Abstract: A device for decoding encoded point cloud data can be configured to: for a point of a point cloud, determine a first attribute value for a first color component based on a first predicted value and a first residual value; apply a scaling factor to the first residual value to determine a predicted second residual value, wherein the scaling factor has one or both of a non-integer value or an absolute value greater than one; for the point of the point cloud, receive a second residual value in the encoded point cloud data; determine a final second residual value based on the predicted second residual value and the received second residual value; and for the point of the point cloud, determine a second attribute value for a second color component based on a second predicted value and the final second residual value.

Abstract: A device for decoding encoded point cloud data can be configured to, for a point of a point cloud, determine a first color value for a first color component based on a first predicted value and a first residual value; apply a scaling factor to the first residual value to determine a predicted second residual value, wherein the scaling factor has one or both of a non-integer value or an absolute value greater than one; for the point of the point cloud, receive a second residual value in the encoded point cloud data; determine a final second residual value based on the predicted second residual value and the received second residual value; and for the point of the point cloud, determine a second color value for a second color component based on a second predicted value and the final second residual value.

Abstract: A method of handling laboratory sample containers by a laboratory sample container handling system is presented. The method comprises providing a laboratory sample container comprising an assigned ID information to the laboratory sample container handling system, reading the assigned ID information, checking, if the read ID information is unique or not unique within the laboratory sample container handling system, and if the read ID information (2) is not unique within the laboratory sample container handling system, assigning a new ID information to the laboratory sample container. The new ID information is unique within the laboratory sample container handling system.

Abstract: In example embodiments, techniques are provided for refining tiles of an HLOD tree representing a model in order to display a view. A frontend module selects a tile represented by a node of the HLOD sub-tree and obtains information describing geometry of the selected tile. It determines that the selected tile requires refinement to support the view of the model based on the information describing geometry of the selected tile. A tile refinement strategy is determined from a plurality of tile refinement strategies. The frontend module applies the determined tile refinement strategy to the selected tile to generate one or more child tiles that have a higher resolution than the selected tile, the one or more child tiles represented by child nodes added to the HLOD sub-tree. The frontend module displays the view of the model at least in part by showing tiles represented by nodes of the HLOD sub-tree.

Abstract: A distributed computing system is described that leverages a nearline storage layer to minimize the downtime required for bootstrapping a new computing cluster in the distributed computing system. The system executes a computing cluster comprising a set of computing nodes and determines a set of one or more data segments to be written to a nearline storage system. The system writes the data segments to the nearline storage system. In certain examples, the system receives a request to create a second computing cluster and responsive to the request, bootstraps the second computing cluster using the set of data segments stored on the nearline storage system. The system additionally leverages the nearline storage layer to accelerate query processing by the computing nodes of a computing cluster.

Abstract: An abnormal packet detection apparatus and method are provided. The abnormal packet detection apparatus stores a whitelist corresponding to a protocol port, wherein the whitelist includes at least one legal packet record. Each legal packet record includes a legal packet length, a legal source address, and a legal variation position set, and corresponds to a reference packet. The abnormal packet detection apparatus determines that a current packet length and a current source address of a to-be-analyzed packet are respectively the same as the legal packet length and the legal source address of a reference packet record among the at least one legal packet record, determines a current variation position of the to-be-analyzed packet by comparing the to-be-analyzed packet with the reference packet corresponding to the reference packet record, and generates a detection result by comparing the current variation position with the legal variation position set of the reference packet record.

Abstract: A method in a multiprocessor system for processing multiple perception streams is disclosed. The method comprises: reading data from a plurality of perception streams according to a reading schedule determined by a predetermined policy, each perception stream comprising perception data from a different perception sensor; assigning a unique identification tag to each perception stream; writing each perception stream with its unique identification tag to a server input queue based on the predetermined policy; and processing the tagged perception streams using a server. The processing includes: retrieving tagged perception streams from the server input queue; applying a processing algorithm to process the retrieved tagged perception streams; and outputting the processed perception streams to a server output queue.

Abstract: There is provided a method of detecting a threat against a computer system. The method comprises: creating a modular representation of behavior of known applications on the basis of sub-components of a set of known applications; entering the modular representation to an evolutionary analysis system for generating previously unknown combinations of the procedures; storing the generated previously unknown combinations as candidate descendants of known applications to a future threat candidate database; monitoring the behavior of the computer system to detect one or more procedures matching the behavior of a stored candidate descendant in the future threat candidate database; and upon detection of one or more procedures matching the behavior of the stored candidate descendant and if the stored candidate descendant is determined to be malicious or suspicious, identifying the running application as malicious or suspicious.

Abstract: The systems and methods described herein dynamically allocate streams when restoring data from databases. In some embodiments, the system and methods restore data from a database by determining a number of streams to allocate to the database for restoring files of data from the database. The determined number of streams may be based on a total amount of data within the database, and/or may be based, at least in part, on the previous number of streams used during backup operations, in order to balance the benefit of allocating streams to a restoration of data with any detriments associated with changing the number of streams from the number used during previous backup operations.

Abstract: A barcode-reading system for a mobile device may include a camera assembly. The barcode-reading system may include a barcode-reading enhancement accessory and a barcode-reading application. The barcode-reading enhancement accessory may be securable to the mobile device and may be configured to provide an indication of license entitlement to the mobile device. The barcode-reading application may be stored in memory of the mobile device and executable by a processor of the mobile device. The barcode-reading application may also be configured to enable an enhanced mode of operation of the barcode-reading application conditional upon determining obtaining the license entitlement from the accessory.

Abstract: Computer-implemented systems and methods for categorizing tables of a database into groups are provided. A set of queries used to access a database are processed to generate a log that identifies for each of the queries (i) a database operation associated with the query, (ii) a table of the database accessed via the query, and (iii) a column or columns of the table used by the query to access the table. Database operation criteria for categorizing database tables into groups are accessed. The criteria are based on a total number of times that a table is accessed by the set of queries and a number of times that the table is accessed using a column or group of columns. An algorithm that evaluates data of the log against the criteria is applied. The algorithm is configured to automatically categorize tables identified in the log into groups based on the evaluation.

Abstract: An index generation apparatus includes: an index generation unit generating the index including a lower node and an upper node by using a degree of similarity between pieces of data, the upper node including an entry having a link relationship with the lower node and indicating representative data, the representative data having the degree of similarity with respect to data indicated by the entry of the lower node that is equal to or greater than a similarity degree threshold value given to the link relationship; and a threshold value determination unit determining a default similarity degree threshold value and an adjustment value with respect to each link relationship between the upper node and the lower node, and determining each similarity degree threshold value to be given to each link relationship by subtracting the adjustment value from the default similarity degree threshold value.

Abstract: The accessory apparatus includes an accessory communicator providing a notification channel, a first data communication channel and a second data communication channel. The accessory controller transmits, in response to receiving a transmission request from an image-capturing apparatus through the notification channel, accessory data to the image-capturing apparatus through the first data communication channel and receives camera data transmitted from the image-capturing apparatus through the second data communication channel. The accessory controller has a function of detecting a camera communication error in the camera data and is configured to, when detecting the camera communication error, transmit accessory error information to the image-capturing apparatus and erase the accessory data stored in an accessory data buffer.

Abstract: Provided is a method for group sending message in instant communication, including following steps: acquiring a request for group sending message, accessing a contact list, and then acquiring information of multiple contacts selected from said contact list; acquiring inputted message to be group sent; and sending said inputted message to a respective receiving terminal of each of said contacts, according to information of each of said contacts. By implementing the technical scheme of the present disclosure, the user's time in operating is reduced, the efficiency of group sending message is improved, especially when the method is applied in a mobile terminal, the duration time of the mobile terminal is prolonged, and the security of group sending message is improved. The disclosure also provides a terminal and a computer storage medium for group sending message in instant communication.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for embedded change logging for data synchronization. In an embodiment of the invention, an embedded change logging data processing system can include a change embedded database (EDB) disposed in a pervasive device. The EDB can store entries for notified changes in data for multiple different end-user applications in the pervasive device. The system also can include a change log service (CLS) disposed in the pervasive device and coupled to the EDB. The CLS can include program code enabled to register with multiple different end-user applications in the pervasive device to receive notifications of changes, and to write entries to the EDB responsive to the notifications. Finally, the system can include a synchronization client disposed in the pervasive device separately from the CLS. The synchronization client can include program code enabled to directly access the EDB to perform data synchronization with a remote host.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, implementing techniques for searching and ranking linked information sources. The techniques include receiving multiple content items from a corpus of content items; receiving digital signatures each made by one of multiple agents, each digital signature associating one of the agents with one or more of the content items; and assigning a score to a first agent of the multiple agents, wherein the score is based upon the content items associated with the first agent by the digital signatures.

Abstract: A dashboard to integrate gadgets and present data output from the gadgets in an integrated user interface. The gadgets dynamically collect information about an advertisement or an ad campaign associated with the advertisement as the information is collected from various sources during the ad campaign, each of some of the gadgets processing collected information and outputting the processed information in real time.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods for distributing visual display information related to a plurality of items to one or more display devices, and methods for rendering visual display information related to a plurality of items by a display device. Embodiments also comprise display devices, servers, and computer-readable media embodying one or more of these methods. Embodiments display of large data sets and associated statistics, such as trading activity of securities or other business statistics, on devices with limited-size display screen, e.g. smartphone or tablet. Embodiments enable visual navigation of large dynamic data sets via relative and absolute contextual statistics. Embodiments combine dynamic visual displays with a multi-tiered navigation structure, supporting more effective information gathering and processing across a variety of users with different objectives.

Abstract: A method of controlling access to a database includes autonomously archiving data within a database from a first storage device into a second storage device, according to an archive condition; the archive condition being input in conjunction with the data and being associated with the data; accepting an input of an access command to the database; determining whether data to be accessed in response to the access command input has already been archived in the second storage device based on the access command and the archive condition; and accessing data included in the database or data archived in the second storage device according to the access command based on the determination.

Abstract: A method and system for automatically ranking product reviews according to review helpfulness. Given a collection of reviews, the method employs an algorithm that identifies dominant terms and uses them to define a feature vector representation. Reviews are then converted to this representation and ranked according to their distance from a ‘locally optimal’ review vector. The algorithm is fully unsupervised and thus avoids costly and error-prone manual training annotations. In one embodiment a Multi Layer Lexical Model (MLLM) approach partitions the dominant lexical terms in a review into layers, creates a compact unified layers lexicon, and ranks the reviews according to their weight with respect to unified lexicon, all in a fully unsupervised manner. When used to rank book reviews, it was found that the invention significantly outperforms the user votes-based ranking employed by Amazon.

Abstract: A storage controller is implemented for controlling a storage system. The storage controller may be implemented using a distributed computer system and may include components for servicing client data requests based on the characteristics of the distributed computer system, the client, or the data requests. The storage controller is scalable independently of the storage system it controls. All components of the storage controller, as well as the client, may be virtual or hardware-based instances of a distributed computer system.

Abstract: An approach is provided to determine one or more dynamic ordered tree structures and transition tree structures (e.g., based on one or more transitions of a device) to facilitate querying and/or accessing data stores. An apparatus and method determines to generate at least one index structure, determines to associate index objects of the generated index structure with one or more data objects of at least one data store, determines to generate at least one transition index structure based on the at least one generated index structure, and determines to associate the transition index structure with index objects corresponding to one or more data objects of at least one data store based on a transition of a device. Also, the method and apparatus determines to generate at least one query, and determines to generate at least one transition index structure where a current index structure to resolve the query is absent.

Abstract: In general, the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods, systems, and program products for performing compounded text segmentation. Compounded text that is extracted from one or more search queries submitted to a search engine is received. The compounded text includes a plurality of individual words that are joined together without intervening spaces. An electronic dictionary including words is accessed. A data structure representing possible segmentations of the compounded text is generated based on whether words in the possible segmentations occur in the electronic dictionary. A data store comprising data associated with a same field of usage as the compounded text is accessed to determine a frequency of occurrence for possible segmentations of the data structure. A segmentation of the compounded text that is most probable based on the data is determined. A language model is trained using the determined segmentation of the compounded text.

Abstract: Embodiments herein include a license provisioning application that organizes licensing information into a licensing data structure in a multi-application environment. The license provisioning application can use the licensing data structure to increase the efficiency of license management operations by representing complex licenses and their relationships, including locale-based licensing and flexible licensing frameworks. The license provisioning application includes a caching mechanism for faster performance, and facilitates ease of use for license management operations, such as activation, renewal, and deactivation (both in bulk and individually), handling subscription based licensing, trial licensing, and executing license queries. The license provisioning application can provide a graphical representation of licenses and relationships for performing various license management operations.

Abstract: A new and improved operating system is described. The system enables a user to receive information in many different types of formats and converts them into a uniform format. The system can also use the information to fill out forms in different types of formats, and then send them to the appropriate recipient.

Abstract: Provided is a relay device in which when data read from a database is transmitted to external devices, the transmission and reception of the data between the external devices is relayed. Data required by in-vehicle devices must be generated from data. The relay device does not send the data that is calculation source data for generating the data to each of the in-vehicle devices, but generates the data that is a calculation result, stores the data in the database, and sends the data to the in-vehicle devices as required. In addition, the relay device determines whether data needed to be generated is required to be regenerated or not and, only when it is determined that the already stored data is old and regeneration of the data is needed, regenerates the data using the data that is calculation source data.

Abstract: A priority for one or more source components can be determined for use in providing metadata for a composite media presentation. For example, an audio component containing or associated with a text transcript may be prioritized based on a gain value, gain differential, and/or frequency range associated with the audio component, with data indicating the priority stored in a computer-readable medium. When transcript or other metadata is provided for the composite media presentation, the priority information can be used to select how (or whether) data or metadata associated with each component will be used in providing transcript metadata for the presentation as a whole.

Abstract: The subject matter disclosed herein relates to regulating the operation of component object model add-ins associated with a user interface.

Abstract: A monitor on-board an aircraft which uses radio altitude measurements as the basic observable altitude during runway approach. The basic concept utilizes the aircraft's navigation system, which includes means to store and retrieve radio altitude thresholds as a function of the distance along the desired path from the runway thresholds. These threshold functions are determined in advance based on a radio altitude reference which is defined as the expected radio altimeter measurement that would be made if the airplane were exactly on the desired reference path. Vertical containment monitoring is achieved by comparing the radio altitude measurement to computed thresholds for both too high and too low. During the approach, an annunciation message can be generated if the radio altitude measurement is above or below the threshold limits.

Abstract: In a method for operating a computer system connected to a telecommunication network and provided with a data memory for storing communication data, a data trace is compiled from parameters selected from time, at least one position designation, and at least one content. A communication data set together with the data trace is stored as a data set that is retrievable by authorized persons.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, are provided for identifying duplicate data items. A method is provided that include the actions of identifying a file to be downloaded; determining that the size of the file exceeds a threshold value; in response to determining that the size of the file exceeds the threshold value, requesting one or more portions of the file, the one or more portions being less than the entire file; upon receiving the requested one or more portions of the file, constructing a file signature for the file based on the one or more portions of the file; determining whether the constructed signature exists in a file signature repository; if a matching file signature exists in the file signature repository, recording location information for the file to be downloaded as associated with the matching file signature.

Abstract: Systems and methods for balancing electronic mailboxes among databases communicatively coupled to an information handling system are disclosed. A method may include comparing an actual utilization values for a first database to a threshold utilization value for the first database and, depending upon the results, identifying the first database as over-utilized. The method may also include comparing an actual utilization values for a second database to a threshold utilization value for the second database and, depending upon the results, identifying the second database as under-utilized. The method may further include comparing a threshold usage value of a first electronic mailbox stored in the first database to an upper threshold usage value for the first electronic mailbox and, depending upon the results, identifying the first electronic mailbox as heavily-utilized. The method may also include moving the heavily-utilized electronic mailbox to the second database.

Abstract: A server device may receive multiple provider identifiers for a media item from multiple client devices. The multiple provider identifiers may each be associated with different media providers and may each be associated with the same media item. The server device may aggregate the multiple provider identifiers into entries in a data store. The server device may also analyze the entries in the data store and may request missing provider identifiers, merge entries that have duplicate information, and may indicate whether a media item is playable.

Abstract: Detection and use of relationships in tabular data is enhanced. A foreign-key-based relationship between two tables in memory is automatically discovered by a module. A view over table data is computationally augmented by adding an expandable hierarchical column. The expandable hierarchical column includes second table data that is related to rows of a first table by the discovered foreign-key-based relationship. A naming scheme for the added column is described. Sometimes the augmentation places an AddJoinColumn operator in a query expression tree; sometimes the tree is rewritten by moving a query operator or replacing a specified pattern of operators by a flat Join operation between two tables. Column expansion may be followed by reshaping data into a flat table, by getting a homogeneous query, by performing a join, or other operations.

Abstract: Records of geotemporal data for a plurality of users from a database associated with on-line and/or mobile cellular activities are used to generate a geotemporal fingerprint of a user. The geolocation history associated with the user's on-line and/or mobile cellular activities from one such database can be correlated with a user's geolocation data from a separate on-line database associated with a different activity. For example, the geolocation history or geotemporal fingerprints associated with on-line and/or mobile cellular activities from one particular database can be correlated with those associated with payment card usage. Such information can be used to authenticate a user, for example, as a security measure for payment card users and issuers, for registrationless credit security applications, and for gathering relevant data for advertising campaigns.

Abstract: Techniques are described for graph partitioning, and in particular, graph bisection. A combinatorial lower bound is provided that is computed in near-linear time. These bounds may be used to determine optimum solutions to real-world graphs with many vertices (e.g., more than a million for road networks, or tens of thousands for VLSI and mesh instances). Combinatorial techniques that reduce the size of the branch-and-bound search tree may use tree packing, assign vertices to trees, and use fractional assignment of vertices to trees. For graph bisection, each node of the branch-and-bound tree corresponds to a partial assignment of vertices to both cells or sets of vertices.

Abstract: Described herein is a technology for facilitating visualization of multiple hierarchies. In some implementations, a primary hierarchy having primary components arranged in different primary hierarchical levels is provided. A second hierarchy for the primary components of the primary hierarchy is provided. The primary components are configured as geometric objects with concentric zones corresponding to different secondary hierarchical levels with secondary components.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for using the contents of voice files as a basis for enabling search and other selection operations for data items that are associated with those voice files. Voice files may be received having associations with other data items, such as images or records. A corresponding text file is generated for each of the one or more voice files using programmatic means, such as a speech-to-text application. Each text file is provided an association with a data item based on the association of the voice file that served as the basis of its creation. Each text file is then made available for the performance of search and selection operations that result in the identification of associated data items.

Abstract: Techniques and mechanisms described herein facilitate the performance of feedback-based weighted content recommendation. According to various embodiments, input data for performing media content recommendation analysis may be identified. The input data may describe the presentation of a plurality of media content items in association with a plurality of content management accounts. The input data may comprise a plurality of data points. Each of the data points may identify respective feedback data for a respective one of the media content items previously recommended for presentation in association with a respective one of the content management accounts. The feedback data may identify a viewer reaction to the recommended media content item. For each or selected ones of the data points, a respective weighting factor based on the feedback data for the respective media content item presented in association with the respective content management account may be applied.

Abstract: An example of synchronizing data can include converting a data tree structure into a dependency graph and reconciling nodes with a target data structure. Synchronizing data can include merging any duplicate information. Furthermore, synchronizing data can include keeping identifiers of reconciled information with non-reconciled information to locate the reconciled information when the remaining information is reconciled.

Abstract: Mechanisms, in a data processing system, are provided for extracting semantic relationships amongst table contents in a table data structure associated with an electronic document. These mechanisms determine a configuration of cells within the table data structure. The mechanisms identify one or more super-cells within the table data structure based on the determined configuration of cells. The mechanisms also, for each super-cell in the one or more super-cells, converts table data corresponding to the super-cell into a semantic relationship statement for the super-cell, wherein the semantic relationship statement identifies one or more relationships between portions of the table data corresponding to the super-cell. The mechanisms further store the semantic relationship statements for each of the super-cells in association with the table data structure.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and machine-readable and executable instructions are provided for codeless array validation. Codeless array validation can include selecting a number of operations associated with processing organizational data, where each of the number of operations includes a number of input schemas and a number of output schemas. Codeless array validation can include constructing a number of rules including the number of input schemas and the number of output schemas. Codeless array validation can include querying a web service, receiving an array response for the organizational data from the web service, and validating the array response codelessly by checking the number of rules against each of a number of data elements comprising the array response.

Abstract: A method receives a specification for processing beacons. The beacons are associated with an event occurring at a client while a user is interacting with a web application and include unstructured data. The method parses the specification to determine an object model including objects determined from the specification where different specifications are parsed into a format of the object model. A generator is determined and each generator is configured to process the format of the object model to generate a different type of target program to process the beacons and multiple generators can process different specifications that are parsed into the format of the object model. The method runs the generator with the object model to generate a target program configured to identify the beacons for the specification, determine unstructured data in the beacons that were specified in the specification, and transform the unstructured data into structured data.

Abstract: Source data associated with an ornamental organism is obtained and stored in a unique account/location in an ornamental organism database. Each unique account/location is then assigned a unique access path. A unique information access device, such as a sticker or tag, is then generated that includes a unique account access symbol or code that is a representation of the unique access path data. The unique information access device is then included with the specific ornamental organism, or lot of ornamental organisms, at each level of the distribution and sales chain. Then, whenever the unique account access symbol or code is scanned, the unique access path data is obtained and used to access the unique account/location that is associated with specific ornamental organism, or lot of ornamental organisms, and includes the source data for the specific ornamental organism, or lot of ornamental organisms.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and software for facilitating application licensing. In at least one implementation, license information for an application is identified based at least in part on a developer profile associated with the application and a state of a license for the application identified from at least a portion of the license information. Presentation of the application in accordance with the state of the license for the application can then be initiated.

Abstract: A technique for monitoring software which efficiently communicates transaction trace data, including static and dynamic data, from an agent to a manager is disclosed. A tree data structure describes transactions as a sequence of transaction elements. Each branch may correspond to one type of transaction. The nodes along a branch may be associated with components of monitored software that are invoked to perform the transaction. A provisional branch may be constructed when an agent is unable to initially identify the transaction. Transaction data may be stored in association with the nodes in the provisional branch during the monitoring. After information needed to identify the transaction becomes available to the agent, the provisional branch is updated. The transaction data is reported in response to determining the branch in the tree data structure that matches the provisional branch.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are presented for extracting, transforming, and loading data from one database to another database. For example, an extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) component may access an operational log of a given database in order to detect an update to the database. Upon detecting the update, the ETL component may extract a subset of data from the operational log, where the extraction of the subset of data is based on one or more rules. Once the subset of data has been extracted, the ETL component may transform the extracted subset of data from the operational log into a format for another, target database, where the data format for the other, target database is different from a data format for the given, source database. The ETL component may then load the subset of data transformed into the data format for the other, target database into the target database.

Abstract: Methods and data structures are provided for allowing data mining with improved efficiency. During processing of a usage log (or multiple logs) for an activity, such as a usage logfile of network search activity, a common fact table is generated. The common fact table allows a plurality of auxiliary data structures to be formed from the common fact table. These auxiliary data structures are designed to allow users to submit queries against the contents of the data structure in order to investigate the data. The efficiency of access of the common fact table is improved by allowing users to access auxiliary data structures other than the auxiliary data structures that are associated with a user. Optionally, the common fact table and/or the auxiliary data structures can include dimension values that correspond to both pre-identified dimension values as well as dimension values that are identified during processing of the activity logfiles.

Abstract: An apparatus performs a data migration from a database of a mainframe system to a rehosting solution database of an open system. An unload data set conversion module converts an unload data set, unloaded from the database of the mainframe system, into load files having standard format. A schema information generation module generates a schema information file having conversion rules by segment and field necessary for code system conversion of segment data in the load files having standard format. A code system conversion module converts the load files into load files having a code system of the open system pursuant to the schema information file, wherein the load files. A data load module sequentially reads segment data in the code-converted load files to load the segment data into the rehosting solution database.

Abstract: A filtering method and system. The method includes receiving by a computer processor an audio/video data file and filtering data. The computer processor analyzes the filtering data with respect to the audio/video data file and retrieves specified audio/video data portions comprising data objects within frames of the audio/video data file. The computer processor removes gaps existing in the audio/video data file and receives tags comprising instructions for presenting video data of the audio/video data file, audio data of the audio/video data file, and the specified audio/video data portions. The computer processor stores the video data in a first layer of a multimedia file, the audio data in a second layer of the multimedia file, and the specified audio/video data portions in additional layers of the multimedia file. Each of the first layer, the second layer, and the additional layers comprises a tag layer comprising the tags.