Abstract: Machine learning models for fraud detection. The method includes receiving a schedule of weights, the schedule comprising a plurality of entries, each entry comprising a transaction value weight, a transaction volume weight, and a range of intervention rates; testing the at least one machine learning model using a holdout data set, resulting in a ranked transactions data set; and evaluating the performance of the at least one machine learning model by computing the weighted harmonic mean of the ranked transactions data set using the schedule of weights.

Abstract: A computerized-method for scaling automatic deployment of a machine-learning detection model in a cloud-based managed analytics service by knowledge sharing to overcome an imbalanced dataset learning problem. The computerized-method includes: sending the received data to machine-learning models to synthesize patterns of the received data to yield a differential privacy data; maintaining in the database the differential privacy data of one or more on-prem cloud-based managed analytics services to generate a consortium shared synthetic data lake; operating phases of machine-learning detection model based on the received data and data in the database to create a packaged model. The data in the database is aggregated and used during the operating phases of the machine-learning detection model to create a packaged model for other on-prem cloud-based managed analytics services, thus overcoming imbalanced dataset learning thereof, and after the packaged model is created it is automatically deployed on-prem.

Abstract: Techniques for securing an identifier of user equipment for a request external to a communication network are disclosed. For example, a method comprises receiving, at a network entity, a request for identification information for user equipment from an entity external to a communication network to which the network entity belongs. The network entity generates a secure identifier for the user equipment, wherein the secure identifier comprises an encrypted form of a public subscription identifier associated with the user equipment. The network entity sends the secure identifier to the external entity. The network entity receives the secure identifier in a subsequent request from the external entity. The network entity utilizes the received secure identifier to confirm the received secure identifier corresponds to the user equipment.

Abstract: A method for originating a vending transaction via machine-readable code includes storing, in a memory of a computing device, an account identifier associated with a transaction account, reading, by an optical imaging device of the computing device, a machine-readable code displayed on a vending machine, wherein the machine-readable code is encoded with at least a device identifier, electronically transmitting, by a transmitting device of the computing device, at least the device identifier and an account identifier to a third party system, and receiving, by a receiving device of the computing device, a transaction confirmation indicating approval of a payment transaction involving the transaction account and the vending machine.

Abstract: Provided herein is a computer-implemented method for provisioning a token to an appliance. The method includes registering an original account identifier to an appliance, wherein the original account identifier is not associated with any user, associating a device token to the original account identifier, wherein the device token is stored by the appliance, associating a user account identifier for a user to at least one of the device token and the original account identifier, receiving, from the appliance, a transaction request for a transaction, the transaction request including the device token, identifying the user account identifier based on the device token, determining that the transaction is authorized based at least partially on the user account identifier and the original account identifier registered to the at least one appliance, and in response to determining that the transaction is authorized, processing the transaction. A system and appliance are also disclosed.

Abstract: Various implementation described herein are directed to a method for providing access control. User information is received at a device. A request to provide access control is generated by the device based on the received user information. The request is transmitted via a network to an access manager. A response to the request is received from the access manager. Access control via the device is provided based on the response to the request.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a method and a system for conducting merchant-industry mapping based on ambient noise. The method includes receiving a payment transaction request and an audio signal comprising ambient noise in surrounding of a merchant terminal of a merchant. The ambient noise is recorded by the merchant terminal and includes a plurality of sounds. The method includes determining whether the merchant is an aggregated merchant or a non-aggregated merchant. The method includes processing the ambient noise to determine a type of the merchant upon determining that the merchant is the non-aggregated merchant. The method includes mapping the merchant to an industry from a plurality of industries available in the server system based on the type of the merchant. The method further includes storing the mapping of the industry and the merchant in a database associated with the server system.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include methods and systems for providing tokenized transaction accounts. In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method is provided that may include generating, by one or more processors, a first tokenized transaction account from a first transaction account associated with a first user. The method may also include providing the first tokenized transaction account to a client device associated with the first user for storage in the client device and use in transactions. The method may also include updating the first tokenized transaction account based on one or more conditions and providing the updated first tokenized transaction account to the client device for storage and use in a subsequent transaction.

Abstract: In an aspect, the present application may describe a method that comprises monitoring a risk parameter associated with a third party server to detect a change in the risk parameter, and responsive to detecting the change in the risk parameter, sending, to a remote computing device and via the communications module, a notification that includes a first selectable option to modify data sharing associated with the third party server and a second selectable option to replace the third party server with an alternative third party server.

Abstract: Various embodiments are directed to applying, via contactless card authentication, one or more restrictions to a virtual card number and generating the card number for use by a recipient. The one or more restrictions may be specifically personalized to the recipient and may include, for example, a merchant restriction, an amount restriction, a time period restriction, or a location restriction. The generated virtual card number along with the applied one or more restrictions may be consumed in various ways, such as writing the number to a blank card, transmitting the number directly to the recipient's computing device, etc., all via near-field communication.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments pertain to provisioning a virtual payment card for an authorized user in a browser. A primary cardholder can request the addition of an individual as an authorized user on the primary cardholder's account. Further information regarding the individual can be solicited and utilized to compute a risk score associated with adding the individual as an authorized user. Further processing of the request, including whether to terminate or continue, can be based on comparing the risk score to a predetermined threshold. If processing is continued, a virtual payment card linked to the primary cardholder account is generated. Next, the virtual card can be added as a payment method to a browser profile of the individual on a network-accessible computing resource. Subsequently, the authorized user can access the virtual card to make online shopping payments with a web browser personalized with the browser profile.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate generally to a multipurpose smartphone device. More specifically, embodiments described herein disclose a smartphone that is capable of being used as a point-of-sale (POS) device.

Abstract: Techniques for authorizing a transaction or interaction of a user that is modified by authentication information for the same user are described herein. In embodiments, an authorization request message for a transaction and a session identifier may be received from a transport computer or a resource provider computer. A portion of pre-analyzed data about the user and the one or more interactions may be obtained, from a database, based on the session identifier. A risk analysis for the transaction using the portion of the pre-analyzed data may be performed to generate a value. The authorization request message may be modified to include the portion of the pre-analyzed data and the value. The modified authorization request message may be transmitted to an authorizing computer.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described herein for the direct sharing and use of transaction data separately from transaction authorization processes. Transaction metadata associated with a transaction may be received and validated. Authorization information corresponding to the transaction may be received. The degree to which the transaction metadata is tested may be based on a predicted time of receipt of the authorization information. The transaction metadata and authorization information may be correlated. A computing device may determine whether to authorize the financial transaction based on the authorization information and the correlated transaction metadata. All or portions of the transaction metadata may be provided to one or more users after the transaction has been authorized or denied.

Abstract: A personalization method for a financial IC card having a dynamic verification code, comprising: an upper apparatus organizes second personalization information comprising a second disperse key, and organizes a personalization data packet according to the second personalization information; after the upper apparatus and a personalization device establish a security channel, if the upper apparatus transmits the personalization data packet to the personalization device by means of the security channel, the personalization device writes the second personalization information into a financial IC card; if the upper apparatus transmits a verification request to the personalization device by means of the security channel, the personalization device reads a time window and a dynamic verification code from the financial IC card, returns the time window and the dynamic verification code to the upper apparatus by means of the security channel for verification, receives a verification result returned by the upper apparat

Abstract: A system includes a synchronization group of a distributed ledger network. The synchronization group includes nodes. The nodes include a first node to generate a content block of a ledger, and participate in a consensus process to generate a consensus block based at least in part on the content block. The nodes further include a second node to receive a copy of the content block from the first node, and participate in the consensus process to generate the consensus block.

Abstract: Embodiments provide methods and systems for upgrading an authorization request message in a dual message system format to an upgraded authorization request message in a single message system format without requiring any modifications to existing systems of acquirers and issuers. A transaction processing network computer may upgrade an authorization request message based on a score assigned to the transaction using a machine learning algorithm. The score indicates a likelihood that a final value of the transaction when finalized is same as an initial value of the transaction. If the score is above predetermined threshold, the transaction processing network computer upgrades the authorization request message to a single message system format.

Abstract: A method of determining fraud includes: receiving a transaction request associated with a first payment transaction between a merchant and a user from a merchant system; generating a first risk score based on the transaction request and a first set pot of transaction data received prior to the transaction request; processing a transaction request approval based on the first risk score not satisfying a first threshold; receiving a risk score request associated with the first payment transaction, where the risk score request is received after the transaction request has been approved; generating a second risk score based on a second set of transaction data received after the first risk score is determined; and automatically classifying the first payment transaction as potentially fraudulent in response to determining that the second risk score satisfies a second threshold.

Abstract: Provided are a system, method, and computer program product for secure payment device data storage and access. The method includes storing payment device data associated with a payment device of a user and generating a unique uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the payment device. The method also includes transmitting the unique URL to an application provider system through a first communication channel and receiving a data access request from the client device via the unique URL through a second communication channel separate from the first communication channel. The method further includes, in response to receiving the data access request, verifying an identity of the user by executing a step-up authentication protocol. The method further includes, in response to verifying the identity of the user, transmitting a data access response including the payment device data to the client device through the second communication channel.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system of using native and non-native events to control incentives in a computing environment is provided. A method includes: creating, by a processing circuit, a master account; creating, by the processing circuit, a subordinate account linked to the master account; receiving, by the processing circuit and from the master account, a first task and an associated incentive for the first task; detecting, by the processing circuit, a native or non-native event regarding the first task; and, implementing, by the processing circuit, an action corresponding to the associated incentive based on detecting the native or non-event regarding the first task. Detecting the native event includes receiving a message directly from a device linked to the processing circuit. Detecting a non-native event includes receiving an indication from a user device associated with the subordinate account.

Abstract: A processing system for fuel transactions analyzes transactions for symbols indicating a purchase amount and directs information about the purchase to a loyalty platform. The loyalty platform may identify and communicate in real time or near real time with a personal device associated with the purchaser of the fuel. A user interface of the personal device may allow the purchaser to review and select options for processing the fuel purchase using value from a loyalty program account. The selected option may be used to modify fuel purchase parameters prior to settlement of the transaction or simply add points to the user loyalty program account.

Abstract: An example operation may include one or more of receiving a request for blockchain information from a user device, acquiring blockchain data from a plurality of blockchains which are actively operating and available for joining, determining an amount of trust for each blockchain among the plurality of blockchains based on acquired blockchain data of the respective blockchain, and outputting a list identifying the plurality of blockchains where each blockchain on the list comprises a trust indicator indicating a determined amount of trust for the respective blockchain.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for displaying an augmented reality virtual object on a multimedia device. One method comprises detecting, in an augmented reality environment displayed using a first device, a virtual object; detecting, within the augmented reality environment, a second device, the second device comprising a physical multimedia device; and generating, at the second device, a display comprising a representation of the virtual object.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method, device and system for sending a virtual card and a readable storage medium, which are configured to receive at least one audio-video stream data of a plurality of participant terminals in communication connection with a server side; determine target audio-video stream data corresponding to at least one speaker from the at least one audio-video stream data; obtain biological characteristic information for identifying the at least one speaker from the target audio-video stream data, the biological characteristic information includes face characteristic information and/or voiceprint characteristic information; generate a virtual card according to the biological characteristic information; overlay the virtual card to the target audio-video stream data, and synthesize the target audio-video stream data with other audio-video stream data in response to there being a plurality of audio-video stream data into a to-be-sent audio-video stream data; send the to-be-sent audio-video stream data to

Abstract: A follower system and a leader system store records for a plurality of users. Each of the follower system and the leader system stores at least a record for a user. Each of the follower system and the leader system stores a private log and a public log. The public log is periodically synchronized across the follower system and the leader system. The private log of each system is maintained independent of the other system. The follower system transmits information stored in the public logs to the leader system for synchronizing the public logs of the follower system and the leader system in response to updating the public logs with information describing the second set of transactions.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described herein for improving the accuracy of authentication questions using transaction limitations provided by users. A request for access to an account associated with a user may be received from a user device. An account restrictions database may be queried to determine one or more transaction rules associated with the account. The one or more transaction rules may have been created by the user and indicate limitations on financial transactions that may be performed via the account. An authentication question may be generated that is associated with a violation of the one or more transaction rules. The authentication question may be provided to the user device, and a response to the authentication question may be received. Access to the account may be provided to the user device based on the response.

Abstract: A method for detecting fraudulent transactions includes generation of a graph including a plurality of nodes and a plurality edges between the plurality of nodes based on historical transaction data of a plurality of historical transactions. The plurality of nodes include a set of merchant nodes and a set of consumer nodes. A set of static features and a plurality of dynamic features are determined based on the historical transaction data and the generated graph, respectively. A neural network is trained based on the set of static features and the plurality of dynamic features for detection of transaction fraud. The neural network is used to detect a first transaction as one of a fraudulent transaction or a legitimate transaction based on first transaction data of the first transaction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating and using secure sharded onboarding user interfaces are described. The method may include determining, based on account type of a merchant account being onboarded for a merchant by a first user, that information for a user type associated with a second user associated with the merchant is to be collected to satisfy minimum merchant account compliance requirements. The method may also include allocating a person object in an accounts data store maintained by the commerce platform system, the person object associated in the accounts data store with the merchant account. Furthermore, the method can include generating a secure link and transmitting the secure link to the second user, the secure link resolving at the commerce platform system and comprising a unique identifier that is associated with the person object.

Abstract: Aspects described herein may allow for authenticating a user by generating a customized set of authentication questions based on patterns that are automatically detected and extracted from user data. The user data may include transaction data collected over a period of time. By automatically detecting user patterns that correspond to user behavior over a period of time, an authentication system may be able to generate information that is recognizable to an authentic user but difficult to guess or circumvent for any other user.

Abstract: A computer system includes a token repository configured to store payment tokens, and a server system. The server system includes a processor and instructions stored in non-transitory machine-readable media, the instructions configured to cause the server system to receive a request to provision a payment token based on a financial product, wherein the request includes information related to the financial product, provision a payment token based on the token request, including authenticating the financial product based on the financial product information and generating the payment token upon authenticating the financial product, wherein the payment token is useable to make a payment via the financial product, and store the payment token in the token repository.

Abstract: A settlement system includes a service provider device 2 which transmits a template information transaction including a template of a transaction to a network 4 of a first blockchain, a user device which transmits, to the network 4 of the first blockchain, a payment information transaction that includes an electronic signature generated by using the template of the transaction and a payment amount, and a smart contract 41, wherein the smart contract 41 verifies the electronic signature by using the payment amount and the template of the transaction, the service provider device 2 generates a settlement transaction by using the template of the transaction, the electronic signature and the payment amount, and transmits the settlement transaction to a network 3 of a second blockchain, a plurality of output conditions are set to the template of the transaction, and the settlement transaction becomes usable when any one of the plurality of output conditions is satisfied.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprises receiving a unique identifier from an item and sending a communication to an electronic device requesting that a user confirm a pending transaction, receiving input from the electronic device associated, and sending the received input to an authentication system for completing a transaction. In another embodiment, a system comprises a sensor, an authentication system, and a transaction processing system. The sensor is configured to emit energy and receive at least one first identifier, send at least one communication to an electronic device requesting a second identifier, receive at least one second identifier, and send the at least one first identifier and the at least one second identifier to the authentication system.

Abstract: Offline electronic currency payment and collection methods are provided. The payment method includes: establishing, by a first device, a wireless connection with a peer device, acquiring wallet information, and transmitting the wallet information to a first peer device without deleting stored electronic currency; and receiving collection information, verifying that first peer offline account information is not included in an offline transaction blacklist, acquiring first transaction information, digitally signing the first transaction information, transmitting first transaction data including signature data to the first peer device, and storing a first transaction record.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method is disclosed. The method includes: receiving an authentication request to authenticate a first entity with a first service; in response to receiving the authentication request: identifying an access-restricted first data record associated with the first entity; generating a message associated with a first transfer of resources between the first data record and a designated second data record, the message identifying one of the first and second data records as a recipient data record for the first transfer and defining a first quantity of resources to transfer; and transmitting the message to a first server associated with the first entity, the first server requiring user authentication to access the message; determining a completion status of the first transfer; and generating a response to the authentication request based on the completion status of the first transfer.

Abstract: A process may cause a gated autonomous program protocol to be stored on a blockchain. The gated autonomous program protocol is configured to exchange a blockchain unit with a gated wrapped blockchain unit that is exchangeable among blockchain addresses that satisfy one or more gating requirements. The process may verify that an account associated with a particular blockchain address of the blockchain satisfies the one or more gating requirements. The process may cause an issuance of an on-chain verification proof to the particular blockchain address. The on-chain verification proof may be stored on the blockchain as an on-chain representation that the particular blockchain address is verified with the one or more gating requirements. The gated autonomous program protocol verifies the on-chain verification proof before approving a transaction request associated with the gated wrapped blockchain unit that is initiated by the particular blockchain address.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for identifying an account via a hash key specific to the account and presented to a third party, in connection with a network interaction. One example method includes receiving, by a computing device, from the third party, the hash key in connection with the network interaction, determining a primary account number (PAN) for the account based on the hash key, and identifying an issuer of the account based on the determined PAN. The method also includes transmitting a verification request to the issuer, to verify details of the account, and receiving a code from the issuer indicative of the verification. The method further includes intercepting an authorization request for the network interaction based on the authorization request including the hash key and, in response to the authorization request further including said code, directing the authorization request to the issuer.

Abstract: Systems and/or methods of the present disclosure enable ledger interoperability using a controller to perform an operation between a first user and a second user on separate entity-specific distributed ledgers, where the separate entity-specific distributed ledgers are both operatively linked to a membered common distributed ledger. The controller burns a first quantity of first entity-specific tokens from the first entity-specific distributed ledger and mints a second quantity of the common tokens on the membered common distributed ledger, where the first quantity of first entity-specific tokens and the second quantity of the common tokens represent an equivalency. The controller moves the second quantity of common tokens from a first encrypted storage to a second encrypted storage of the membered common distributed ledger, burns the second quantity of the common tokens and mints a third quantity of the second entity-specific tokens on the second entity-specific distributed ledger to complete the operation.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, computer-readable media, and methods for activating a contactless card. A server may transmit, to a web browser on a client device, a web page. The server may receive, from the web browser, a request to activate a contactless card, the request including a cryptogram. The server may decrypt the cryptogram based on a key associated with the contactless card. The server may transition, based on the decryption of the cryptogram, the contactless card from an inactive payment state to an active payment state. The server may transmit, to the web page and based on the transition of the contactless card from the inactivated payment state to the activated payment state, an indication to activate a payment applet of the contactless card.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide for tag-based application of a masking policy, which can be used in connection with a data platform. In particular, various embodiments enable enforcement of one or more masking policies against an entity (e.g., object) of a data platform, such as a database, a table, a row, or a column, based on one or more tags associated with the entity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for loading balancing among blockchain peers by using a probing transaction from a client node to identify a latency of each blockchain peer. The client node can then select which blockchain peers to use based on the identified latencies.

Abstract: Provided is a computer implemented method for performing mutual authentication between an online service server and a service user, including: (a) generating, by an authentication server, a server inspection OTP; (b) generating, by an OTP generator, a verification OTP having the same condition as the server inspection OTP and using the same generation key as an OTP generation key and a calculation condition different from a calculation condition is applied or a generation key different from the OTP generation key is used and the same calculation condition as the calculation condition used for generating the server inspection OTP is applied to generate a user OTP; and (c) generating, by the authentication server, a corresponding OTP having the same condition as the user OTP and comparing whether the generated corresponding OTP and the user OTP match each other to authenticate the service user.

Abstract: A system and method for or facilitating correction of data in documents is disclosed. The method includes receiving one or more documents from and scanning the received one or more documents by using a document processing system for obtaining one or more mis-captured data fields. The method further includes obtaining a historical correction data and determining one or more deltas based on the obtained historical correction data by using a trained data correction-based ML model. Further, the method includes parsing the determined one or more deltas into one or more datasets, generating one or more correct data fields corresponding to the one or more mis-captured data fields and automatically replacing the one or more mis-captured data fields with the generated one or more correct data fields based on one or more predefined rules.

Abstract: An attempted transaction is identified involving a customer device and the first customer device is redirected to a security broker. A security report for the first customer device is received from the security broker. The security report is based on security data transmitted from the customer device to the security broker. An action can be performed in association with the attempted transaction based at least in part on the received security report. In some aspects, the security broker receives security data describing security conditions on the customer device in connection with the transaction between the customer device and a transaction partner. A risk tolerance policy is identified that corresponds to the transaction partner, such as an ecommerce provider. A security report is generated based on a comparison of the risk tolerance policy and the security data and the security report.

Abstract: Risky actions versus non-risky actions in a transaction are identified and a fraud score associated with probabilities of the risky actions is updated accordingly for purposes of determining whether the transaction is likely or not likely to be associated with fraud. A machine-learning model is trained to predict the risky actions versus non-risky actions of a transaction based on the transaction features as a whole and compare the predicted action labels of risky and non-risky versus the actual actions taken in the transaction to calculate probabilities of risky actions taken and output a risk or fraud score based thereon. Higher probabilities correlate with lower risk scores and vice versus.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method comprising providing a graphical user interface for user selection of fraud rules that comprises fraud transaction parameters determined based on transaction parameters included in a plurality of known fraudulent transactions. The GUI also comprises high risk merchants with a fraud rate that exceeds a threshold fraud rate. The method includes receiving a user selection of fraud rules relating to at least the fraud transaction parameters, the high risk merchants, and the high frequency merchants. The method includes receiving test transaction data including at least one transaction parameter and at least one merchant associated with the test transaction, applying the fraud rules to the received transaction data to identify probable fraudulent transactions.

Abstract: Rules can be selectively applied by a user to an access card using a graphical user interface (GUI) of a mobile application. For example, the mobile application can provide a graphical user interface through which the user can select how usage of the access card is to be handled by the service provider. The mobile application can receive, through the graphical user interface, input from the user indicating one or more rules to be applied to the access card. The one or more rules can dictate how usage of the access card is to be handled by the service provider. In response to receiving the input, the mobile application can transmit one or more commands to a computer system associated with the service provider. The computer system can receive the one or more commands and implement the one or more rules selected by the user of the access card.

Abstract: A technology which is highly safe and furthermore highly convenient in personal authentications via a mobile terminal is provided. A terminal device 200 of the present invention includes: a position determining section 271 that determines a position of the terminal device 200 at predetermined time intervals, and accumulates the position as position information; a movement history generating section 272 that generates a movement history by using the position information accumulated in a predetermined period, and stores the movement history as movement history information; a registration processing section 276 that transmits, for registration, the movement history information to a personal authentication apparatus; and an authentication requesting section 279 that makes an authentication request to the personal authentication apparatus 310 by using the movement history information stored after the transmission by the registration processing section 276 to the personal authentication apparatus 310.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of validating cash transactions at a cash validation server of a cash transaction validation system. The method comprises capturing a unique identifier of a banknote of a user; storing the unique identifier of the banknote against a user identity of the user in a database connected to the cash validation server; checking the unique identifier of the banknote against the user identity stored in the database when the banknote is received as tender for payment at a receiving Cash Processing Terminal (CPT); requesting an authorization from the user to release the banknote for payment; transmitting an accept banknote message to the receiving CPT when a successful authorization is received and transmitting a decline banknote message to the receiving CPT when a failed authorization is received.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for use in identifying synthetic party identities. One exemplary method includes receiving, at a computing device, a request from a relying party to assess validity of an identity presented by an asserting party in a network communication between the asserting party and the relying party, where the request includes identity data associated with the identity of the asserting party. The method also includes calculating, by the computing device, an assessment metric representative of the validity of the identity of the asserting party, where the assessment metric is based on at least one score derived from the identity data, and transmitting, by the computing device, the assessment metric to the relying party, whereby the relying party utilizes the assessment metric to determine whether or not to further interact with the asserting party in connection with the network communication.

Abstract: In an aspect, a method performed at a server includes: receiving an electronic message indicating an expected transfer, the message indicating at least a quantity of resources associated with the expected transfer and a value date associated with the expected transfer; detecting a trigger condition associated with the expected transfer; in response to detecting the trigger condition associated with the expected transfer, determining whether a transfer associated with the expected transfer has been made; and in response to determining that the expected transfer has not been made, providing a notification to a client device associated with a recipient of the expected transfer.