Abstract: A network connects stations in a distributed physics based simulation system. When the simulation detects that a weapon, especially a missile or directed energy beam, is engaging a target vehicle, one physics station determines damage status of the target vehicle. The detonation or strike of the weapon is applied to a model of the vehicle composed of pieces each made up of a number of parts. Where the damage to a piece of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined threshold, the piece is removed from the vehicle, and where a predetermined maximum damage is reached for the vehicle, the vehicle is considered destroyed. The damage assessment from the weapon is made using raytracing in a physics engine that is also used to control movement of virtual objects in the simulation according to rules of physics of the physics engine.

Abstract: A device for synthesizing an electrical and electronic architecture (100) of a complete product (1) that is to satisfy given requirements. The device has first means (10) for representing said product to subdivide the product into a plurality of zones and to reserve a network of pathways allocated to said wired connections, second means (20) for drawing up a list of equipment (60) to be installed in said product (1), said list comprising, for each piece of equipment (60), the zones in which the equipment may be arranged, third means (500) for drawing up at least one functional scheme, including information relating to the wired connections (80) leaving the equipment (60) and to their destinations, fourth means (30) for placing each piece of equipment (60) in a zone (14) and for routing and fifth means (40) for evaluating said architecture (100) to determine whether it is compatible with said requirements, and to store the architecture and the evaluation in memory.

Abstract: Disclosed is a braking force distribution control device for a vehicle which has a braking apparatus capable of individually controlling braking forces of the wheels as required. Front or rear wheels having higher braking force sharing rate being referred to control reference wheels and the front or rear wheels having lower braking force sharing rate are referred to control object wheels. A difference value between braking slip index values of the left and right wheels of said control object wheels is referred to a reference difference value. A braking force distribution control is executed on the control object wheels so that the magnitude relationship in wheel speeds of the left and right wheels of the control object wheels is converse to that of the left and right wheels of the control reference wheels.

Abstract: A method of design optimization, the method comprising producing a first computer model of a first geometry, producing a CFD mesh from the first computer model, using the CFD mesh from the first computer to produce a measure of the fluid dynamic performance of the first geometry, producing a new computer model of a new geometry, producing a CFD mesh from the new computer model, using the CFD mesh to produce a measure of the fluid dynamic performance of the new geometry, and “identifying an optimal geometry using the fluid dynamic performance measurements of the first and new geometries previously produced.

Abstract: The failure sign detection apparatus includes an abnormality detector to make a comparison between a failure detection parameter of a vehicle device mounted on a vehicle and a predetermined abnormality detection threshold, and make a determination whether there is an abnormality in the vehicle device based on a result of the comparison, a failure sign evaluation index calculator to calculate a failure sign evaluation index for evaluating a sign of failure of the vehicle device based on an abnormality duration period over which the detected abnormality continues and a parameter threshold difference indicative of a difference between the abnormality detection threshold and the failure detection parameter, and a failure sign detector to detect a sign of failure of the vehicle device based on the failure sign evaluation index calculated by the failure sign evaluation index.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improving vehicle survivability. In some embodiments, an evaluation model may be built based at least in part on mission information. The mission information may comprise vehicle information regarding at least one vehicle and threat information regarding a plurality of threats to the at least one vehicle. The evaluation model may be used to assign a numerical measure to each potential action of a plurality of potential actions for the at least one vehicle, where the numerical measure may be based on measures of signature exposure relating to multiple threats of the plurality of threats. A sequence of actions to be executed by the at least one vehicle may be selected based at least in part on the respective numerical measures assigned to the plurality of potential actions, to improve the at least one vehicle's survivability against the plurality of threats.

Abstract: In order to be able to simulate a development system of a complex development environment, such as a test bench environment for motor, drive train, transmission, vehicle component, or vehicle development, utilizing an automation device and development tools in a continuous and reproducible manner, device models (7) generating development data (23) run in a simulation device (6), wherein the device models (7) at least partially process simulation data (24) from a test model (20), and a number of real development tools (5) are connected to an automation device (4) and/or to the simulation device (6) via real interfaces, and development tools (5) process the development data (23).

Abstract: The invention provides a computer-implemented method and system intended for designing an assembly of a plurality of objects. The assembly is modeled by a directed acyclic modeling graph having nodes and arcs. Each node represents an object of the assembly. Each arc represents the use of an end node by an origin node. At least one arc is uniquely identified by an identifier. The assembly is further modeled by at least one relation having at least one tuple containing a first chain of at least one identifier. The method comprises determining at least one mapping between the first chain and a second chain of at least one identifier as well as substituting at least one occurrence of the first chain in the tuple of the relation with the second chain. The invention provides a means to repair broken tuples automatically and thus to facilitate design.

Abstract: A method includes: indicating a first and second virtual models selected by a user; and generating a list including: a first set of names of object blocks that are in the first virtual model but that are not in the second virtual model; and a second set of names of object blocks that are in the second virtual model but that are not in the first virtual model. The method further includes: selectively displaying the first and second sets of names on a display; and, in response to user input to merge object blocks from the first virtual model to the second virtual model: copying the object blocks from the first virtual model to the second virtual model; and connecting the object blocks in the second virtual model based on connections between the object blocks in the first virtual model.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes the use of grids composed solely or in part of a set of contiguous cells having six or more principal flow directions within a single layer is disclosed for use in numerical simulation. The grids are particularly well-adapted for use in modeling flow in hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs where fingering or channeling is experienced. Methods of constructing a bisected periodic grid and a substantially constant width radial grid in connection with the present disclosure are also provided. The problem of grid orientation effects is lessened by providing grids with an increased number of principal flow directions, typically six or more. The improved grids may be used in many preexisting simulators.

Abstract: An aspect of an online learning system includes collecting data, via a computer processing device, from a plurality of data sources including multiple disparate detectors, the data including at least one of historical alarm data, failures, maintenance records, and environment observations. The data is stored in tables each corresponding to a subject of measurement. The online learning system also includes identifying common fields shared across the tables, merging at least a portion of the data across the tables having the common fields, and creating an integrated data model based on results of the merging.

Abstract: An aspect of an online learning system includes collecting data, via a computer processing device, from a plurality of data sources including multiple disparate detectors, the data including at least one of historical alarm data, failures, maintenance records, and environment observations. The data is stored in tables each corresponding to a subject of measurement. The online learning system also includes identifying common fields shared across the tables, merging at least a portion of the data across the tables having the common fields, and creating an integrated data model based on results of the merging.

Abstract: Automatic driver modeling is used to integrate human-controlled vehicles into an autonomous vehicle network. A driver of a human-controlled vehicle is identified based on behavior patterns of the driver measured by one or more sensors of an autonomous vehicle. A model of the driver is generated based on the behavior patterns of the driver measured by the one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle. Previously stored behavior patterns of the driver are then retrieved from a database to augment the model of the driver. The model of the driver is then transmitted from the autonomous vehicle to nearby vehicles with autonomous interfaces.

Abstract: Automatic driver modeling is used to integrate human-controlled vehicles into an autonomous vehicle network. A driver of a human-controlled vehicle is identified based on behavior patterns of the driver measured by one or more sensors of an autonomous vehicle. A model of the driver is generated based on the behavior patterns of the driver measured by the one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle. Previously stored behavior patterns of the driver are then retrieved from a database to augment the model of the driver. The model of the driver is then transmitted from the autonomous vehicle to nearby vehicles with autonomous interfaces.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus for automatically generating an optimal configuration of a product, using logic implemented on a digital computer processing system. A general configuration will be broken down into a hierarchy of subdesigns by a designer of an artifact type. A particular instance of the type must satisfy user-specified external parametric constraints. Constraints may take the form of a range of values for some performance characteristic or to satisfy laws or business requirements. Hierarchical decomposition facilitates solution of complex problems. Criteria for a best solution may be specified for a given subdesign, a collection of subdesigns, or globally. Tentative selection of a particular subdesign may impose internally generated constraints upon a subsequent subdesign. If no acceptable solution is found for a subdesign, the candidate overall configuration rolls back to the most complete viable partial collection of subdesigns.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for determining a temperature of a motor of a vehicle having an ignition when the ignition is turned on following a period of time in which the ignition had been turned off. An amount of time for which the vehicle had been turned off is determined. A motor temperature model is run using a time step to simulate the amount of time for which the vehicle had been turned off to determine an initial value of the temperature of the motor.

Abstract: A system includes a simulator device having a computing device having a computer processor and a computer readable medium. The simulator device further includes a communication port configured for communicating with an emissions inspection tool. The simulator device also has a database associated with the computing device and including multiple vehicle profiles, wherein individual ones of the multiple vehicle profiles include a plurality of Engine Control Units (ECUs), and wherein individual ones of the plurality of ECUs are configured to simulate a plurality of Parameter IDs (PIDs) and corresponding response codes. The individual ones of the multiple vehicle profiles are independently selectable for providing at least one PID response code to the vehicle inspection tool. The computing device is configured to perform a vehicle simulation for auditing a vehicle inspection tool.

Abstract: A distributed simulation system is composed of simulator stations linked over a network that each renders real-time video imagery for its user from scene data stored in its data storage. The simulation stations are each connected with a physics farm that manages the virtual objects in the shared virtual environment based on their physical attribute data using physics engines, including an engine at each simulation station. The physics engines of the physics farm are assigned virtual objects so as to reduce the effects of latency, to ensure fair fight requirements of the system, and, where the simulation is of a vehicle, to accurately model the ownship of the user at the station. A synchronizer system is also provided that allows for action of simulated entities relying on localized closed loop controls to cause the entities to meet specific goal points at specified system time points.

Abstract: A switch control system for controlling an electrically conductive fluid supply to a tank, includes a detection circuit, a gate circuit, a control circuit and a switch circuit. The detection circuit detects a fluid level in the tank and outputs a voltage level signal. The gate circuit receives the voltage level signal and outputs control signals accordingly. The control circuit receives the control signals and outputs a first voltage and a second voltage accordingly. The switch circuit receives the first voltage and the second voltage and turns on and turns off the electrically conductive fluid supply to the tank in accordance with the first voltage and the second voltage.

Abstract: A method for creating, from a first axisymmetrical surface, a second surface belonging to a sub-system of a complex system, in which the second surface observes at least one constraint, is disclosed. The method includes: modeling the first axisymmetrical surface, while observing the constraints with at least one parameter, the modeling step including a sub-step for discretizing the first axisymmetrical surface in several points, the parameter being a coordinate of one of these points in a reference system associated with at least one portion of this sub-system, and a sub-step for reconstructing the first axisymmetrical surface from the at least one point and from the at least one constraint; modifying the at least one parameter in the reference system for modeling the second surface; and recording the second surface in a memory of the computer.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus for automatically generating an optimal configuration of a product, using logic implemented on a digital computer processing system. A general configuration will be broken down into a hierarchy of subdesigns by a designer of an artifact type. A particular instance of the type must satisfy user-specified external parametric constraints. Constraints may take the form of a range of values for some performance characteristic or to satisfy laws or business requirements. Hierarchical decomposition facilitates solution of complex problems. Criteria for a best solution may be specified for a given subdesign, a collection of subdesigns, or globally. Tentative selection of a particular subdesign may impose internally generated constraints upon a subsequent subdesign. If no acceptable solution is found for a subdesign, the candidate overall configuration rolls back to the most complete viable partial collection of subdesigns.

Abstract: A vehicle simulation system includes a compiler module, a parser module, a wrapper module, a modeling module, and a simulation module. The compiler module generates object code that is compatible with a first type of operating system based on source code that is executable by a vehicle control module and that is compatible with a second type of operating system. The parser module generates a definitions file and an extensible markup language (XML) file based on the source code and the object code. The wrapper module generates a library file based on the object code and the definitions file. The modeling module generates model-based source code for a virtual model based on the XML file and a user configuration of the virtual model. The simulation module simulates operation of a plant of a vehicle with the virtual model.

Abstract: A method is presented for predicting a noise/comfort performance in a cabin of a vehicle with a body-shell and a suspension system linked to the body-shell by at least one point of attachment, with the vehicle rolling at a given speed on a rolling device with a macrorough rolling surface. The method includes: determining a global transfer function of the body-shell, determining a global admittance of the body-shell, determining an impedance of the suspension system, determining, while rolling on the macrorough rolling surface, lockup loads of the suspension system, and combining together the global transfer function of the body-shell, the global admittance of the body-shell, the impedance of the suspension system, and the lockup loads of the suspension system to obtain a prediction of noise/comfort performance (P) inside the cabin.

Abstract: A tire mold design method includes determining the values and parameters of various mold components used in a mold and utilizing these mold components in a mold. The parameters of the mold components may vary in length and edge geometry, amongst other things. Additionally, the number of mold components utilized in a mold may vary. Optionally, various mold components may be rotated 180 degrees.

Abstract: A method (200) for the characterization of vibrational and/or acoustic transfer path related data of a physical system (100) where vibration or acoustics may play a role. The method (200) has a step of receiving (210) input data for at least one input point of the physical system and/or response data for at least one response point of the physical system (100). The method (200) further has a step of receiving (220) at least one system response function between the at least one input point and the at least one response point indicative of the transfer of vibration and/or acoustic signals. The method (200) also has a step of applying (230) at least one parametric model characterising at least one load on the physical system as a function of the input data, where the parametric models are identified from the input data and/or response data and the physical system response functions.

Abstract: A method and system for using Bezier curves in vehicle positioning and electronic horizon applications for providing data to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) applications are disclosed. The Bezier curves are obtained from B-splines. The obtained Bezier curves are subdivided in a manner that allows the vehicle positioning application to derive a polyline representation in real time. Using the Bezier and polyline geometry, the vehicle positioning application provides a vehicle position approximation to the ADAS applications. Using the Bezier curves, the electronic horizon application provides curvature, slope, and heading profiles to the ADAS applications.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods for providing a virtual universal translator (VUT) for a mobile device so that a user of such mobile device can use the camera and display of the mobile device to translate text from one language to another language. As the user points the mobile device's camera at a particular text string, such text string is automatically translated by the VUT into a different language that was selected by the user and this translated text is then transposed over the currently viewed image or video in the display of the mobile device. The user can utilize the VUT to continuously pass the camera over additional text strings so that the translated text displayed over the viewed image or video is continuously updated for each new text string.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for emulating proximity operations of a spacecraft. In one embodiment, a method includes: projecting an image of a first spacecraft on a surface and initiating a proximity operation between the first spacecraft and a second spacecraft. The method further includes evaluating sensor feedback from the second spacecraft based on the proximity operation.

Abstract: An apparatus and an article of manufacture for selecting a subset of at least one traffic sensor include modeling multiple sensor types to generate at least one sensor model, creating a sample space of at least one sensor combination of multiple sensors, modeling traffic movement of a region, running a traffic simulation based on the at least one sensor model, the sample space of at least one sensor combination and traffic movement of the region, wherein the traffic simulation generates multiple candidate sets of sensors, and selecting a subset of the multiple sensors based on the multiple candidate sets of sensors.

Abstract: A method for selecting a subset of at least one traffic sensor includes modeling multiple sensor types to generate at least one sensor model, creating a sample space of at least one sensor combination of multiple sensors, modeling traffic movement of a region, running a traffic simulation based on the at least one sensor model, the sample space of at least one sensor combination and traffic movement of the region, wherein the traffic simulation generates multiple candidate sets of sensors, and selecting a subset of the multiple sensors based on the multiple candidate sets of sensors.

Abstract: The present invention models dynamic behavior of flight vehicles for simulation, analysis, and design. The present invention allows a user to define the complexity of a flight vehicle model, and such models may be simple rigid body models, models of medium complexity, or very complex models including high order dynamics comprising hundreds of structural flexibility modes and variables related to aero-elasticity, fuel sloshing, various types of effectors, tail-wags-dog dynamics, complex actuator models, load-torque feedback, wind gusts, and other parameters impacting flight vehicles. The present invention accommodates and analyzes multiple vehicle and actuator concepts and configurations as defined in flight vehicle input data, which specifies flight vehicle parameters at a steady-state condition for modeling flight vehicle response to dynamic forces and flight control commands with respect to steady state operation.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus for automatically generating an optimal configuration of a product, using logic implemented on a digital computer processing system. A general configuration will be broken down into a hierarchy of subdesigns by a designer of an artifact type. A particular instance of the type must satisfy user-specified external parametric constraints. Constraints may take the form of a range of values for some performance characteristic or to satisfy laws or business requirements. Hierarchical decomposition facilitates solution of complex problems. Criteria for a best solution may be specified for a given subdesign, a collection of subdesigns, or globally. Tentative selection of a particular subdesign may impose internally generated constraints upon a subsequent subdesign. If no acceptable solution is found for a subdesign, the candidate overall configuration rolls back to the most complete viable partial collection of subdesigns.

Abstract: Portable simulation system is a computer-based driving simulator, which uses an actual vehicle as an input device, and a portable display to present a Virtual Driving Environment (VDE) to the driver. Vehicle's steered wheels are placed atop of the turntables permitting free operation of the steering wheel. The vehicle remains immobile while its engine and power steering can be turned off during the simulation. External non-invasive sensors can be placed under the gas and brake pedals, permitting any vehicle to be used in the simulator, including the driver's own vehicle. A digital interface to the vehicle's systems, like OBD II, can be used to increase the fidelity of the simulation. A portable computer used for driving simulation and VDE presentation provides a low cost simulation option. A simple configuration of the portable simulator does not require an external power source and can be set-up and operated at any parking space.

Abstract: An automated three-dimensional and related data access system, said system comprising manipulating means for virtually manipulating, testing, and controlling the three-dimensional and related data. A system for controlling and adjusting three-dimensional and related data, said system comprising manipulating means for virtually manipulating, testing, and controlling the threedimensional and related data.

Abstract: In a material determining step, the material constituting an actuator and the material constituting a link are determined such that at least one of the materials contains fiber reinforced plastic. In a computing step, a computation model that defines the relationship between a control surface, the actuator, and the link is used to compute the change in gain margin with the change in a rigidity ratio, which is the ratio of the rigidity of the link to the rigidity of the actuator. The rigidities of the actuator and the link are determined in a rigidity determining step based on a result of the above-described computation, the shapes of the actuator and the link are determined in a shape determining step, and the actuator and the link are formed in a formation step, and are assembled in an assembly step.

Abstract: A method of providing intersection assistance with a portable electronic device to remind a user of traffic rules when the user approaches traffic intersections includes receiving an input from the user indicating a destination location for generating navigation instructions to the destination location, determining a current location of the portable electronic device according to received position signals, providing navigation instructions to the destination location according to the current location of the portable electronic device, and reminding the user of traffic rules related to intersections for a geographical location in which the portable electronic device is currently located when the portable electronic device detects that the portable electronic device is approaching an intersection, where reminding the user of traffic rules related to intersections comprises indicating a side of a second road the user should turn onto when making a turn from a first road onto the second road.

Abstract: The present invention provides a traffic simulator which can simulate traffic conditions with high accuracy. Cautionary object searching portion searches for cautionary objects which a driver should heed when driving a vehicle model; recognized cautionary object selection portion and driver-recognized cautionary object selection portion, based on driver ability information set by data creation portion, select cautionary objects recognized by a driver from the found cautionary objects; and movement determination portion determines the movement of a vehicle model based on the selected cautionary objects.

Abstract: A computer-aided method suitable for assisting in the design of an aircraft by providing relevant dimensioning values corresponding to an aircraft component in transonic conditions inside a predefined parameter space by means of a reconstruction of the CFD computations for an initial group of points in the parameter space using a POD reduced-order model, comprising the following steps: a) Decomposing for each flow variable the complete flow field into a smooth field and a shock wave field in each of said computations; b) Obtaining the POD modes associated with the smooth field and the shock wave field considering all said computations; c) Obtaining the POD coefficients using a genetic algorithm (GA) that minimizes a fitness function; d) Calculating said dimensioning values for whatever combination of values of said parameters using the reduced-order model. The invention also refers to a system able to perform the method.

Abstract: A device for acquiring and recording data captured in an aircraft including a plurality of sources of data streams to be recorded, at least one source of dated values of recording parameters, and a recording mechanism recording data from the data streams and parameter values, on at least one non-volatile information medium. The recording mechanism is adapted to store, in separate files, the data of the various streams of data associated with the dated values of recording parameters.

Abstract: A method for estimating soot loading of a diesel particulate filter includes establishing a soot loading model for estimating soot loading of a nominal diesel particulate filter, adjusting the soot loading model for a subject filter to account for differences between the nominal filter and the subject filter, and estimating soot loading of the subject filter using the adjusted soot loading model. An engine with a diesel particulate filter is also provided.

Abstract: A method and system for comparing and merging fault models which are derived from different data sources. Two or more fault models are first represented as bipartite weighted graphs, which define correlations between failure modes and symptoms. The nodes of the graphs are compared to find failure modes and symptoms which are the same even though the specific terminology may be different. A graph matching method is then used to compare the graphs and determine which failure mode and symptom correlations are common between them. Finally, smoothing techniques and domain expert knowledge are used to merge and update the fault models, producing an integrated fault model which can be used by onboard vehicle systems, service facilities, and others.

Abstract: A distributed simulation system is composed of simulator stations linked over a network that each renders real-time video imagery for its user from scene data stored in its data storage. The simulation stations are each connected with a physics farm that manages the virtual objects in the shared virtual environment based on their physical attribute data using physics engines, including an engine at each simulation station. The physics engines of the physics farm are assigned virtual objects so as to reduce the effects of latency, to ensure fair fight requirements of the system, and, where the simulation is of a vehicle, to accurately model the ownship of the user at the station. A synchronizer system is also provided that allows for action of simulated entities relying on localized closed loop controls to cause the entities to meet specific goal points at specified system time points.

Abstract: A method for evaluating a lightning/HIRF protection effectiveness of a vehicle design is provided. The method is performed using a computer system coupled to a database. The method includes storing in the database design service life goals and critical characteristics for at least one lightning/HIRF protection component. The method also includes storing in the database a potential for degradation of the at least one component. The potential for degradation is based at least partially on a position where the component is to be installed. The method also includes determining continued functionality of the at least one component using the computer system to compare the vehicle design to the stored design service life goals.

Abstract: A method for illustrating potential benefits resulting from revised navigation procedures to a customer is described. The method includes preparing a model for a revised navigation procedure, determining a landing probability for both an existing minimum separation procedure and a minimum separation determined utilizing the revised navigation procedure, calculating a benefit associated with a difference in the landing probabilities, and validating the revised navigation procedures through demonstration and use of the revised navigation procedure model on a computer-based flight simulation program.

Abstract: A system and method for viewing objects within a virtual environment are disclosed. A virtual camera and an object exist within the virtual environment. The camera is focused on the object such that the user of the virtual environment sees the object from the perspective of the camera. The virtual camera and the object being view are subject to the physics based rules of the simulation environment.

Abstract: A performance predicting apparatus includes an approximate model storage unit configured to store approximate models each of which is associated with one of categories, and which are used to calculate functional performance based on feature values, a feature value extracting unit configured to extract the feature values from shape data representing a shape of an object, a selection unit configured to select one of the approximate models to be used from the approximate models stored in the approximate model storage unit depending on the feature values extracted by the feature value extracting unit, and a performance calculating unit configured to calculate functional performance based on the feature values extracted by the feature value extracting unit using the approximate model selected by the selection unit.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program product for simulating mobile platforms. In one advantageous embodiment, a method is used to performing operations with a virtual aircraft network. A data processing system with the virtual aircraft network is connected to a ground network. The operations are performed with the virtual aircraft network connected to the ground network.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to a simulated aircraft engine accelerometer apparatus, system and method that that generates aircraft engine simulator outputs. An accelerometer signal simulator receives aircraft engine simulator outputs and generates accelerometer signal simulator outputs, and an accelerometer waveform generator receives the accelerometer signal simulator outputs and synchronizes at least one accelerometer signal simulator outputs to a reference timing signal from one of the aircraft engine simulator outputs.

Abstract: A vehicle simulation system includes a first simulation model that when executed simulates a software ring along with other software of a vehicle module. The vehicle simulation system further includes a second simulation model of the software ring. A bypass switch that has a first state and a second state. A bypass switching module switches the bypass switch between the first simulation model and the second simulation model based on a bypass signal and a ring enabling signal. A simulation control module executes code of a vehicle simulation model including software in-the-loop (SIL) testing of a selected one of the first simulation model and the second simulation model based on state of the bypass switch.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for performing a collision simulation on a two-wheeled vehicle using a virtual model of a dummy developed for use on four-wheeled vehicles.