Abstract: A food thermometer includes: a circuit board, a charging assembly, an energy storage element, an insulating member, a first metal housing, and a first temperature detection unit configured to detect a temperature of food. The circuit board is electrically connected to the charging assembly and the energy storage element; and the circuit board, the charging assembly and the energy storage element are disposed on one side of the insulating member. The first metal housing is electrically connected to the circuit board and is disposed on the other side of the insulating member. The first temperature detection unit is electrically connected to the circuit board to transmit a temperature signal to the circuit board, and the first metal housing is configured to transmit the temperature signal, as a wireless signal, to an external terminal.

Abstract: A power quality analysis system is configured to carry out a power quality analysis in an electrical environment. The system comprises one or more power consuming units each electrically connected to a main power supply by a multiconductor (multicore) cable and one or more power quality sensors configured to provide one or more power quality analysis measurements. The one or more power quality sensors are clamp-on power quality sensors configured to provide one or more power quality analysis measurements when the clamp-on power quality sensors are clamped onto the outside of or arranged in the proximity of the multiconductor cable. The clamp-on power quality sensors are configured to provide the one or more power quality analysis measurements without being electrically connected to any of the conductors of the multiconductor cable.

Abstract: A semiconductor chip includes a physical layer and a processing circuit. The physical layer includes at least one sequence checking circuit and at least one signal transmission path, wherein the at least one sequence checking circuit is configured to generate at least one test result signal according to a clock signal and at least one test data signal transmitted through the at least one signal transmission path, and the clock signal is not transmitted through the at least one signal transmission path. The processing circuit is electrically coupled to the physical layer and is configured to determine an operation status of the at least one signal transmission path according to the voltage level of the at least one test result signal.

Abstract: A rotation speed detector includes: a base material to be attached to a rotating body; a first magnetic pole having an arcuate strip shape and provided on the base material; a second magnetic pole having an arcuate strip shape and provided on the base material; and a power generation element including a magnetic wire configured to cause a large Barkhausen effect, and a pickup coil. The power generation element is arranged to face the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole so that a longitudinal direction of the magnetic wire is provided along a radial direction of the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole. A non-magnetic gap is provided between the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole.

Abstract: In some configurations, a supply-chain characteristic-vectors merchandising system and a method for an environmental characteristic-vectors of a gas communicating from an upstream amenity to a downstream amenity in a supply-chain may be disclosed. The system may be configured to track oil and/or gas throughout the supply-chain by associating characteristic-vectors (e.g., environmental, operational, physical etc.) of the upstream amenity and the downstream amenity with the energy units of the gas transmitted through the supply-chain.

Abstract: Systems and methods for voltage stability monitoring and active/reactive power support are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a smart electric meter of an end user in a grid power system can measure the voltage supplied to the end user via the grid power system, and can analyze the voltage data to detect critical voltage characteristics. The critical voltage characteristics may indicate that a voltage collapse event is likely. The smart electric meter can further estimate a voltage stability margin based on the voltage data. If necessary, the smart electric meter can control an electrical power source and/or an electric appliance positioned at or near the end user to increase the voltage stability margin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new accessible and accurate computational modeling approach to compute electromagnetic scattering and radiation from large predominantly metallic electrically large targets including but not limited to airplanes, missiles, and ships.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas container having a gas distribution valve and an electronic measurement device arranged on the gas distribution valve. The electronic measurement device having an electronic display screen which is electrically connected, via an electrical connecting connector, to a circuit board having at least one microprocessor. The electrical connecting connector having a connector body in the shape of an elongate bar through which a plurality of electrically conductive elements passes extending between two opposite faces of the connector body. The electrically conductive elements are separated from one another by regions made of insulating material.

Abstract: The present invention belong to the technical field of lattice tower structure monitoring, and discloses a displacement reconstruction method for a lattice tower structure based on improved mode superposition.

Abstract: A method for determining the resistive component of the leakage current impedance (Ri50) of a downstream branch to an alternating current network having a live phase (L), a neutral conductor (N), and a protective conductor (PE) conducted by: (a) measuring a differential current ILN between the live phase (L) and the neutral conductor (N); (b) measuring a voltage U between the live phase (L) and the neutral conductor (N) or between the live phase (L) and the protective conductor (PE); (c) correcting a phase shift between the differential current ILN and the voltage U; (d) determining several individual differential current values ILN,i and several individual voltage values Ui, the differential current values ILN,i being phase-corrected with respect to the voltage values Ui; (e) determining the effective power P from the several individual differential current values ILN,I and the several individual voltage values Ui; (f) determining the effective voltage UEff by the voltage values Ui; and (g) determining the r

Abstract: A portable electronic device is provided. The portable electronic device includes a housing, a slider unit having an inlet portion configured to retract into the housing, a flexible display, a first antenna, a wireless communication, a state detection sensor, a first grip sensor, a processor, and a memory, processor performs recognizing that the state of the slider unit is changed from first to second state, correcting a capacitance value calculated using the first grip sensor as a correction value using an offset value corresponding to the second state, and a power back-off that lowers the power of a RF signal to be output from the wireless communication circuit to the first antenna using a power back-off value corresponding to the second state when the correction value is equal to or greater than a threshold value corresponding to the second state.

Abstract: An electronic circuit for measuring an angle and an intensity of an external magnetic field, includes: first and second magnetic field sensing units having sensing axes substantially orthogonal to each other; a voltage generator supplying a synchronization signal, a first voltage waveform to the first magnetic field sensing unit and a second voltage waveform to the second magnetic field sensing unit; a signal conditioning unit configured for adding the first and second sensing output signals and outputting a conditioned signal. The first and second voltage waveforms have substantially the same amplitude and frequency and are phase shifted by about 90° with respect to each other. The conditioned signal and the synchronization signal are inputted into a magnetic field angle detection unit configured for measuring a phase shift between the conditioned signal and the synchronization signal and for determining the angle of the external magnetic field from the measured phase shift.

Abstract: A system and method for allocating exported energy in a utility network is provided. A system and method comprising measuring the exported energy and a consumed energy via one or more IoT edge devices connected to a cloud computing infrastructure and coupled to one or more distributed energy resources in a community of energy consumers via a telecommunication network. Storing the measured exported energy and consumed energy on a memory coupled to a processor in the cloud computing infrastructure. Selecting one or more allocation algorithms executed by the processor based on the measured exported energy. Distributing and assigning the exported energy according to the one or more allocation algorithms selected and differentiating the community of energy consumers based on the one or more allocation algorithms selected.

Abstract: A radiated electromagnetic wave estimation is performed by a computer. The estimation process includes: converting a circuit diagram of an electronic circuit board into a combination of a plurality of partial circuits; and predicting radiated electromagnetic waves from the electronic circuit board by using a prediction result of a radiated electromagnetic wave for each of the partial circuits obtained by the converting.

Abstract: A signal generation apparatus is used in a ToF camera system especially adopting the indirect system and suppresses occurrence of a cyclic error. The signal generation apparatus includes a first pulse generator configured to generate a pulse to be supplied to a light source that irradiates light upon a distance measurement target, a second pulse generator configured to generate a pulse to be supplied to a pixel that receives the light reflected by the distance measurement target, and a signal selection section configured to select and output a duty cycle of a signal to be outputted from the first pulse generator from between a first duty cycle and a second duty cycle different from the first duty cycle.

Abstract: A determination is made, for a base station that transmits on an operating frequency, whether a radiation pattern of each of one or more neighboring frequencies is correlated with a radiation pattern of the operating frequency. In response to a determination that the radiation pattern of each of the one or more neighboring frequencies is correlated with that of the operating frequency, a computation is made of a total radiated power estimate of each of the one or more neighboring frequencies by performing a beam-based directions procedure for the base station. The total radiated power estimates of each of the one or more neighboring frequencies are output.

Abstract: Systems and methods dynamically assess energy efficiency by obtaining a minimum energy consumption of a system, receiving in a substantially continuous way a measurement of actual energy consumption of the system, and comparing the minimum energy consumption to the measurement of actual energy consumption to calculate a substantially continuous energy performance assessment. The system further provides at least one of a theoretical minimum energy consumption based at least in part on theoretical performance limits of system components, an achievable minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for high energy efficient equivalents of the system components, and the designed minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for the system components.

Abstract: In a flow rate sensor 10, a resistance bridge 100 detects a change in a gas flow rate. A differential A/D converter 122 converts an analog signal output from the resistance bridge 100 into a digital signal. A disconnection detection circuit 130 detects disconnection of bonding wires 164, 165 that connect the differential A/D converter 122 and the resistance bridge 100. The disconnection detection unit 130 includes a detection capacitance 141 and a comparator 145. One connection portion of the detection capacitance 141 is connected to an input node of the A/D converter 122. The comparator 145 detects the disconnection of the bonding wires 164, 165 based on a potential based on a ratio of an electrostatic capacitance of a P-side input capacitance 116 or a N-side input capacitance 117 to an electrostatic capacitance of the detection capacitance 141. The P-side input capacitance 116 and the N-side input capacitance 117 respectively are connected to operation input units of the differential A/D converter 122.

Abstract: A method for validating software functions in a driver assistance system for motor vehicles. The method includes: a) recording input data of at least one system group to be tested, the input data being adapted to a first configuration of the system group to be tested; b) supplying the recorded data to the software of the system group to be tested in a second configuration and simulating the function of this system group in this second configuration; and c) comparing the system responses occurring during the simulation using predefined setpoint criteria. The input data recorded in step a) are combined in a data object, which has a predefined data structure, with configuration data, which describe the first configuration, and during the validation of the functions of the system group in the second configuration, the data supplied in step b) are generated from the contents of this data object.

Abstract: Protection of an electric power delivery system using a traveling wave overcurrent element is disclosed herein. A maximum traveling wave mode among the alpha and beta modes is selected and compared with a traveling wave overcurrent threshold to determine a traveling wave overcurrent. Traveling wave overcurrent protection may be enabled depending on a termination status of the protected electric power delivery system. When a remote terminal is terminated on high surge impedance, a local protection system may use local traveling wave current quantities to determine a traveling wave overcurrent, and the traveling wave overcurrent may be used for line protection. Systems for detecting a termination status use local and remote current quantities.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer readable medium stores instructions executable by at least one electronic processor to perform a method of tracking patient movement through a medical facility. The method includes: receiving wireless roaming data for a wireless patient device associated to a patient from a wireless electronic data communication network comprising a plurality of access points (APs) dispersed through the medical facility; from the received wireless roaming data, determining a connection history for the wireless patient device indicating the AP connected with the wireless patient device as a function of time; and generating a visualization of the connection history for the wireless patient device.

Abstract: A testing device for testing an antenna is provided. The testing device includes a housing, an antenna module, and a receiving module. The antenna module is used for holding the antenna and disposed on the housing, wherein the antenna is coupled to an antenna testing apparatus. The receiving module is disposed on the housing and includes a coupling radiation element physically separated from the antenna, wherein the receiving module is configured to receive an excited signal emitted from the antenna.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus according to an embodiment includes a processing circuit. The processing circuit acquires a measurement field corresponding to a spatial distribution of a predetermined physical quantity in a subject of measurement. The processing circuit calculates an unknown quantity in the subject of measurement based on a first equation between the measurement field and the unknown quantity having spatial dependence, and on the acquired measurement field. The first equation is one that is acquired based on a second equation expressing a dual field divergence of which can be expressed using the measurement field, by using the measurement field and the unknown quantity, and on the Helmholtz decomposition of the dual field.

Abstract: Systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of asynchronous communication is distributed systems are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a method determining, with a plurality of agent nodes structured to communicate asynchronously in a distributed system, a first set of iterations including an iteration determined by each of the plurality of agent nodes; determining, with a first agent node of the plurality of agent nodes, a local vector clock; receiving, with the first agent node, a first iteration of the first set of iterations and a remote vector clock determined based on the first iteration; updating, with the first agent node, the local vector clock based on the received remote vector clock; and determining a first iteration of a second set of iterations based on the first set of iterations after determining all iterations of the first set of iterations have been received based on the local vector clock.

Abstract: A frequency measurement system and method of a radio frequency (RF) signal. The frequency measurement system includes: a magnetic field source module, a light source module, an excitation module, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera, and a signal processing module; the excitation module is disposed in the magnetic field; the excitation module is disposed on an output light path of the light source module; the CMOS camera is disposed on an output light path of the excitation module; and the CMOS camera is connected to the signal processing module; the light source module is configured to emit a laser; the CMOS camera is configured to capture an excitation image when the laser enters the excitation module to which a to-be-tested RF signal is applied; and the signal processing module is configured to determine a frequency of the to-be-tested RF signal according to the excitation image.

Abstract: A display panel including horizontal signal lines, vertical signal lines intersecting the horizontal signal lines, first transmission lines and second transmission lines is provided. The horizontal signal lines are divided into a first horizontal signal line group and an adjacent second horizontal signal line group. Each of the first and second horizontal signal line groups includes N horizontal lines, wherein N is a positive integer. The first transmission lines are positioned at a first side of the vertical signal lines and respectively connected to the N horizontal signal lines in the first horizontal signal line group in a first tendency. The second transmission lines are positioned at a second, opposite side of the vertical signal lines and respectively connected to the N horizontal signal lines in the second horizontal signal line group in a second tendency. The first tendency is opposite to the second tendency.

Abstract: A piece of electrical equipment for connecting both to at least one electromechanical braking actuator and also to at least one electromechanical drive actuator, the piece of electrical equipment (13a) comprising a housing (30), means for fastening the housing to the undercarriage, and inside the housing: a processor unit (32) arranged to generate a braking motor control signal and a drive motor control signal; a power supply unit (37) arranged to generate an equipment power supply voltage, a braking power supply voltage, and a drive power supply voltage; a power converter unit (40) arranged to generate a braking control voltage and a drive control voltage; and a distribution unit arranged to distribute the braking control voltage to the electromechanical braking actuator and the drive control voltage to the electromechanical drive actuator.

Abstract: A technique may include applying a first electrical signal to a first pair of drive electrodes, and, while applying the first electrical signal to the first pair of drive electrodes, determining a first measured voltage using a first measurement electrode. The technique further may include applying a second electrical signal to a second pair of drive electrodes, and, while applying the second electrical signal to the second pair of drive electrodes, determining a second measured voltage using a second, different measurement electrode. The first pair of drive electrodes, the second pair of drive electrodes, the first measurement electrode, and the second, different measurement electrode may from a set of N electrodes electrically coupled to the material. The technique also may include determining whether the material includes a crack or other defect based on a comparison between the first measured voltage and the second measured voltage.

Abstract: A semiconductor device in which a transistor has the characteristic of low off-state current is provided. The transistor comprises an oxide semiconductor layer having a channel region whose channel width is smaller than 70 nm. A temporal change in off-state current of the transistor over time can be represented by Formula (a2). In Formula (a2), IOFF represents the off-state current, t represents time during which the transistor is off, ? and ? are constants, ? is a constant that satisfies 0<??1, and CS is a constant that represents load capacitance of a source or a drain.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for combined indoor and outdoor tracking using a tracking device is disclosed. In at least one embodiment of the method, a fingerprint of radio signals is generated by the device at a location to be determined. The location of the device is determined by applying trained functions to the fingerprint wherein the trained functions have been end-to-end trained using a plurality of fingerprints generated at known locations. Environmental sensor data may be used to predict a lifetime of a component tracked by the tracking device.

Abstract: A semiconductor storage device including an output pad, a first circuit connected to the output pad, a second circuit connected to the first circuit, a third circuit configured to output a first setting signal for controlling the first circuit accordance with a characteristic variation of the first circuit, and a fourth circuit configured to generate a second setting signal for controlling the second circuit in accordance with the first setting signal received from the third circuit and output the second setting signal to the second circuit.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: acquire, for each of two samples which are objects made of a same material, have different sizes, and have similar shapes, magnetization curve data measured for the sample and a shape parameter including a dimension of the sample; calculate magnetization of an inner part of each of the samples based on the acquired magnetization curve data and shape parameter of the sample by using a model representing magnetization of the object by separating the magnetization of the object into a magnetization component of a surface part and a magnetization component of an inner part of the object in accordance with a volume ratio between the surface part and the inner part of the object; and output the calculated result.

Abstract: Systems, device and methods are provided for measuring parameters of a medium such as the dielectric properties of a medium including a plurality of layers, using an array of sensors. The array includes at least two transducers and at least one transceiver attached to the at least two transducers, the at least one transceiver being configured to transmit at least one signal toward the medium and receive a plurality of signals affected by the medium; a data acquisition unit and at least one processor unit, configured to: process the affected plurality of signals to yield a plurality of transfer functions wherein each of the plurality of transfer functions including the medium response between two transducers of the at least two transducers as function of frequency or time; process the plurality of transfer functions to yield a plurality of statistical measures, and process the statistical measures to calculate the medium parameters.

Abstract: Peer-to-Peer Electronic token exchange systems and methods utilizing electricity generated and validated with a distributed ledger as the underlying physical value for the token.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory device comprises generating a target voltage using a pump circuit of the memory device, the target voltage to be applied to a word line or pillar of a memory cell of the memory device; providing an indication of current generated by the pump circuit after the pump circuit output reaches the target voltage; and determining when the current generated by the pump circuit is greater than a specified threshold current and generating a fault indication according to the determination.

Abstract: A system and method for identifying a foreign object in a stack of media items is disclosed. An upper clamping plate and an opposing lower clamping plate are positioned to hold a received stack of media items. Each clamping plate has an array of capacitive electrodes positioned on an inner surface thereof. Each of the capacitive electrodes in the one array positioned directly across from a corresponding one in the first array to form a capacitive electrode pair. A controller measures the capacitance of each capacitive electrode pair when the received stack of media items is positioned between the clamping plates, determine if a foreign object is present within the received stack of media items based on the capacitance measurements from each capacitive electrode pair, and generate a signal indicating that a foreign object has been detected when a foreign object is determined to be present.

Abstract: Detecting whether a target device that includes multiple electronic components is genuine or suspected counterfeit by: performing a test sequence of energizing and de-energizing the target device and collecting electromagnetic interference (EMI) signals emitted by the target device; generating a target EMI fingerprint from the EMI signals collected; retrieving a plurality of reference EMI fingerprints from a database library, each of which corresponds to a different configuration of electronic components of a genuine device of the same make and model as the target device; iteratively comparing the target EMI fingerprint to the retrieved reference EMI fingerprints and generating a similarity metric between each compared set; and indicating that the target device (i) is genuine where the similarity metric for any individual reference EMI fingerprint satisfies a threshold test, and is a suspect counterfeit device where no similarity metric for any individual reference EMI fingerprint satisfies the test.

Abstract: A memory device comprises a memory array; a word line driver circuit including a charge pump circuit configured to generate a program voltage target to be applied to a word line to program a memory cell of the memory array, and a control loop to activate the charge pump circuit using a control signal according to a comparison of a pump circuit output voltage to the program voltage target; a sensor circuit that compares a duty cycle of the control signal to a specified duty cycle after the charge pump circuit output reaches the program voltage target, and provides an indication of current generated by the charge pump circuit according to the duty cycle; and logic circuitry that generates a fault indication when the current generated by the charge pump circuit is greater than a specified threshold current.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for allowing a magnetic tracking system to detect, and operate in close proximity in the same physical environment with, additional magnetic tracking systems. The first user's magnetic tracking system that becomes active in the physical space becomes the master system, and assigns time slots for its own transmitting antennas to generate the magnetic field which is used to determine the position and orientation of the user's limbs relative to the user's head. The master system also determines when other magnetic tracking systems become active in the physical space and assigns to those systems identification codes and time slots for their transmitting antennas to generate a magnetic field so that the position and orientation of the user's hands relative to the user's head for each of those systems may be determined. By requiring each magnetic tracking system to operate in different time slots, there is no interference between the systems.

Abstract: Provided is a measurement device including an application unit, a detection unit, and a calculation unit. The application unit applies a first magnetic field, which is generated by applying a pulse current to a coil or applying currents with a plurality of frequencies to the coil in order, to an object. The detection unit detects a second magnetic field which is generated by applying the first magnetic field to the object. The calculation unit calculates a distribution of a magnetic field source m in the second magnetic field. The calculation unit may further generate an imaging signal for displaying the calculated distribution of the magnetic field source m, as an image. The display unit displays the image indicating the distribution of the magnetic field source m by using the imaging signal.

Abstract: A network system uses Wi-Fi signals or other types of short-range transmissions to determine navigation to pickup locations for users receiving services provided via the network system. In an embodiment, the network system builds a database of reference signatures of short-range transmissions previously detected by client devices of users at a geographical region, where the reference signatures are mapped to corresponding locations of the geographical region. By comparing a signature detected by a particular user's client device to the reference signatures, the network system may check for similarities between the short-range transmissions. Responsive to finding a match, the network system determines a current location of the particular user at the geographical region. Accordingly, by leveraging the database, the network system may determine a route for travel by the particular user from the current location to a pickup location without having to use GPS signals.

Abstract: This power cable junction (10) has an end part of a power cable which has an electrically insulating material (122). The junction (10) has a predetermined region containing a module for measuring the space charge of the insulating material (122).

Abstract: Systems include one or more critical datacenter connected to behind-the-meter flexible datacenters. The critical datacenter is powered by grid power and not necessarily collocated with the flexible datacenters, which are powered “behind the meter.” When a computational operation to be performed at the critical datacenter is identified and determined that it can be performed more efficiently or advantageously at a flexible datacenter, the computational operation is instead obtained by the flexible datacenters for performance. The critical datacenter and flexible datacenters preferably share a dedicated communication pathway to enable high-bandwidth, low-latency, secure data transmissions. A queue system may be used to organize computational operations waiting for distribution to either the critical datacenter or the flexible datacenter.

Abstract: An electronic device displays, on a display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a plurality of views arranged in a view hierarchy that defines a first relationship between a first view and a second view. The first view includes a first gesture recognizer, and the second view includes a second gesture recognizer. The device detects, via the input device, an input at a first location that corresponds to the displayed user interface, and processes the input using a gesture recognition hierarchy that includes the first gesture recognizer and the second gesture recognizer. A second relationship between the first gesture recognizer and the second gesture recognizer is determined based on the first relationship between the first view and the second view in the view hierarchy.

Abstract: Systems include one or more critical datacenter connected to behind-the-meter flexible datacenters. The critical datacenter is powered by grid power and not necessarily collocated with the flexible datacenters, which are powered “behind the meter.” When a computational operation to be performed at the critical datacenter is identified and determined that it can be performed more efficiently or advantageously at a flexible datacenter, the computational operation is instead obtained by the flexible datacenters for performance. The critical datacenter and flexible datacenters preferably share a dedicated communication pathway to enable high-bandwidth, low-latency, secure data transmissions. A queue system may be used to organize computational operations waiting for distribution to either the critical datacenter or the flexible datacenter.

Abstract: Systems and methods dynamically assess energy efficiency by obtaining a minimum energy consumption of a system, receiving in a substantially continuous way a measurement of actual energy consumption of the system, and comparing the minimum energy consumption to the measurement of actual energy consumption to calculate a substantially continuous energy performance assessment. The system further provides at least one of a theoretical minimum energy consumption based at least in part on theoretical performance limits of system components, an achievable minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for high energy efficient equivalents of the system components, and the designed minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for the system components.

Abstract: A rack switch coupling system includes computing devices positioned in a rack in a stacked orientation. A switch system positioned in the rack includes a circuit board with a processing system. Respective first ports are each located on the circuit board, coupled to the processing system via a respective trace on the circuit board, cabled to a respective one of the computing devices, and located adjacent its cabled computing device between a top plane and a bottom plane associated with that computing device. Respective second ports are each located off of the circuit board, coupled to the processing system via a respective trace on the circuit board and a respective cable extending between that trace and that second port, cabled to a respective one of the computing devices, and located adjacent its cabled computing device between a top plane and a bottom plane associated with that computing device.

Abstract: A position estimation unit (2) comprising a first transceiver device (3) and a processing unit (10) that is arranged to repeatedly calculate time-of-flight (TOF) for radio signals (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6) sent pair-wise between two transceivers among the first transceiver device (3) and at least two other transceiver devices (7, 8, 9); calculate possible positions for the transceiver devices (3, 7, 8, 9), which results in possible positions for each transceiver device (3, 7, 8, 9); and perform Multidimensional scaling (MDS) calculation in order to obtain relative positions of the transceiver devices (3, 7, 8, 9) in a present coordinate system. After two initial MDS calculations, between every two consecutive MDS calculations, the processing unit (10) is arranged to repeatedly perform a processing procedure comprising translation, scaling and rotation of present coordinate system such that a corrected present coordinate system is acquired.

Abstract: A sonde is receivable in a housing of an inground tool for transmitting an electromagnetic locating signal. The sonde is configured for monitoring a cumulative active run-time of its operation and for external transfer of the cumulative active run-time. A receiver receives the cumulative active run-time and provides at least one indication based on the cumulative active run-time.

Abstract: FEA model representing a RSW setup is defined and received in a computer system. The FEA model contains multiple solid elements representing a pair of electrodes and two workpieces. Numerically-calculated heat-power distributions and structural behaviors of the workpieces are obtained by conducting a time-marching simulation using FEA model with a set of time-dependent electrode forces and corresponding set of time-dependent electrical current. An overlapped contact area and corresponding contact center between first and second element contact faces of each of the solid element pairs in contact are determined. Respective elemental coordinates of the contact center in the first and second element contact faces are calculated. Augmented terms for Joule heating effects are added to the overall stiffness matrix for obtaining Joule heat rate power at each contact center, which is then distributed to respective corner nodes of the first and second element contact faces according to respective elemental coordinates.