Abstract: Disclosed are an energy management system, an energy management method and a repeater for an energy management system. The repeater receives information on an amount of energy consumption of the individual user from the meter, and receives information on an energy pricing system from the central management server. Then, the repeater analyzes and manages the energy consumption rate of the individual user using the received information, and transmits information on the energy consumption rate to the meter or the central management server. The repeater may also analyze various information such as information on an energy consumption propensity of the individual user. The repeater immediately transmits essential information but transmits incidental information only when there is a request of the meter or the central management server. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce communication traffic between the central management server and the plurality of meters.

Abstract: An input-power switcher for a telecom site includes a sourcing unit for configuring two or more alternative energy sources as available at the telecom site. The switcher includes a pricing unit for storing time-varying price references from one or more different suppliers for at least one of the two or more alternative energy sources. The switcher includes a processing unit for selecting one amongst the two or more alternative energy sources for powering the telecom site The selection is made on the basis of the alternative energy sources available at the telecom site and the time-varying price references in the pricing unit The processing unit is in communication with the sourcing unit and the pricing unit. The switcher includes an actuator unit for switching to the selected, alternative energy source for powering the telecom site. The actuator unit in communication with the processing unit. A method of using an input-power switcher for a telecom site.

Abstract: The present disclosure is an utility equipment monitoring and reporting system, that has a property comprising at least one utility and a third party data source coupled to the at least one utility that receives measurement data indicative of utility consumption. The system further has a data retrieval computing device that retrieves measurement data from the third party data source and transmits the measurement data to a server computing device via a network.

Abstract: A meter that monitors usage of a water distribution system by a client is provided. The meter includes a wireless communications system operable to communicatively couple the meter to a wireless network to provide two-way communication between the meter and the wireless network; a calibration system operable to calibrate the meter, wherein the calibration system may calibrate the meter in response to an instruction received via the wireless network; and a power system operable to maintain a sufficient level of power for the meter to allow substantially real-time communication between the meter and the wireless network.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a data managing apparatus including: a storage, a power consumption acquiring unit, an information generating unit and a sending unit. The storage stores information on an electricity unit price applied to a customer for each of a plurality of periods of time. The power consumption acquiring unit acquires a history of power consumption for the customer, from a meter apparatus of the customer. The information generating unit sums up the power consumption for ones of the periods of time for which same electricity unit price is applied to generate first information indicating an integrated value of the power consumption for each electricity unit price. The sending unit sends the first information to an external system.

Abstract: The economical load distribution adjusting device 10 acquires an optimal hydroelectric output, optimal demand, and unit power generation cost from the supply-demand planning device 23, acquires the planned hydroelectric output planned by the water level planning devices 21, and acquires a planned demand planned by the charge control devices 22. The economical load distribution adjusting device 10 reduces the power price of the time at which the planned hydroelectric output exceeds the optimal output and makes the water level planning devices 21 replan the hydroelectric output, and raises the power price of the time at which the planned demand exceeds the optimal demand and makes the charge control devices 22 replan the amount of demand.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to an approach for using electronic feeds (e.g., online news feeds, social media resources/websites, etc.) to predict potentially harmful events and take preemptive measures/actions to minimize and/or avoid loss. In a typical embodiment, a set of electronic feeds (e.g., news feeds and/or social networking website feeds) is accessed. A query is then issued against the set of feeds based on a set of search criteria pertaining to a possible event having a potential to adversely affect the networked computing environment. A set of results is received in a computer memory medium of the networked computing environment. It may then be determined whether at least one property of the set of results (e.g., a quantity of ‘hits’) meets one or more predetermined event criteria (e.g., a predetermined threshold).

Abstract: A utility consumption information system establishes a virtual billing cycle to enable a user to calculate a bill-to-date cost of utility service related to a certain site without waiting for a utility bill sent from an associated utility service provider. The utility consumption information system provides utility consumption information to a user in an informative user interface and enables the user to monitor utility consumption associated with the site. Moreover, the utility consumption information system allows the user to compare the utility consumption of the site with one or more references, and thus assists the user to determine whether a change in the utility consumption is due to an external factor or an internal factor.

Abstract: Methods and systems using the method of calculating and charging for utility usage are disclosed. The method comprises the steps of, on a processing unit, obtaining a utility bill from a utility company for a multi-unit property, obtaining a reading from at least one submeter monitoring the usage of the utility for each unit of the multi-unit property, totaling the submetered usage, calculating a percent usage of the utility for each unit, calculating a charge for each unit based on the percentage usage for each unit, and billing each unit for the charge calculated for that unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technique using an electric vehicle. The technique enables a user to set the operation plan of the electric vehicle and the price of electricity used to charge/discharge an electric vehicle battery. The electric vehicle battery is charged, or the electric energy charged in the electric vehicle battery is collected, according to the set information. Accordingly, it is possible to charge the electric vehicle battery at the price approved by the user under variable pricing of electric energy. When the price of electricity increases or there is no operation plan of the electric vehicle, the electric energy stored in the battery is collected to operate electric devices or resell the stored electric energy to an electric power company, thereby obtaining economic benefit. As the spread of electric vehicles are extended, it can be expected to save a considerable amount of electric energy throughout the whole society.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for maintaining stable conditions within a power grid are provided. A local device that includes one or more computer processors may identify one or more power sources associated with a structure. The local device may additionally monitor one or more parameters associated with a power grid configured to supply power to the structure. Based at least in part on the monitoring, the local device may identify a power grid fluctuation. Based at least in part on the identification of the power grid fluctuation, the local device may adjust operation of at least one power source included in the one or more identified power sources.

Abstract: Various forms of vehicle driving energy are provided for vehicles, such as gasoline vehicle, hybrid vehicle, ethanol vehicle, electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle. In such circumstances, an index is desired by vehicle purchasers, which has a viewpoint on the benefit to be obtained by using an electricity storing section of a vehicle for other than running the vehicle, and with which the economic efficiencies of those vehicles can be more clearly compared/examined, in the correlation between the prices of the abovementioned vehicles using various vehicle drive energy modes, and the fuel consumption and the drive energy consumption costs thereof. To display evaluations of vehicles in various drive energy modes, by dividing a fuel efficiency numerical value by a vehicle price. In addition, to achieve a vehicle evaluation/comparison at the time of purchasing a new car, by setting a planned running distance.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for performing online charging for text messages. One embodiment comprises a system that handles a Mobile Originated (MO) text message. The system receives a send request for the MO text message, and generates an online credit request for the MO text message. The system determines a type of originating network for the MO text message, and inserts an indicator of the originating network type in the online credit request. The system may also determine a type of terminating network for the MO text message, and insert an indicator of the terminating network type in the online credit request. The system then transmits the online credit request to an online charging system to charge for the MO text message.

Abstract: In a composite machine provided with a copy mode and a print mode, an operation history of each operation mode is accurately timed and log information concerning an electric power of the composite machine for processing various jobs such as the copy mode and the print mode is prepared based on a timed value.

Abstract: A user display for a healthy home or like building structure. The user display includes a hardware housing and a display device coupled to the hardware housing. The user display further includes a plurality of graphical objects corresponding respectively to a plurality of different loads numbered from a through N, where N is an integer greater than 1. The loads can include, among others, air conditioning, water, heat, electricity, swimming pool, and others. Each of the graphical objects is displayed in a common unit of measurement and comprises a total demand portion and a fraction of renewable energy portion.

Abstract: A centralized irrigation system provides decision-making or non-decision-making controllers in combination with a client server architecture that employs range-based irrigation algorithms for monitoring and control. Range-based control strategies determine a total volumetric water holding capacity for a volume of soil and a range of desirable soil moisture in a root zone, and compare a calculated root zone soil moisture to that range in order to determine the volume of water to be applied during an irrigation event. The system permits a shared-savings business model where the vendor provides a system and the customer only pays the vendor a portion of the savings obtained by using the system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a power aggregation system. In one implementation, a method includes a establishing a communication connection with each of multiple electric resources connected to a power grid, receiving an energy generation signal from a power grid operator, and controlling a number of the electric resources being charged by the power grid as a function of the energy generation signal.

Abstract: In a washing machine, a power management apparatus and a method of controlling the same, washing operation and drying operation commands are input by a user, power rate information for each time period is received from an EMS, a drying operation execution time is confirmed, and power rates corresponding to the drying operation execution time are determined based on the power rate information for each time period. Then, the power rates corresponding to the drying operation execution time are compared with the standard power rates to determine whether the power rates corresponding to the drying operation execution time are higher than the standard power rates, and an algorithm of a final spinning mode in the washing operation is adjusted if the power rates corresponding to the drying operation execution time are higher than the standard power rates.

Abstract: Systems and methods dynamically assess energy efficiency by obtaining a minimum energy consumption of a system, receiving in a substantially continuous way a measurement of actual energy consumption of the system, and comparing the minimum energy consumption to the measurement of actual energy consumption to calculate a substantially continuous energy performance assessment. The system further provides at least one of a theoretical minimum energy consumption based at least in part on theoretical performance limits of system components, an achievable minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for high energy efficient equivalents of the system components, and the designed minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for the system components.

Abstract: Systems and methods dynamically assess energy efficiency by obtaining a minimum energy consumption of a system, receiving in a substantially continuous way a measurement of actual energy consumption of the system, and comparing the minimum energy consumption to the measurement of actual energy consumption to calculate a substantially continuous energy performance assessment. The system further provides at least one of a theoretical minimum energy consumption based at least in part on theoretical performance limits of system components, an achievable minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for high energy efficient equivalents of the system components, and the designed minimum energy consumption based at least in part on specifications for the system components.

Abstract: An electric charge fee calculation and collection system for an electric vehicle includes a charge control unit that receives power from a power supply means and charges a battery of the vehicle; a power usage amount and cost calculation unit that measures a power usage amount supplied to the battery from the power supply means and calculates an electricity rate corresponding to the measured power usage amount; and a collection means that collects the electricity rate from a user.

Abstract: Computer based energy management including an adaptor having a server network interface and a control device interface. The server network interface receives commands from the energy management host software, the commands specify a control device and include control instructions and requests for energy usage data. The control device interface transmits the commands to the control device and receives energy usage data from the control device. The server network interface transmits the energy usage data to the energy management software in response to receiving the energy usage data from the control device. In this manner, the adaptor provides a bridge between the server network and the copper wire network to provide control and measurement of energy usage at a control device level in response to commands from a remote computer system.

Abstract: A management system, a smart meter, a server, an operation method and a management method are provided. The management system includes a remote server and at least one smart meter. The smart meter is coupled to the remote server via a communication network. The smart meter measures electrical energy of at least one power line to obtain at least one batch of electricity data. The smart meter detects whether the loading event occurs. If the loading event occurs, the smart meter performs data compression on the electricity data obtained during an event period corresponding to the loading event to obtain compressed data, and uploads the compressed data to the remote server. The remote server performs data decompression on the compressed data to obtain decompressed data. The remote server performs load identification according to the decompressed data.

Abstract: Techniques are discussed for performing a demand reset in a wireless meter reading environment, in a manner such that demand data may not be lost. In response to receiving a command from a mobile device of a requester, a meter may store demand value(s) in a log, reset register(s) that store the demand value(s) and wirelessly provide the demand value(s) to the mobile device of the requester. Due to the lack of reliability associated with wireless communications between the meter and a requestor, the requestor may not actually receive the demand value(s). Upon receiving a subsequent command for the demand value(s), the meter may determine that the command is a replay, and provide the demand value(s) without resetting the register(s). Techniques are also discussed for generating the commands, securing the commands, and providing the commands to mobile devices in route packages.

Abstract: A system for managing electric energy exchange devices is disclosed. The system comprises a processor and a memory. The processor is configured to receive a set of predefined parameters for electric energy exchange for a vehicle using an electric energy exchange device for a time increment. The set of predefined parameters comprises price levels associated with levels of customers. The processor is further configured to receive a set of transaction specific parameters. The processor is configured to determine a price for electric energy exchange based at least in part on the set of predefined parameters and the set of transaction specific parameters. The processor is configured to determine whether a level of a customer meets predefined parameters for free electric energy exchange. The processor is configured to, in the event the level of the customer meets the predefined parameters for free electric energy exchange, provide for free electric exchange.

Abstract: A smart home system using a portable device in which a gateway function is installed in the portable device to provide a smart home service using a multiplex gateway, and a control method thereof is provided. The smart home system includes one or more portable devices and one or more home appliances located in a home, each of the one or more portable devices and one or more home appliances having a gateway, a home network to interconnect the one or more portable devices and the one or more home appliances, and a master device selected from among the one or more portable devices or the one or more home appliances, the master device activating the gateway thereof to connect the home network with an external communication network, wherein the master device transfers a home appliance control command to a corresponding one of the one or more home appliances.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for itemizing energy consumption to generate and present a utility consumption profile based on disaggregated historical utility consumption data is presented. The computer-implemented method comprises obtaining data indicating historical utility consumption of a dwelling over a time period. A non-seasonal portion of the historical utility consumption data is then determined by first computing an average utility consumption based on one or more predetermined intervals within the time period, and then computing the non-seasonal portion by applying the average to the time period. The non-seasonal portion is then subtracted from the historical utility consumption data to obtain a seasonal portion of the historical utility consumption data. The seasonal and/or non-seasonal portion may be further disaggregated by end-use methods, and presented to the user in the utility consumption profile.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for distributing a resource (such as electricity) using a resource allocation system. In one exemplary embodiment, a plurality of requests for electricity are received from a plurality of end-use consumers. The requests indicate a requested quantity of electricity and a consumer-requested index value indicative of a maximum price a respective end-use consumer will pay for the requested quantity of electricity. A plurality of offers for supplying electricity are received from a plurality of resource suppliers. The offers indicate an offered quantity of electricity and a supplier-requested index value indicative of a minimum price for which a respective supplier will produce the offered quantity of electricity. A dispatched index value is computed at which electricity is to be supplied based at least in part on the consumer-requested index values and the supplier-requested index values.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure are directed to an autonomous energy distribution network including a plurality of solar tracker devices configured to receive solar energy and transform the solar energy into electrical energy, where each of the solar tracker devices is directly connected to a node in a power distribution grid. The network also includes a node manager configured to receive status information from the solar trackers, where the status information includes information regarding the state of the node to which each of the solar tracker device are directly connected.

Abstract: A terminal device that is an electronic apparatus communicates with a server device that communicates with a communication device located at one premises. The terminal device receives, based on obtaining the electricity usage quantity by the one premises from a wireless router, information representing the total quantity of electricity usage quantity and the total figure of the electricity rate by the one premises, and the total quantity of electricity usage quantity and the total figure of the electricity rate by another premises over a predetermined term. The terminal device provides a display based on the received total quantity of electricity usage quantity and the total figure of the electricity rate. Accordingly, the user can readily determine whether electricity is used economically as compared to another premises.

Abstract: Electronic messages may be processed using a stamp authority by receiving an electronic message, identifying a stamp associated the message, determining if the stamp is valid, and, if the stamp is determined to be valid, distinguishing the message from messages with which a valid stamp is not identified.

Abstract: A system includes a utility analytics system. The utility analytics system includes a non-technical utility loss system configured to derive a probability of at least one utility non-technical loss, an unbilled utility system configured to calculate an expected unbilled utility service for a customer based on customer attributes and the probability of the at least one utility non-technical loss, and a revenue recoverability system configured to calculate an expected recoverable revenue based on probability of revenue recovery and of the expected unbilled utility service.

Abstract: A power demand/supply management server (10) obtains information defining restraint contents to a comfort and an electricity bill from a consumer power operating device (2). An individual-consumer control optimizing unit of the power demand/supply management server (10) calculates control contents to an electrical equipment having a minimum cost evaluation value based on a simulation result of cost evaluation values which are barometers for evaluating a comfort and an electricity bill excessiveness, and transmits the calculated control contents to the consumer power operating device (2). Also, a whole-consumer optimizing unit of the power demand/supply management server (10) calculates the most appropriate electricity unit meter-charge that ensures a necessary demand suppression plan level throughout the whole power system based on an electricity daily load curve for each consumer.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for managing energy consumption in a home network system including multiple home devices. The method includes collecting measurement results of power consumptions of the respective multiple home devices, generating power consumption information of the multiple home devices by analyzing the collected measurement results, and transmitting the generated power consumption information to a user device if receiving a request for transmitting the power consumption information from the user device, in which the power consumption information comprises in-home room-specific power consumption information.

Abstract: A controller in communication with one or more energy consuming appliances for a premises includes a transmitter device for transmitting wireless signals to a utility meter to request an energy consumption reading, and a receiver device to receive wireless signals including energy consumption information. The controller is configured to receive a signal from an energy consuming appliance indicating the appliance was actuated, and to responsively transmit a signal to the utility meter to request an energy consumption reading and thereafter receive a signal including an energy consumption value. Following deactivation of the appliance, the controller is configured to transmit a signal to the utility meter to request an energy consumption reading, and thereafter receive a signal from the meter including another energy consumption value. The controller is configured to determine from a difference between the energy consumption values an estimate of the energy consumption level associated with the appliance.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and computer programs provided for metering and accounting in a commercial e-services infrastructure address the requirement for handling composite services in which higher-level services are built using simpler underlying services, each of which may be autonomously owned and operated. Metering records for each service underlying a composite service are correlated by a process associated with the composite service, and then sent to an accounting service where they can be aggregated. The correlation is performed in a distributed manner with correlated usage data provided on a per-request basis. Accounting services can take account of the usage and charges associated with the underlying services to provide accounting and billing on a per-request basis or per customer-provider pair for a billing period.

Abstract: An electronic device that includes an interface that connects to a charging apparatus and exchanges authentication information with a server via a network. The electronic device also includes a control unit that controls charging of a battery of the electronic device based on power received from the charging apparatus. Upon completion of the charging operation, the interface of the electronic device transmits information for calculating a tax based on the charging operation to the server.

Abstract: Systems and methods for limiting power consumption by a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) subsystem of a building are shown and described. A mathematical linear operator is found that transforms the unused or deferred cooling power usage of the HVAC system based on pre-determined temperature settings to a target cooling power usage. The mathematical operator is applied to the temperature settings to create a temperature setpoint trajectory expected to provide the target cooling power usage.

Abstract: A portable energy monitoring point includes at least one power plug receptacle, each power plug receptacle operably coupled to a separate integral power sensor circuit. Each integral power sensor circuit is configured to determine an electrical current drawn by an electrical load connected to the corresponding at least one power plug receptacle. An integral digital communications circuit is configured to wirelessly transmit to a remote device a power consumption for each of the at least one power plug receptacles. The power consumption is derived from the electrical current drawn by the electrical load connected to the corresponding at least one power plug receptacle.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring and tracking usage of a lamp and, in one example, assigning a monetary value that can be billed to an end user are provided. Examples of the lamps can communicate wirelessly in order to receive and to transmit information related to initialization, authorization, electrical power consumption monitoring, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the lamp transmits data a usage parameter to a service provider via a network. The service provider can aggregate the data and, in one example, assign a usage fee that describes a monetary value based on the usage parameter and generate an output that includes that usage fee.

Abstract: A method and a system for analyzing infrastructure are provided. In one embodiment, a system for analyzing infrastructure is provided. The system includes a grid intelligence quotient as a service (GIQAAS) system. The GIQAAS system includes an infrastructure data gathering system having a first input form configured to collect an economic data related to an infrastructure. The GIQAAS system further includes an economic modeling system configured to import the economic data and to derive an economic analysis based on the economic data. The GIQAAS system is configured to provide the infrastructure data gathering system to a first user for collection of the economic data, and to provide the economic modeling system to a second user for derivation of the economic analysis.

Abstract: An energy management system includes a controller receiving electrical pricing information from an electrical utility company, measuring electrical power usage of a customer, and providing the electrical power usage to the electrical utility company. The controller is suitable to receive information regarding energy storage of a customer's electrical power storage and receive power information regarding a power generation source of the customer. The controller modifies the power usage of the energy management system based upon the pricing information, the electrical power usage, the energy storage, the power information, wherein the pricing information includes a plurality of temporal pricing levels and a temporal peak pricing level.

Abstract: An electric power supply system has, as multiple storage units, an output type battery of high output and small capacity and a capacity type battery of low output and large capacity. The charge-discharge electric power of each of the storage units is controlled by a controller according to a charge-discharge schedule for a prediction period. Based on a predicted power consumption schedule, a predicted power generation schedule, and a charge-discharge characteristic of each of the storage units, the controller determines a charge-discharge schedule with regards to an optimal evaluation index, and controls the storage units in accordance with the charge-discharge schedule.

Abstract: Techniques for real-time pricing of electrical energy are provided. The techniques include receiving electrical energy data, wherein the electrical energy data comprises one or more energy pricing parameters specified by an energy supplier, measuring power grid frequency, wherein the power grid comprises the current frequency of the power grid, measuring current energy consumption, wherein current energy consumption comprises total energy consumption in a sampling period, retrieving consumption history, wherein consumption history comprises energy consumed by a customer over a time period, computing a unit energy rate as a function of customer type, the one or more pricing parameters, frequency and past history of consumption, and using the computed rate to compute a total charge as a product of the unit energy rate and the total energy consumption.

Abstract: Breakdown estimation unit obtains, by first processing portion, component ratio, by application, of energy usage amount in year using model case, and prorates, by second processing portion, record value of energy usage amount in year, by application, with component ratio obtained by first processing portion. Breakdown estimation unit prorates, by month, by third processing portion, energy usage amounts obtained by the second processing portion, excluding energy usage amount of one application, with component ratio, by month, of energy usage amount of the corresponding application in model case. Breakdown estimation unit estimates, by fourth processing portion, for each month, residual amount obtained by subtracting energy usage amounts prorated by third processing portion from record value of energy usage amount as the energy usage amount of the one application in month.

Abstract: An electric power price information acquisition unit (114) acquires information related to an electric power purchase price, which is an electricity cost when an electronic device is operated using electric power supplied from a commercial power source, a price determination unit (100) determines, for each time block, a generated power price which is an electricity cost when an electronic device is operated using generated power of a power generator for generating power using natural energy, and a stored power price which is an electricity cost when an electronic device is operated using electric power stored in an electric storage device, and a user price list generation unit (107) generates an electric power price list capable of displaying, with regard to an arbitrary time block, the electric power purchase price, the generated power price and the stored power price.

Abstract: A transaction authorization system comprises a user interface unit 30 capable of accepting a transaction authorization and a utility meter 10 provided at a location having an associated location identifier unique to the location, wherein the utility meter 10 is arranged to communicate with the user interface unit 10, to obtain a transaction authorization, and to transmit an authorization request based on the transaction authorization and location identifier to obtain authorization of the transaction.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for itemizing energy consumption to generate and present a utility consumption profile based on disaggregated historical utility consumption data is disclosed. The computer-implemented method comprises obtaining data indicating historical utility consumption of a dwelling over a time period. A non-seasonal portion of the historical utility consumption data is then determined by first computing an average utility consumption based on one or more predetermined intervals within the time period, and then computing the non-seasonal portion by applying the average to the time period. The non-seasonal portion is then subtracted from the historical utility consumption data to obtain a seasonal portion of the historical utility consumption data. The seasonal and/or non-seasonal portion may be further disaggregated by end-use methods, and presented to the user in the utility consumption profile.

Abstract: An energy tracking and reporting system can receive data inputs from multiple sources regarding one or more properties. A central database receives the information and correlates the information for numerous outputs. Information received by the central database can include, for example, property location, property size, property type and property use. Also, occupancy information, energy sources, utilities servicing the property, weather, ISO, environmental guidelines, and the traded or other standard price for the utilities can be stored. The system can calculate a number of factors from the data and return values to the central database. The system can track data trends and store additional information for budgeting, user reporting and certification compliance reporting. Modules can analyze the market rates, calculate efficiency benchmarks, analyze the data stored on the central database and provide the user with multiple tables and charts analyzing all of the factors that tie into energy usage.

Abstract: Provided are methods and apparatus that determine a benchmark of energy consumption for an energy system and utilize the determined benchmark in a variety of ways. Once determined, the determined benchmark may be compared to current energy consumption and current outdoor temperature to verify proper operation of the system and identify deviations in system operation. The benchmark may be used to determine the impact of an implemented change in the operation of the system. The determined benchmark may also be used to contract for a term in an agreement and to verify the satisfaction of a term in an agreement.