplitude value in dependence on the sorted peak amplitude values and the certain amount.

Abstract: Embodiments of a gas turbine engine lifecycle decision assistant apply a probabilistic-based process founded on a Bayesian mathematical framework to intelligently combine analytical models, expert judgment, and data during the development and field management of gas turbine engines. The process integrates physics-based and high-fidelity models with data and expert judgment that evolves over the course of the gas turbine engine lifecycle. Among other things, embodiments of the gas turbine engine lifecycle decision assistant can improve future predictive models and understanding while at the same time reducing risk and uncertainty in the service management of existing products.

Abstract: Electrical power machines are monitored and a loss-of-field event is determined thereof using time stamped mechanical conditions and electrical conditions. The mechanical conditions may include rotational position, calculated and time stamped rotational frequency, valve position, temperature, or vibration. The time stamped electrical conditions may include electrical power system frequency, electrical power machine field data, electrical power machine terminal information such as voltage and current, and the like. Electrical and mechanical time-stamped electrical power machine data from different machines that may be local or remote from each other may be compared for monitoring the machines.

Abstract: A zooming user interface for a material handling control system is provided. A method carried out by at least one processor may include providing a representative diagram of a material handling system for display on a display at a first zoom level, receiving a user request for a change in a zoom level of at least a portion of the representative diagram, and in response to receiving the user request providing the at least a portion of the representative diagram of the material handling system for display on the display at a second zoom level. The at least a portion of the representative diagram may include additional content at the second zoom level.

Abstract: A uniformity waveform for a tire (T) and a rotational phase of a load drum (4) are measured with a load drum (4) pressed against the tire (T). In a waveform of the frequency domain acquired by frequency conversion of the uniformity waveform, the amplitude and phase for a component of an integer multiple of the rotational frequency of the load drum (4) are found and stored as a correction parameter. A corrected tire (T) uniformity waveform is calculated by subtracting from the uniformity waveform a correction waveform calculated on the basis of the correction parameter, the correction waveform being the one in the rotational phase range of the load drum (4) during tire measurement.

Abstract: An electronic device can effectively transmit sound even if a force is applied to a panel by an ear. The electronic device includes a panel (10) and a vibration unit (30) that vibrates the panel (10) to generate air-conducted sound and vibration sound that is transmitted through a portion of a human body. The intensity of vibration of the vibration unit (30) changes in accordance with the force applied to the panel (10).

Abstract: An acquisition unit acquires the width-direction acceleration and the vertical-direction acceleration of a surface of a structure on which a moving object moves from an acceleration sensor provided in the structure on which the moving object moves. A displacement computation unit computes the vertical-direction displacement of the structure on the basis of the vertical-direction acceleration. A correlation determination unit determines the correlation between the width-direction acceleration and the vertical-direction displacement. A movement detection unit detects the movement of the moving object on the structure on the basis of the correlation.

Abstract: A measuring device includes a data acquisition unit that acquires measurement data, including width direction acceleration of a road surface on which a moving object moves, from an acceleration sensor provided on a structure having the road surface, and a moving object information acquisition unit that acquires information relating to the moving object moving on the road surface, on the basis of the width direction acceleration.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a method and an apparatus for obtaining vibration information and a piece of user equipment. The method comprises: obtaining multiple groups of electromagnetic wave receiving signals corresponding to multiple receiving locations; obtaining, according to transmission channel information between the multiple receiving locations and the multiple reflective units and the multiple groups of electromagnetic wave receiving signals, multiple reflected electromagnetic wave signals respectively corresponding to the multiple reflective units; and obtaining, according to the multiple reflected electromagnetic wave signals, multiple pieces of vibration information respectively corresponding to the multiple reflective units.

Abstract: A control device for a recording system includes a sound acquisition unit, a recording control unit, an item management unit and a presentation control unit. The sound acquisition unit acquires sound data from a sound pickup device. The recording control unit records information based on the sound data as recording information corresponding to one of predetermined items. The item management unit extracts one of the items, in which the recording information has not yet been recorded, as an uninput item. The presentation control unit causes a presentation device to show the uninput item.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method, an apparatus, and a monitoring system for acquisition of a machine's rotating speed and vibration data. A machine rotating speed acquisition apparatus according to the inventive disclosure comprises a speed sensor and a controlling unit. The speed sensor is operative to count the pulses triggered during the rotation of the machine so as to acquire the machine's rotating speed. The controlling unit is operative to record the triggering moment of each pulse. Furthermore, each time when a pulse triggering moment is recorded, a rotating speed time scale message containing that pulse triggering moment is broadcasted to at least one machine vibration data acquisition apparatus, in order for the at least one machine vibration data acquisition apparatus to receive that rotating speed time scale message and record the local time when receiving that message.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for the adaptive detection of audio alarms. A system comprises a microphone configured to receive a series of sounds, a memory configured to store a defined set of alarm templates, a communications network interface, and a processor. The processor is configured to receive and analyze sounds for alarm or background sound characteristics and compare them to a defined set of alarm templates stored in the memory. If not contained in the defined set of alarm templates previously stored in the memory, new alarm templates are learned and stored. An alert is then transmitted to a client device that an audio alarm has been recognized.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for detecting a driver's hands-off may include a torque sensor that detects a torque signal generated from a steering wheel of a vehicle, a vibration generator that generates a reference vibration to the steering wheel of the vehicle, a filter that extracts a torque signal of a vibration frequency band from the detected torque signal, and a controller that activates the vibration generator when a change rate of the detected torque signal exceeds a threshold value and determines whether the driver's hands-off occurs based on a change of the torque signal extracted by the filter.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, system and computer program product for structural damage detection in a vehicle. The method includes detecting a change in tension of a wire coupled to two different nodes of a multiplicity of nodes tethered to one another by way of tensioned wires and affixed to a portion of a vehicle. Thereafter, in response to the detection, data is uploaded that includes the change in tension to a computer remote form the vehicle over a computer communications network.

Abstract: A notification device (1) includes a sweep signal generator (3) that generates a sweep signal by changing the frequency of a predetermined wave at a constant speed in a frequency band which allows exciters (EX1, EX2, EX3, EX4) to generate a vibration, a sweep signal divider (4) that divides the sweep signal into a higher-band sweep signal in a higher-frequency band including an overlap frequency band and a lower-band sweep signal in a lower-frequency band including the overlap frequency band, a signal output determination unit (2) that determines from which exciters the higher-band sweep signal and lower-band sweep signal should be outputted, and an output signal adjuster (9) that makes an adjustment for outputting the higher-band sweep signal and lower-band sweep signal from the exciters determined.

Abstract: A method for performing diagnostics of a structure subject to loads, in particular an aircraft structure, is implemented by an arrangement of sensors located at relevant points of the structure and corresponding neural networks. The method includes training the neural network in order to establish an associative relationship between the state of the structure in a subset of relevant points and the state of the structure in at least one residual relevant point. The state of the structure is detected in a plurality of relevant points under operating conditions. The state of the structure is estimated in at least one residual relevant point by the associated neural network on the basis of the pre-established associated relationship.

Abstract: The method of validating a calibration of a phased-array inspection instrument uses a calibration block having two reflectors located below an inspection surface at two different depths.

Abstract: Predictive monitoring of a rotational machine of a cooling apparatus is provided by integrating a predictive vibration analyzer into an electronics rack being cooled by the cooling apparatus. The integrating includes associating at least one sensor of the predictive vibration analyzer with the rotational machine of the cooling apparatus. The analyzer includes a predetermined harmonics table of one or more base operational frequencies and associated rotational speed harmonics for the rotational machine indicative of one or more rotational faults, and the predictive vibration analyzer automatically evaluates vibration of the rotational machine during operation of the machine by analyzing vibration data therefor, and automatically ascertains, based on the vibration data, and the predetermined harmonics table, whether the rotational machine is predicted to possess a rotational fault of the one or more rotational faults.

Abstract: A numerical control device includes a phase-difference calculation unit that, when machining with vibrations is performed on a movement path, calculates a phase difference between a vibrational forward-moving position and a vibrational backward-moving position from a vibration amplitude-to-feed ratio between amplitude of the vibrations and a feed speed of a tool to a workpiece, a movement-path generation unit generating the vibrational forward-moving position and the vibrational backward-moving position as the movement path for each drive shaft by using the phase difference, a vibration-waveform generation unit generating a reference vibration waveform to be superimposed on the movement path for each drive shaft by using vibration conditions, a vibrational-movement-amount generation unit calculating a vibrational-movement amount on the movement path for each drive shaft by using the reference vibration waveform, and a movement-amount combining unit generating a combined movement amount for each drive shaft by

Abstract: Method for determining oscillation parameters of turbo-machine blades consists in that when the blade tip travels in front of a sensor, reading values of a single pulsed signal formed by the sensor are obtained in a number that is not lower than that of unknown parameters of a harmonic or polyharmonic oscillation of the blade, the origin of a single pulsed signal readings obtained for each blade being synchronized with the blade tip position relative to the sensor according to a given level of the single pulsed signal; then the values of the harmonic or polyharmonic oscillation parameters of the blade are calculated with the use of the obtained values of the single pulsed signal reading origins and of the value of the turbo-machine shaft revolution period.

Abstract: A measurement method for early detection of damage to a blade of an impeller of a turbine is provided. During operation, in a rotational direction of the blade along a circumference which surrounds the impeller, at a plurality of points, in each case a plurality of magnetic fields are generated next to one another substantially in an oscillation direction of the blade, which magnetic fields are influenced by a tip of a turbine blade during transit. Positional values of the tip are detected by at the plurality of points. A positional profile of the turbine blade is then formed from the positional values and a frequency is determined from the positional profile. The frequency is compared with defined frequency values. An alarm event is recognized in case of a sudden and/or pronounced change in the frequency. In addition, a turbine is provided which is configured to carry out the method.

Abstract: A method for analyzing the condition of a machine, and an apparatus for analyzing the condition of a machine are described.

Abstract: Predictive monitoring of a rotational machine of a cooling apparatus is provided by integrating a predictive vibration analyzer into an electronics rack being cooled by the cooling apparatus. The integrating includes associating at least one sensor of the predictive vibration analyzer with the rotational machine of the cooling apparatus. The analyzer includes a predetermined harmonics table of one or more base operational frequencies and associated rotational speed harmonics for the rotational machine indicative of one or more rotational faults, and the predictive vibration analyzer automatically evaluates vibration of the rotational machine during operation of the machine by analyzing vibration data therefor, and automatically ascertains, based on the vibration data, and the predetermined harmonics table, whether the rotational machine is predicted to possess a rotational fault of the one or more rotational faults.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a structural health monitoring system, for example a system used in the non-destructive evaluation of an aircraft structure. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for evaluating one or more anomalies within a structure using a structural health monitoring system that includes at least three transducers arranged in operative contact with the structure such that no two transducers are aligned to be parallel. A transducer excites an elastic wave that propagates through the structure, and reflections from any anomalies within the structure are collected by the three transducers. These collected signals are analyzed to identify an anomaly within the structure. Time of flight techniques are used to determine the location of the anomaly.

Abstract: Internal components of power generation machines, such as gas or steam turbines, are inspected with a laser profilometer inspection system that is inserted and positioned within the turbine, for example through an inspection port that is in communication with an open inter-row spacing volume between an opposing turbine vane and turbine blade row. Component surface profile scans are performed to determine relative profile heights along a two-dimensional scan line generated by the profilometer. Three-dimensional profile information is obtained by translating the scan line across the surface. Real time profile information is gathered without physical contact, which is helpful for extracting off-line engineering information about component surface conditions, including surface spallation, perforation, and gaps between components. The system is capable of determining blade tip gap between a turbine blade tip and its opposing abradable surface in the turbine casing.

Abstract: A detection circuit (physical quantity detection circuit) includes a digital arithmetic operation circuit (arithmetic operation processing portion) that performs an arithmetic operation process of generating an arithmetic operation signal according to a magnitude of a physical quantity, on the basis of a detection signal corresponding to the physical quantity. The digital arithmetic operation circuit performs an arithmetic operation process including a power supply voltage fluctuation correction process of correcting at least one of the detection signal and a signal which is obtained by a portion of the arithmetic operation process with respect to the detection signal, on the basis of a correction expression using a power supply voltage to be supplied as a variable.

Abstract: The proposed mechanical method of turbocompressor surge detection uses vibration signals from vibration monitoring equipment mounted on the compressor components to detect a surge event and provide antisurge control thereby. This method utilizes only mechanical information to identify surge, as compared to present day antisurge controllers that use compressor thermodynamic information such as flow, pressure, and temperature to locate a compressor's operating point on a compressor map compared to a surge region.

Abstract: An actuator has an electrically conductive coil which has a longitudinal axis and windings through which a current can flow. The coil is surrounded by a highly permeable first ferromagnetic body so that the first body has projections of highly permeable ferromagnetic material above and below the coil in the longitudinal direction. The actuator has a magnet spaced apart from the coil so that a gap forms therebetween. The magnet is surrounded by a highly permeable second ferromagnetic body so that the second body has projections of highly permeable ferromagnetic material above and below the magnet in the longitudinal direction. The magnet is statically mounted with the second body and the coil is spring mounted with the first body so that the coil and first body oscillate in the longitudinal direction when an alternating current flows through the coil. The coil is outside the magnet perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: The sensor device includes a counter for counting the number of count commands used to perform measurements while maintaining among multiple sensor devices the ratio of measurement intervals; a ratio-holding-unit for setting the ratio to a desired ratio and holding respective values of the ratio for each of the multiple sensor devices; a sampling-timing-generating-unit for receiving a count value of the counter and the setting value of the ratio held by the ratio-holding-unit, and for generating a sampling timing signal based on the comparison result between the count value and the setting value; and a sampling-unit for sampling a detection signal detected by the detecting unit, by using the sampling timing signal generated by the sampling-timing-generating-unit.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for predicting a failure in the rotation of the rotor of a vacuum pump, comprising the following steps: sequences of events related to the change over time of the vacuum pump functional signals are recorded (101), a match is sought between at least one sequence of events and at least one pre-established association rule precursory pattern of a vacuum pump behavior model within the recorded sequences of events, said pre-established association rule's precursory patterns involving a failure in the rotor rotation (102), and a time prediction window is deduced during which a failure in the rotor rotation will occur in a vacuum pump (103).

Abstract: Determining touch contact locations is disclosed. A signal that has been disturbed by touch contacts of a touch input on a surface is received. The received signal is transformed to determine a spatial domain signal. The spatial domain signal is compared with an expected signal associated with potential locations of sources of disturbances caused by the touch contacts. The locations of the touch contacts of the touch input are determined based at least in part on the comparison.

Abstract: A sensor bearing assembly having a rolling element bearing and at least one sensor is provided. The rolling element bearing includes an inner ring, an outer ring, and rolling elements arranged between the inner ring and the outer ring. The at least one sensor is arranged to convert one or more physical magnitudes to electrical sensor signals. The sensor is attached directly or indirectly to the rolling element bearing. The assembly further comprises a converter unit. The converter unit is arranged to convert the electrical sensor signals to output signals, the output signals are different to in type, form and/or amplitude in relation to the electrical sensor signals. The converter unit is also disposed in a separate enclosure that does not share the same enclosure with the sensor.

Abstract: The present disclosure is applicable to generators with low motoring power. In one embodiment, a generator protection element may include a generator monitoring subsystem configured to measure a real power output and an imaginary power output of a generator. The system may also include an electrical parameter threshold subsystem configured to determine whether the measured real power output and the measured imaginary power output satisfy a tripping characteristic. The tripping characteristic may be defined by a function having a slope with respect to a real power axis and an imaginary power axis. In some embodiments, the function may be a piecewise function that defines a first linear segment having a first slope and a second linear segment having a second slope. The first slope and the second slope may be equal and opposite. A tripping subsystem may issue a trip command based upon satisfaction of the tripping characteristic.

Abstract: A drive shaft balancing machine for dynamic balancing of drive shafts includes two pedestals. Each pedestal includes a spring-mounted upper part receiving a rotary spindle, a support receiving an end of a drive shaft to be balanced and a first vibration sensor detecting upper part vibrations resulting from an unbalance of the drive shaft and further involved forces in at least a first degree of freedom of motion normal to the spindle axis. On the upper part of at least one pedestal a second vibration sensor is mounted which detects the vibrations of the upper part in at least a second degree of freedom of motion. An evaluating circuit analyzes and links the vibration signals of the first and the second vibration sensors so that pitch vibration excitations of the upper part not caused by the unbalance of the drive shaft do not enter the drive shaft unbalance value computed.

Abstract: A method of determining blade tip timing measurement uncertainty comprising measuring time of arrival of each of a set of blades at each of a reference set of stationary probes. A reference blade tip parameter is derived from the measurements and the position of each of the probes. A reference condition number is calculated from the position of each of the probes and each targeted engine order, and then a mean calculated. Combinations of fewer probes are determined. For each combination, a condition number is calculated and then a mean condition number is calculated. The combination means are ordered relative to the reference mean and a predetermined number of combinations are selected. A blade tip parameter is derived for the selected combinations. Finally uncertainty of the blade tip parameter for each selected combination is calculated as a percentage of the reference blade tip parameter.

Abstract: A system for making available information which represents a vibration state for the operation of vibration-emitting machines, in particular construction machines, comprising at least one measuring station (12, 12?, 12?) having at least one sensor (20) for detecting at least one variable which relates to the vibration state and having a radio-transmitting unit (24) for outputting a radio output signal which relates to the variable, or at least one reception station (16, 16?, 16?) for picking up the radio output signal of the at least one measuring station (12, 12?, 12?), is characterized in that the at least one measuring station (12, 12?, 12?) comprises an evaluation unit (22) which picks up a sensor signal from the at least one sensor (20) and has the purpose of making available an evaluation signal, representing the vibration state, on the basis of the sensor signal, wherein the radio-transmitting unit (24) generates the radio output signal on the basis of the evaluation signal.

Abstract: A wind turbine blade inspection system includes a sensitive microphone positioned near the base of the turbine tower to receive acoustic signals emanating from anomalies in a rotating turbine blades and a signal analysis system configured to analyze the acoustic signals including Doppler analysis. The data may be centrally monitored and recorded for wind power asset management.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus is arranged to transfer a pattern from a patterning device onto a substrate. The lithographic apparatus includes an acoustical sensor to measure a first acoustic vibration in a sensor measurement area in the lithographic apparatus. An actuator is provided to generate a second acoustic vibration in at least an area of the lithographic apparatus. Further, a control device is provided having a sensor input to receive a sensor signal of the acoustical sensor and an actuator output to provide an actuator drive signal to the actuator. The control device is arranged to drive the actuator so as to let the second acoustic vibration at least partly compensate in the area the first acoustic vibration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system, method, and computer program product for generating a drive signal for a vibrating measuring device (5). A drive chain (C1, C2, C3, CN) is selected from at least two drive chains (C1, C2, C3, CN). Each drive chain (C1, C2, C3, CN) modifies at least one pick-off signal to generate the drive signal. Each drive chain (C1, C2, C3, CN) generates a different mode of vibration in the at least one conduit (103A). The drive signal generated by the selected drive chain (C1, C2, C3, CN) is provided to a drive (104) of the vibrating measuring device (5).

Abstract: A method for operating an electrical machine having a stator 1 with a coil from electrical conductors, which has two coil ends 2 lying opposite each other. The method includes simultaneously recording vibration measurements by means of which the elliptic vibration modes of the two coil ends 2 can be determined as a factor of time; determining the ellipse inclinations and the phase positions of elliptic vibration modes of the two coil ends 2; determining critical operating states of the electrical machine, in which the elliptic inclinations and the phase positions of the elliptic vibration modes of the two coil ends are substantially identical; and operating the electrical machine in such a manner that the critical operating states can be avoided by varying the idle power of the electrical machine.

Abstract: A method for suppressing vibrations, the method having the steps of providing a first device having a first rotating shaft, and a second device having a second rotating shaft. The orbits of the first rotating shaft are measured are analyzed, and the misalignment and unbalance is determined. The first rotating shaft and the bearings are then displaced to eliminate vibrations.

Abstract: A user provides relevant information about the operating parameters of a machine to be monitored to a diagnostic instrument. The user also specifies a location of the machine to be monitored, an alarm level to be set, and the type of alert to be sent. The instrument then automatically generates appropriate an alarm threshold using a set of rules applied to the inputs. The instrument then transmits the alarm threshold to a removable stand-alone monitor. The stand-alone monitor acquires data about the machine, compares the date to the alarm threshold, and sends a user-specified alert when the alarm threshold has been reached. Using the diagnostic instrument and monitor, machines can be monitored for vibration, temperature, or a power parameter.

Abstract: Embodiments of an environmental monitoring system that mitigates complexities in installation and maintenance while complying with strict regulations on operations of the system. The environmental monitoring system may communicate wirelessly between components such as sensor units and display devices, enabling these components to be separately and easily installed in an environment without needing to install wires in the environment to connect them. In addition, in embodiments at least some of the components (e.g., sensor units and display devices) of the environmental monitoring system may be adapted to wirelessly and reliably communicate using specific wireless communication protocols, described in detail herein, that exchange few communications between the components and thereby decrease power consumption of these components. Further, in some embodiments, a display device may include hardware and/or execute software that drive and/or update a display only when a condition is met.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a storage device includes a nonvolatile memory, an interface, a register, and a controller. The nonvolatile memory stores communication speed information. The interface communicates with a host. The register is included in the interface. The controller controls the nonvolatile memory and the interface. The controller reads the speed information from the nonvolatile memory and sets the speed information in the register when the device is started, and the interface communicates with the host based on the speed information set in the register.