Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for wireless charging are disclosed. A wireless charging device has a plurality of charging cells provided on a first surface and a processor configured to provide a charging current to a first charging coil in a surface of the wireless charging device, determine that an impedance of a resonant circuit has varied from a threshold or setpoint impedance, and restore the threshold or setpoint impedance by modifying frequency of the charging current. The resonant circuit may include the first charging coil. A method for operating the wireless charging device includes providing a charging current to a first charging coil in a surface of the wireless charging device, determining that an impedance of a resonant circuit has varied from a threshold or setpoint impedance, and restoring the threshold or setpoint impedance by modifying frequency of the charging current. The resonant circuit may include the charging coil.

Abstract: An impedance measurement system configured to measure impedance of a measurement target capable of supplying power to an electrical load device includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more processors are configured to perform a process including: acquiring data about output power from the measurement target when an alternating current signal of at least one frequency is superimposed on the output power; calculating impedance at the at least one frequency with data about an exclusion period when waveform distortion of the output power is detected being excluded; and in a case where how many times the data about the exclusion period is excluded at a certain frequency is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value, changing of a setting of an operating condition of an electronic device coupled to the measurement target or the electrical load device.

Abstract: A double-balance electronic test apparatus can measure inductance, capacitance, and resistance more accurately than a single-balance meter. The double-balance electronic test apparatus includes two circuits to balance the impedance of a device under test, and uses the balance to calculate the inductance, capacitance, and resistance of the impedance device under test.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to systems and methods for compensating nonlinear distortions. The system receives a signal corresponding to an input sound pressure which is detected by a capacitive MEMS microphone. The capacitive MEMS microphone includes an active capacitance and a parasitic capacitance. The system determines a nonlinear relationship between the signal and the input sound pressure; and determines, based on the signal, an input parameter associated with the active capacitance and the parasitic capacitance. The system further determines an output signal based on the input parameter and the output signal and the input sound pressure have a linear relationship. The system compensates the signal based on the determined output signal and outputs the compensated signal as an output so that the output has the linear relationship with the input sound pressure.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a method is provided, the method comprising: determining a respective impedance curve for a plurality of cells extracted from a plurality of rechargeable batteries, wherein each impedance curve is descriptive of an internal impedance of the respective cell as a function of frequency over a predefined frequency range; determining, for each of the plurality of cells, respective one or more impedance characteristics based on the impedance curve determined for the respective cell; and sorting the plurality of cells into one or more quality classes in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells.

Abstract: Sensors and methods for determining the state of charge of a battery are described. The state of charge is determined in some instances by applying a current perturbation having a frequency to the battery terminals, monitoring the response signal, and determining the phase of the response signal. The phase may be correlated to the state of charge of the battery, so that once the phase is determined, a determination of the state of charge of the battery may be made. In some situations, the state of charge may be used to determine the operating condition of a load connected to the battery. In some embodiments, the state of charge may be used to determine whether the battery is defective.

Abstract: A sensor interface circuit includes at least two sensor inputs and at least two front-end circuits to obtain sensor signal acquisitions from the at least two sensor inputs; a test circuit configured to test correct functionality of at least part of one of the front end circuits by applying a test input to the front end circuit under test, by reading a test output of the front end circuit, and by comparing the test output with an expected result thus obtaining at least one test result. The test input is applied intermittently between sensor signal acquisitions; a processing device is configured to compare the sensor signal acquisitions from the different sensor inputs and combine the comparison with the at least one test result to evaluate correct functionality of the sensor interface circuit.

Abstract: A current sensor includes: four first uniaxial TMR chips and at least two second uniaxial TMR chips, each first uniaxial TMR chip and each second uniaxial TMR chip being located on the same virtual ring, wherein magnetic sensitive directions of the four first uniaxial TMR chips are perpendicular to a radius of the virtual ring, magnetic sensitive directions of two adjacent first uniaxial TMR chips are perpendicular to each other, magnetic sensitive directions of the two second uniaxial TMR chips are parallel to the radius of the virtual ring and opposite to each other, and the two second uniaxial TMR chips respectively have the same positions as two first uniaxial TMR chips; each first uniaxial TMR chip and each second uniaxial TMR chip are configured to collect a magnetic induction intensity, the magnetic induction intensity is configured to calculate a target current value of a to-be-measured wire.

Abstract: A multi-purpose detection circuit for object detection and vehicle position determination is described. For example, the circuit is configurable for detecting foreign metallic objects, living objects, and a vehicle or type of vehicle above an inductive wireless power transmitter. The circuit is also configurable for determining the vehicle's position relative to the inductive wireless power transmitter. An example apparatus includes a measurement circuit including a multiplexer, electrically connected to a plurality of inductive and capacitive sense circuits, for measuring one or more electrical characteristics in each of the inductive and capacitive sense circuits according to a predetermined time multiplexing scheme.

Abstract: A method for controlling an energy storage system (ESS) and devices performing the method are disclosed. A method for controlling an ESS according to example embodiments, the method includes an operation of analyzing energy information of an area for which a peak power load is to be calculated received from a plurality of clients included in the area, an operation of generating, based on an analysis result, scheduling control information for controlling the ESS connected to the plurality of clients on a daily basis, an operation of determining, based on the scheduling control information, whether to generate real-time control information for controlling the ESS on a basis of a predetermined control time period, and an operation of correcting, based on the real-time control information, the scheduling control information.

Abstract: An electric power control system and methods are described herein in which a determined effective impedance between a first sensor and a second sensor is determined and instructions to an adjusting device based on the determined effective impedance are provided. In one example a controller is configured to determine at least one component of the supplied electric power at the plurality of sensors based on a determined effective impedance. In another example, a controller is configured to determine at least one estimated component of the supplied electric power based on the determined effective impedance. In another example, a controller is configured to compare one or more comparison variables from a first time period to one or more comparison variables of a second time period.

Abstract: Provided is an ultrasonography system capable of suppressing image quality deterioration of an ultrasound image and achieving reduction in diameter of an ultrasound endoscope. An ultrasonography system includes an ultrasound transducer array in which a plurality of ultrasound transducers are arranged, a cable that is connected to the plurality of ultrasound transducers, the cable having a non-coaxial cable that includes a first cable bundle consisting of a plurality of signal wires and a plurality of ground wires, and a first shield layer with which the first cable bundle is coated, and an outer coat with which a second cable bundle consisting of a plurality of the non-coaxial cables is coated, a memory that stores static capacitance data indicating static capacitance of each signal wire included in the first cable bundle, and a processor that periodically corrects transmission and reception sensitivity of each ultrasound transducer based on the static capacitance data stored in the memory.

Abstract: A system for detecting an electrical grounding inter grid integrity between the earth grids includes a current injection device 108 that provides the low amplitude input current with off-grid frequency to the first earth grid 102 to detect the electrical grounding inter grid integrity between the first earth grid 102 and the second earth grid 104. The system includes a measuring device 106 that is connected to a first reference riser 112A and a second reference riser 112B to measure a drop in voltage or resistance between the first earth grid 102 and the second earth grid 104. The system includes a first bypass conductor 114 that is connected between the first earth grid 102 and the second earth grid 104 to transmit the input current with off-grid frequency to the second earth grid 104 when the electrical grounding inter grid connectivity is damaged.

Abstract: A parking brake control device is configured to, when releasing a hold on a braking force, energize an electric motor, and change a drive time of the electric motor based on a current change amount in a predetermined interval after a predetermined time has elapsed since a current value of the electric motor starts to decrease after increasing and a current value at which the current change amount of the electric motor converges to a predetermined value or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a state of at least one cell of a battery, wherein the battery has a plurality of cells, which are connected in series with each other, the method comprising at least the following steps: a) applying an alternating current to the plurality of cells; b) measuring the alternating voltage produced thereby at at least a first cell and a second cell; c) analyzing a phase position of the measured alternating voltage of each cell; wherein a difference at least between a first phase position of a first alternating voltage measured at the first cell and a second phase position of a second alternating voltage measured at the second cell forms a conclusion about a difference between the states of at least the first cell and the second cell.

Abstract: Devices and methods to perform AC impedance measurement of a device which use an excitation signal including a root mean squared current or a root mean squared voltage in a sequence of one or more frequency groups, wherein each of said frequency groups includes a summation of one or more frequencies within a frequency spread.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method for a touch scan is proposed. The method includes operating a device in first and second modes corresponding to the device, respectively, being wirelessly and not wirelessly charged. In each mode for each frame, the method includes dividing a frequency range corresponding to a touch-sensing technology into M or N positive integer numbers of equal and sequential frequency intervals, where N is greater than M. In the first mode, the method includes determining a first frequency interval of the M frequency intervals with the least noise and performing the touch scan using a first frequency within the first frequency interval. In the second mode for each frame, the method includes determining a second frequency interval of the N frequency intervals with the least noise and performing the touch scan using a second frequency within the second frequency interval.

Abstract: A system for re-configuring a welding system provides the ability to download applications to a welding power source or system, and to store the configuration data and applications to one or more of a series of welders, thereby simplifying configuration and re-configuration of power sources.

Abstract: A circuit includes a temperature-sensitive voltage divider. The temperature-sensitive voltage divider includes a temperature-sensitive resistor and a second resistor having a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of the temperature-sensitive resistor. A temperature signal is generated at a first node coupled to the first terminal of the temperature-sensitive resistor. Detection logic is coupled to the first node to generate a detection signal responsive to the temperature signal.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for characterizing electrical components for evaluating performance in a high voltage transient protection circuit. Impedance graphs provided by manufacturers for electrical components are typically low voltage measurements that do not necessarily accurately reflect component performance at high voltages above 150 volts. It is important to characterize and understand the behavior of these components at high voltages in order to ensure the components will protect circuitry as expected. In certain embodiments, a characterization method includes obtaining time domain voltage measurements from two terminals of a device under test (DUT) as it is exposed to high voltage transients from an electrical fast transient (EFT) generator. The time domain voltage data is transformed into frequency domain voltage data using a transform algorithm, and additional analysis is performed to derive scattering parameters, impedance, and other valuable metrics for component characterization.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for charge-based capacitor measurement. The system includes a first pseudo-inverter circuit and a second pseudo-inverter circuit. The system also includes a control circuit coupled between the first inverter circuit and the second inverter circuit. The control circuit is configured to generate independent and non-overlapping control signals for the first pseudo-inverter circuit and the second pseudo-inverter circuit. A shielding metal is coupled to the first pseudo-inverter circuit, the second pseudo-inverter circuit, and the control circuit. The shielding metal is configured to dissipate parasitic capacitance of at least one of the first pseudo-inverter circuit or the second pseudo-inverter circuit. A device under test is coupled to each of the first inverter circuit and the second inverter circuit.

Abstract: A method and a system for verifying an integrated circuit stack having a silicon photonic (SIPH) device is introduced. A single first dummy layer is added to at least one terminal of the SIPH device in a first layout of the first integrated circuit, wherein a shape of the single first dummy layer added to the at least one terminal of the SIPH device maps a shape of the at least one terminal of the SIPH device. A first layout versus schematic (LVS) check is performed on the first integrated circuit based on the single first dummy layer added to the at least one terminal of the SIPH device to verify a connection of the SIPH device in the first integrated circuit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detection and analysis of battery condition information may be used with respect to, for example, battery powered hand hygiene product dispensers. The battery condition information may be used to identify potential low battery conditions, the type of dispenser, the type or form of product dispensed, and/or to detect occurrence of a battery replacement event in a hand hygiene product dispenser. The battery condition information may further be used to determine a number of dispenses remaining for a hand hygiene product dispenser. The battery condition information may further be used to provide battery condition information for battery operated hand hygiene product dispensers in hand hygiene compliance systems.

Abstract: A low voltage cell detecting method and a battery management system includes a cell monitoring IC connected to respective ends of a plurality of battery cells and measuring a cell voltage and a battery current of the respective battery cells, and a main control circuit for calculating states of charge (SOCs) of the respective battery cells based on at least one of the measured cell voltages and the battery currents of the battery cells. The main control circuit compares a difference value between first SOCs of the battery cells calculated before a service of a vehicle terminates and second SOCs of the battery cells calculated when the service of the vehicle resumes to a predetermined discharging threshold value, determines whether the battery cells respectively have a low voltage according to the comparison, and detects a low voltage cell.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for high-speed falling conductor protection in electric distribution systems. An example method may include calculating, by a processor, at a first time, and for each phase, one or more first impedance values associated with one or more terminals of a transmission line. The example method may also include calculating, by the processor, at a second time, and for each phase, one or more second impedance values associated with the one or more terminals. The example method may also include determining, by the processor, that a rate of change of an impedance of the one or more terminals is greater than a threshold rate of change. The example method may also include determining, by the processor and based on the determination that the rate of change of the one or more terminals is greater than the threshold rate of change, that the transmission line has broken.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for chucking in substrate processing chambers. In one implementation, a method of chucking one or more substrates in a substrate processing chamber includes applying a chucking voltage to a pedestal. A substrate is disposed on a support surface of the pedestal. The method also includes ramping the chucking voltage from the applied voltage, detecting an impedance shift while ramping the chucking voltage, determining a corresponding chucking voltage at which the impedance shift occurs, and determining a refined chucking voltage based on the impedance shift and the corresponding chucking voltage.

Abstract: A battery pack comprises a battery, a voltage sensor that detects a voltage of the battery, a power converter that transmits and receives electric power to and from the battery, an SMR and a charging relay electrically connected between the battery and the power converter, and a processor that estimates a polarization voltage Vp of the battery according to the following formula: Vp=a×{1?exp(??t/b)}. The processor determines coefficients a and b based on first and second voltages. The first voltage is detected by the voltage sensor within a first period of time after the SMR is opened and the second voltage is detected by the voltage sensor within a second period of time before the charging relay is closed.

Abstract: A test system may be used for obtaining accurate remote sense voltage and/or current values. A measurement instrument may provide a regulated stimulus signal to a device under test (DUT) and measure a DUT signal developed at least partially in response to the stimulus signal. A test circuit may superimpose a test signal over the stimulus signal to cause the DUT signal to be developed further in response to the test signal. The DUT signal may be used to derive a resistance of the path that couples the measurement instrument to the DUT. The measurement instrument may include a source measure unit, the stimulus signal may be a regulated voltage, and the DUT signal may be a sense voltage. The harmonics of the DUT signal may be analyzed to determine a correlation between an amplitude of a measured fundamental frequency of the DUT signal and the resistance of the path.

Abstract: An absence of voltage indicator has an isolation circuit, an FM modulator attached to the isolation circuit, a reference oscillator, and a mixer attached to the reference oscillator and the FM modulator, wherein the output of the mixer is the difference of the two signals. In one embodiment, the FM modulator includes a variable capacitor which varies in response to a voltage in parallel to a fixed capacitor and an inductor in parallel to the capacitors.

Abstract: A battery life determination apparatus includes a detector that measures a voltage of a battery, and a controller that determines an average value of a battery depth of discharge based on a voltage of the battery depending on a battery discharging after key off of a vehicle and a battery charging while driving of the vehicle, and determines a battery life by comparing a number of start-on times after the key off with a number of battery life end cycles corresponding to the average value, minimizing problems of start-on failures and charging delays, and providing customers with reliable battery information.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method for ascertaining the state of health of a secondary battery. In one example embodiment, the method includes making a first estimation for the state of health by an observer, using an aging prediction model to ascertain a second estimation for the state of health, the aging prediction model being parameterized on the basis of the first estimation for the state of health. The first or second estimation of the state of health, or a combination of the first and second estimation of the state of health, is used as the state of health of the secondary battery.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring a fluid flow in a pipe using electromagnetic velocity tomography (EVT) which can incorporate capacitively-coupled electrodes which avoid any direct physical and electrical contact between the process fluid to be monitored and the electronics for processing the flow induced voltages, yet which can provide highly accurate output data for processing using electromagnetic velocity tomography (EVT) to produce images of the fluid flow.

Abstract: This display device includes: a drive processing unit inputs an input signal with respect to a plurality of drive lines; an output detection processing unit that detects an output signal that is output from a plurality of sense lines; a grouping processing unit that groups the plurality of drive lines into a plurality of groups each having a set grouped number of adjacent drive lines; and a touch operation detection processing unit that detects a touch operation made with respect to a touch panel based on a linear element sequence calculated by a matrix operation of an input sequence and an output sequence. The drive processing unit inputs the input signal having the same pattern to each of the grouped number of drive lines that have been grouped by the grouping processing unit.

Abstract: A robotic system includes a robot driven using a battery as a power supply source, and a control device configured to control the robot. The control device executes a setting process of making the robot repeatedly execute a first operation from when the battery is fully charged to when an output voltage of the battery becomes not higher than a predetermined threshold value, and setting a number of times the robot executes the first operation in a range in which the output voltage of the battery is higher than the threshold value as a first upper-limit number of times which is an upper limit of a number of times the robot can be made to execute the first operation in a period from when the battery is fully charged to when the battery is recharged.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a motor parameter measuring device and method. According to the disclosure, a motor parameter measuring device comprises a torque receiver receiving a motor torque of a motor rotated by an external force, a motor constant calculator calculating a motor constant based on the motor torque, and a parameter calculator controlling an inverter connected with the motor to form a closed circuit and calculating a parameter of the motor based on a current generated by the rotating motor in the closed circuit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for determining when a battery, or one or more batteries within a battery pack, undergoes an undesired thermal event such as thermal runaway. A sensor pack is mounted in close proximity to, or in contact with, an external surface of the battery or batteries to be monitored and communicates battery information, including battery compartment information, to a battery package monitor outside the battery compartment. Cloud connectivity can be provided via a mobile application to a battery thermal management package.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for wireless charging are disclosed. A wireless charging device has a plurality of charging cells provided on a first surface and a processor configured to provide a charging current to a first charging coil in a surface of the wireless charging device, determine that an impedance of a resonant circuit has varied from a threshold or setpoint impedance, and restore the threshold or setpoint impedance by modifying frequency of the charging current. The resonant circuit may include the first charging coil. A method for operating the wireless charging device includes providing a charging current to a first charging coil in a surface of the wireless charging device, determining that an impedance of a resonant circuit has varied from a threshold or setpoint impedance, and restoring the threshold or setpoint impedance by modifying frequency of the charging current. The resonant circuit may include the charging coil.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods for detecting and improving temperature stability in measurements performed by a dry block, i.e. a temperature calibrator. The dry block comprises a heating and cooling device. An energy metering integrated circuit measures an applied input power to the heating elements of the heating and cooling device. Additionally, a real-time compensation algorithm uses measurement results obtained by the energy metering integrated circuit, and outputs a control signal to the heating elements. The arrangement may comprise a back draft damper adjacent to a fan. The fan position may be selected. Stability criteria may be set. Leaning of the dry block can be tracked. Different sensors are used for the temperature control and for the temperature stability indication.

Abstract: A field device having a safe interface is based on two voltage regulators designed to set electrical current between corresponding contacts of the interface. The field device tests via which of the contacts the field device is connected with a superordinate unit and an automatic configuration of the interface can be performed for the appropriate transmission standard. Because the contacting to the superordinated unit is checked repetitively by means of two electrical current regulators it is assured that the field device can determine and automatically react to a change of the contacting at the interface even during measurement operation. This makes the interface safe and thereby increases the safety of the process plant, in which the field device is applied.

Abstract: A power supply circuit supplies power from a first battery to a first load. The first load includes a capacitor that needs to be charged before activation. The power supply circuit includes: a main circuit that supplies power from the first battery to the first load; and a backup circuit having a precharge circuit for charging the capacitor and that supplies power from the first battery to the first load. When charging the capacitor, power is supplied from the first battery to the first load by using the backup circuit. After charging of the capacitor is completed, power is supplied from the first battery to the first load by using the main circuit.

Abstract: This application discloses a voltage scaling method and an electronic device. The method is applied to an electronic device having a processor and a power supply that supplies power to the processor. The method includes the processor sending power supply scaling information to the power supply based on an operating frequency in a next time period. The method further includes the power supply determining, based on the power supply scaling information, a supply voltage Vout used to supply power to the processor. The supply voltage Vout decreases as a load current of the power supply increases. Vmin?Vout?V, where Vmin is a lowest supply voltage of the processor at the operating frequency in the next time period, and V is a specified supply voltage of the processor at the operating frequency in the next time period.

Abstract: There is provided a detection chip including a charging circuit, a discharging circuit, a counter and a processor. The charging circuit provides a first charging current within a first charging interval, and provides a second charging current, smaller than the first charging current, within a second charging interval. The discharging circuit provides a first discharging current within a first discharging interval, and provides a second discharging current, smaller than the first discharging current, within a second discharging interval. The counter counts the second charging interval and the second discharging interval. The processor identifies a touch event according to the second charging interval and the second discharging interval.

Abstract: A photovoltaic energy system and a method for detecting a ground insulation impedance, improve accuracy of detecting a ground insulation impedance after one or more conversion circuits are connected in parallel. The photovoltaic energy system includes one or more conversion circuits and a detection circuit. The detection circuit includes an alternating current signal source and a sampling resistor that are connected in series, a first sampling circuit, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to control the alternating current signal source to output harmonic signals of a first frequency and a second frequency. The first sampling circuit is configured to: when the alternating current signal source outputs the harmonic signal of the first frequency, collect a voltage at both terminals of the sampling resistor to obtain a first voltage.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a failsafe circuit connected to a first power control interconnect conductor, to a second power control interconnect conductor, and to a processor status interconnect conductor. A processor may provide a first level indicating an operational status of the processor to the processor status interconnect conductor when the processor is operational, and provide a second level indicating a non-operational status of the processor to the processor status interconnect conductor when the processor is non-operational. The failsafe circuit may assure, upon provision of the second level to the processor status interconnect conductor, that the first power control interconnect conductor will be in a first failsafe state and the second power control interconnect conductor will be in a second failsafe state.

Abstract: A radiation risk assessment method and device, an electronic device and a storage medium are provided. The method comprises: determining a risk signal to be assessed based on a product design model, and judging whether the risk signal to be assessed is periodic; if the risk signal to be assessed is periodic, determining the spectrum amplitude corresponding to the risk signal to be assessed; acquiring the current intensity of a radiation source and the distance between the risk signal to be assessed and the radiation source; calculating to obtain the radiation intensity of the risk signal to be assessed using the spectrum amplitude, the current intensity and the distance; and determining the corresponding radiation risk assessment result according to the radiation intensity.

Abstract: An AC resistance detection circuit and system. The circuit includes: a working state control module, generating a working state control signal; a sampling module, outputting a sampling signal of a resistance between a neutral wire and a live wire in the detection state; a comparison module, receiving a reference signal and the sampling signal, and outputting a comparison result; a counting signal generation module, receiving an oscillation signal and the working state control signal, and outputting the oscillation signal as a counting signal in the detection state; a zero clearing module, receiving the comparison result and the working state control signal, and outputting an active zero clearing signal when resistance between the neutral wire and the live wire is greater than a threshold; and a counting module, connected to the counting signal and the zero clearing signal, and outputting a high level when a count value reaches a preset value.

Abstract: Embodiments provided herein generally include apparatus, plasma processing systems and methods for generation of a waveform for plasma processing of a substrate in a processing chamber. Embodiments of the disclosure include an apparatus and method for generating a pulsed-voltage waveform that includes coupling a main voltage source to an electrode during a first phase of a process of generating a pulsed-voltage waveform, wherein the electrode is disposed within a processing chamber, coupling a ground node to the electrode during a second phase of the process of generating the pulsed-voltage waveform, coupling a first compensation voltage source to the electrode during a third phase of the process of generating the pulsed-voltage waveform, and coupling a second compensation voltage source to the electrode during a fourth phase of the process of generating the pulsed-voltage waveform.

Abstract: A leak detection sensor is disclosed for detecting a leaking liquid spilled from an adapter-coupling position, and includes a first conductive layer, an insulator and a second conductive layer. The first conductive layer includes a first through hole. The adapter-coupling position is located adjacent to the first through hole. The insulator includes a second through hole. The second conductive layer is connected to the first conductive layer through the insulator, and includes a conducting surface in fluid communication with the adapter-coupling position through the second through hole and the first through hole. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are insulated from each other through the insulator. When the leaking liquid is spilled into the first through hole and the second through hole, and contacts the conducting surface, the second conductive layer is conducted to the first conductive layer to form a conducting-resistance value.

Abstract: A method for determining system resistance of at least one power supply of a handheld medical device, the method including: a) generating at least one excitation voltage signal, wherein the excitation voltage signal comprises at least one direct current (DC) voltage signal, wherein the excitation voltage signal has a fast transition DC flank of 20 ns or less; b) applying the excitation voltage signal to at least one reference resistor having a predetermined or pre-defined resistance value, wherein the reference resistor is arranged in series with the power supply; c) measuring a response signal of the power supply; d) determining a signal flank from the response signal and determining an ohmic signal portion from one or both of shape and height of the signal flank; and e) determining the system resistance of the power supply from the ohmic signal portion.

Abstract: An electrical test device may include a power supply, a conductive probe element, and a spectral analysis block. The power supply may be connected to an external power source. The conductive probe element may be connected to the power supply and may be configured to be energized by the power supply. The probe element may be configured to be placed in contact with an electrical system under test and apply an input signal containing current for measuring at least one parameter of the electrical system. The spectral analysis block may be connected to the probe element and may be configured to receive an output signal from the electrical system in response to the application of the current to the electrical system. The spectral analysis block may be configured to analyze frequency spectra of the output signal and detect a broadband increase in energy of the frequency spectra above a predetermined energy threshold.