Abstract: The disclosed apparatus includes a MAC learning table storing a MAC address and port identification information that uniquely identifies a port for transferring a frame to which the MAC address is assigned. The apparatus includes updating the MAC learning table, reading a MAC address of a link trace frame, transferring the link trace frame via a port determined based on the MAC learning table, storing a correspondence relationship of a predetermined MAC address and port identification information, saving a correspondence relationship set as an object to be deleted at a time of updating the MAC learning table, transferring the link trace frame, if there is no correspondence relationship relevant to the MAC address of the link trace frame in the MAC learning table, and sending a response frame to a switching hub which is an originator of the link trace frame with transfer of the link trace frame.

Abstract: A firewall cluster having three or more firewall processing nodes sharing the same shared IP address. Port numbers are assigned to the firewall processing nodes within the cluster and are used to distinguish between traffic sent to the cluster. Each network connection is assigned a destination port number. Each node receives the network connection and its assigned port number and determines if the assigned destination port number matches one of its assigned port numbers. If so, the node processes the network connection. If the assigned destination port number does not match one of its assigned port numbers, the network connection is discarded.

Abstract: A system, computer program product and computer-implemented method of dynamically adding a best suited application server to a cluster of application servers are provided. To do so, a history of quality of service (QoS) of a plurality of application servers is maintained. Using the history of QoS, an application server is dynamically selected and added to the cluster when the cluster is under a heavy workload. The selected application server is one that has the most historically favorable QoS and a heavy workload is one that exceeds a user-configurable threshold.

Abstract: A network-on-chip system, method, and computer program product are provided for transmitting messages utilizing a centralized on-chip shared memory switch. In operation, a message is sent from one of a plurality of agents connected on a messaging network. The message is received at a central shared memory switch, the central shared memory switch being in communication with each of the plurality of agents. Further, the message is transmitted from the central shared memory switch to a destination agent, the destination agent being one of the plurality of agents.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a reactive routing computer network may be partitioned into diverse logical topologies, and a source node may transmit route request (RREQ) messages toward a destination node on each logical topology. In response, the source node may receive route reply (RREP) messages indicating routes to the destination node in each logical topology. The source node may thus select a route for each logical topology to reach the destination node, accordingly. In another embodiment, if partitioned logical topologies do not produce two or more routes or as a standalone embodiment, the source node may transmit RREQ messages toward the destination node without any corresponding logical topology. The destination node receives RREQ messages, and two or more routes from the source node to the destination node may be determined (e.g., by the destination or source node) based on the received RREQ messages at the destination node and path selection criteria.

Abstract: A storage medium storing a mail management program, the mail management program causing a computer to execute: receiving from a first user, a designation of a first electronic mail addressed to the first user as an open mail, which is made open to a second user, first setting a receiving date and time at which the designation is received as date and time information corresponding to the open mail, second setting another receiving date and time at which a second electronic mail which is not the open mail and is addressed to the second user is received by the computer, as the date and time information corresponding to the second electronic mail and outputting, upon receipt of an output instruction from the second user, the open mail and the second electronic mail in accordance with the date and time information.

Abstract: An improved distributed operating system over a network of computer systems is described. Existing distributed operating systems have transmission performance limitations dictated by their inability to (1) reliably handle transient communication failures and rapid node reboots, (2) provide a transmission protocol that adapts to link reliability, and (3) allow transmissions to occur over an arbitrary combination of communication links. The systems and methods described herein solve these problems by providing a reliable node-to-node session protocol that offers high performance message delivery and multi-interface management and support. This is done by transmitting all data between two nodes of the operating system over a single connection that may dynamically exploit multiple interfaces between the nodes.

Abstract: A first network device creates a protection path to a second network device associated with a first service site, and creates a pseudowire between the first service site and a second service site via the first network device and the second network device. The first network device also detects a failure between the first network device and the first service site, and forwards traffic, provided by the pseudowire between the first service site and the second service site, via the protection path. The second network device uses the traffic on the protection path as a trigger to activate a link between the second network device and the first service site.

Abstract: A system and method for retaining routes in a control plane learned by an inter-domain routing protocol in the event of a connectivity failure between routers. Routers are classified as either route reflectors or originators. A determination is made whether the connectivity failure occurred between a route reflector and an originator, two originators, or two route reflectors. A determination is then made whether to propagate a withdrawal of learned routes based on whether the connectivity failure occurred between a route reflector and an originator, two originators, or two route reflectors. A withdrawal of learned routes is propagated to neighboring routers if the connectivity failure occurred between two originators, or between a route reflector and an originator that is inaccessible via an intra-domain routing protocol.

Abstract: The present invention includes a network service access method. In one embodiment, such a method comprises: forwarding the domain name resolution requests to a local domain name server of each Internet service provider providing services through access link corresponding with the Internet service provider; receiving Internet Protocol address on the domain name resolution requests which the local domain name server of each Internet service provider returned from the corresponding access link; selecting the Internet Protocol address according to line state of the access link of each Internet service provider providing services and returning the selected Internet Protocol address to the user equipments; and visiting network services by the access link of the Internet service provider returning the selected Internet Protocol address.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is provided for communicating multicast traffic. The method may include in response to receipt of multicast control traffic at a network element to be communicated to a protection switching group, communicating the multicast control traffic to each of a working path and a protection path of the protection switching group. The method may also include in response to receipt of multicast control traffic via either of the working path and the protection path, processing the multicast control traffic as if the multicast control traffic was received via both the working path and the protection path.

Abstract: A node device in a ring transmission system in which a plurality of node devices are connected as a ring via serial links has a PHY transitioning between a normal mode and a loopback mode with timing that maintains symbol lock between an idle frame transmitted to a later serial link in the normal mode according a transmission instruction, and an idle frame from an earlier node device looped back for output to a later serial link during the loopback mode, thus performing relay processing on non-locally addressed data packets during the loopback mode.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate unbundling and processing partial packet data units (PDU). PDUs can be transmitted at a communication layer and can include partial PDUs of a disparate communication layer. Complete SDUs can be determined in the partial PDU and provided to an upper communication layer. In addition, however, the partial PDU can comprise a partial SDU. Upon receiving a remaining or additional portion of the partial PDU, a remaining or additional portion of the partial SDU can be combined with the partial SDU to create a complete SDU (or a larger portion thereof). Where a complete SDU is created, it can be provided to an upper communication layer. Alternatively, the partial PDU can be combined with the remaining portion of the partial PDU to generate a complete or larger PDU, from which the previously incomplete SDU can be retrieved and provided to an upper communication layer.

Abstract: A network controller in a communication device may be operable to provide pass-through communication of local host-management traffic between a local host and a management controller within the communication device, wherein the local host may be operable to utilize its network processing resources during communication of the local host-management traffic. The network controller may use packet filtering to provide the pass-through communication, wherein the network controller may utilize a plurality filtering rules during filtering of packets received in the network controller. The filtering rules may specify packet processing and/or forwarding actions by said network controller based on one or more specified conditions. The specified conditions may based on one or more match criteria; wherein the match criteria comprising source address, destination address, and/or traffic type data in the received packets.

Abstract: Fast error reporting is provided in networks that have an architected delayed error reporting capability. Errors are detected and reported without having to wait for a timeout period to expire. Further, failures of other components caused by the delay are avoided, since the delay is bypassed.

Abstract: Method and system for providing dynamic configuration of link redundancy in data network based on detection of dynamic changes in the network topology including the steps of detecting data network topology, determining a number of data paths from a node in the data network topology to each of a respective pair of peer nodes coupled to the node by a corresponding interface, determining a data path in the data network topology between the peer nodes, calculating a set of nodes reachable via each interface coupled to the node and the respective peer node in the data network topology, and comparing the set of calculated nodes is provided.

Abstract: In one implementation, an intermediary receives a message from an endpoint, includes a flow around address and a flow through address to a second network device listed in the first message. The intermediary requests another endpoint to perform a connectivity test to determine the reachability of the originating endpoint. The connectivity test may be performed using methods such as ping, probe, interactive connectivity establishment (ICE), or session traversal utilities for network address translation (STUN). The intermediary may request originating endpoint a similar connectivity check and establish a media stream based on results of the connectivity tests. The media stream may be a voice over internet protocol (VoIP) call.

Abstract: A failure detection mechanism provides enhancements to PIM-SM based fast re-route techniques. A network node upon detecting a loss of connection determines whether it can re-route multicast data traffic. If the network node does not have a failure-free secondary path, it can originate a notification packet and send it to the downstream parts of a multicast tree. The notification packet can trigger one or more downstream nodes to switch-over to redundant secondary paths to re-route the multicast data traffic.

Abstract: Systems and procedures are presented for communicating multiple data streams through an SSLVPN gateway. One implementation of a method includes receiving a plurality of incoming data streams and load balancing the incoming data streams. The load balancing includes assigning a first set of one or more incoming data streams to a first subprocessor, and responding to the first set of incoming data streams with outgoing data streams that include a first identifier that indicates the first subprocessor. One implementation of a network element includes a plurality of subprocessors and a dispatcher module. The dispatcher module is coupled to the plurality of subprocessors, and is configured to recognize an identifier in a received data stream. The dispatcher module dispatches the received data stream to a corresponding subprocessor of the plurality of processors in response to the identifier in the received data stream.

Abstract: A switching device including an ingress port configured to receive packets from a network device, the received packets having been transmitted by the network device to the switching device in accordance with a transfer rate; a parsing module configured to separate by layer the received packets into parsed packets, wherein the parsed packets include control packets and data packets, and wherein each of the layers of the parsed packets corresponds to a layer one, a layer two, a layer three or a layer four of an open systems interconnection reference model; and a rate limitation module configured to based on the layer of each of the parsed packets, transmit a pause signal from the switching device via the ingress port to the network device to temporarily limit the transfer rate of packets transmitted from the network device to the switching device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, program code is added to a social network's web pages or site such that the content a first user accesses is locally stored at the first user's system. When another user, who is a friend of the first user, as defined by the social networking site, browses to that same content, the program code fetches it from the first user, instead of directly from the social networking site. The content is thus directly exchanged between the users without a transaction at the website. The present invention leverages the storage and bandwidth resources of social networking users to help serve content.

Abstract: A communication system is provided that routes a bearer path of a communication session between an originating Node B and a terminating Node B via an X2 interface, bypassing an IMS core network, while continuing to route the signaling path to an IMS network, thereby allowing the IMS network to retain control of the bearer path while avoiding delay, potential for data loss and jitter to the bearer stream, and additional backhaul capacity requirements that result from routing the bearer path between the originating and terminating Node Bs via the IMS core network. In determining whether the bearer path may bypass the IMS core network, the communication system determines whether IMS core network bearer associated services are required for the communication session such that a bearer path of the call will need to be routed to the IMS core network in order to provide such services.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transparently exchanging data packets with a packet-oriented network, via which a number of network elements and a network node device are connected based on a common access method. The network elements are allocated unique local addresses only within the network. The network node device connects the packet-oriented network to an external device based on a point-to-point protocol and performs an address conversion of the address of a network element, said address being allocated within the packet-oriented network, into an address valid for the external device. A verification of message header entries of the data packets exchanged between the external device and the network element permits the establishment of a temporary transparent connection of the network element to the external device in the event an entry is detected the characterizes an expanded point-to-point protocol, e.g.

Abstract: A data flow from a source to a destination is routed in a multi-hop wireless network. Nodes are searched in the multi-hop wireless network for information of route metrics for the nodes, the information of the route metrics are received, a route that has a most optimal route metric for the data flow are determined based on the route metrics and a data flow metric of the data flow, and the data flow are received from the source via the route at the destination in the multi-hop wireless network.

Abstract: A sensor in a network to which to route a packet is selected, where the sensor is selected independently of energy status of the sensors included in the network, and the sensor is selected by a source sensor. The packet is routed from the source sensor toward the destination sensor.

Abstract: A computer network includes first and second Ethernet access domain networks, each of Ethernet access domain networks including a user-facing provider edge (u-PE) device, and a stack group of network-facing provider edge (n-PE) devices coupled with the u-PE device, the n-PE devices running a bidding protocol to select one of the n-PE devices as a primary n-PE device for a single pseudowire connection path between the first and second Ethernet access domain networks. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR 1.72(b).

Abstract: A database query comprising a logical table definition and at least one route tracing indicator is forwarded to at least one distributed database node within a distributed network of databases. At least one query response is received including distributed route tracing information associated with each distributed database node that processed the database query along a path associated with the at least one query response. The received distributed route tracing information is processed to characterize query route propagation within the distributed network of databases. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

Abstract: Method and system for handling error events on a current path for processing an I/O request for reading information from and writing information to a storage space is provided. A system is able to communicate with the storage space via more than one path. If the current path reports an error event, then an alternate path quality is determined to ascertain whether the alternate path will generate an error similar to the current path. The alternate path quality is determined based on a plurality of factors which are assigned certain weights. The weights are determined based on a likely contribution of each factor to a repetition of the error reported by the current path. If the alternate path quality is equal to or exceeds a programmable threshold value, then the alternate path is selected.

Abstract: An interconnect block for a data processing apparatus, said interconnect block being operable to provide data routes via which one or more initiator devices may access one or more recipient devices, said interconnect block comprising: a first and a second portion; said first portion comprising at least one initiator port for communicating with one of said initiator devices, and at least one recipient port for communicating with one of said recipient devices; said second portion comprising at least two recipient ports for communicating with at least two recipient devices, said second portion being connected to said first portion via at least two parallel connecting routes, said at least two recipient ports being connectable to said at least two parallel connecting routes; wherein in response to a request received from one of said initiator devices at said first portion to perform a transaction accessing one of said at least two recipients in communication with said second portion, said interconnect block is op

Abstract: A method for facilitating a sequenced, anonymous communications session in a communications environment is provided in one example that includes receiving, from a first endpoint, an anonymous, sequenced request for a communication session involving a second endpoint. The communication session is sequenced to occur at designated periods provided by the end user(s) and/or an administrator, while maintaining end user(s) anonymity.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a gateway having a controller to transport media data between a service provider network and one or more end user devices associated with the gateway, and transmit connection signals to a second gateway for establishing a management channel between the gateway and the service provider network when an undesired condition is detected, where the management channel transports management data associated with the gateway to the second gateway for transport to the service provider network using a separate transport queue of the second gateway. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A virtual router spans a number of physical routing devices. A set of physical ports on one of the physical routing devices is logically represented as a trunk. A respective port priority value is associated with each of those ports, and a device priority value is associated with the physical routing device. If a port in the trunk is out-of-service, then the device priority value can be adjusted by the port priority value associated with the out-of-service port. A corrective action can be implemented if the device priority value fails to satisfy a condition. For example, the physical routing device may failover to another one of the physical routing devices spanned by the virtual router.

Abstract: A system for centrally controlling packet network communications may include an input/output (I/O) unit configured to communicate data packets over a packet network with multiple network communications devices, a processing unit in communication with the I/O unit and configured to communicate with the network communications devices via respective node segments, and a memory in communication with the processing unit and configured to store a table. The processing unit may be configured to receive and store network performance information of node segments generated by the network communications devices. The network performance information may be stored in the table in association with indicia representative of the node segments, respectively. The processing unit may further be configured to control network communications by the network communications devices over the node segments based on the network performance information stored in the table.

Abstract: A protection path reservation method which reserves protection paths to avoid a node failure for each transmission path on a network formed of a plurality of nodes, comprising assuming the nodes as an imaginary failure node in turn in a condition in which the node failure is not present in the network, and selecting N neighbor nodes connected to the imaginary failure node through N links, wherein the imaginary failure nodes sequentially transmit protection path reservation request messages to neighbor nodes, and the nodes which have received the protection path reservation request messages sequentially, one by one, reserve N?1 protection paths starting from the nodes.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention provide a method and system for communication of information in a distributed media network. The communication of information in a distributed media network may include automatically transferring one or more of media, data and service to a view of a first media processing system and/or a first personal computer within the distributed media network. The transferred media, data and/or service may be subsequently routed from the view of the first media processing system and/or the first personal computer to a view of a second media processing system and/or a second personal computer. The routed media, data and/or service may be consumed by the second media processing system and/or the second personal computer. A consumption rule, transfer rule and/or routing rule may control consumption, transfer and routing of the media, data and/or service. Transfer and/or routing of the media, data and/or service may be scheduled.

Abstract: Methods for using a client agent to route client requests among a plurality of appliances using transport layer information include the steps of: establishing, by a client agent executing on a client, a first transport layer connection with a first appliance of a plurality of appliances, the first appliance providing access to one or more servers; establishing, by a client agent executing on the client, a second transport layer connection with a second appliance of a plurality of appliances, the second appliance providing access to one or more servers; intercepting, by the client agent, a packet transmitted by the client; selecting, by the client agent, one of the connections to transmit the intercepted packet based on a characteristic of at least one of: the transport layer connections, the plurality of appliances, or the servers; and transmitting the intercepted packet via the selected connection.

Abstract: A communications device and method for transmitting e-mail with image data attached as an attachment file can select whether to send the e-mail directly to the recipient or via a mail server, depending on the address of the e-mail to be transmitted. As a result, the disclosed device and method can reduce the load on the mail server and transmit large volumes of data reliably.

Abstract: An electronic signature method uses a signature generation unit with a memory that is spatially separated from a data processing device. At least one biometric trait of a person who will electronically sign an electronic dataset is captured, and an electronic biometric dataset is generated based thereon. The biometric dataset is encrypted using a randomly generated value. Subsequently, the encrypted biometric dataset is transmitted to the data processing device, a first checksum is generated in the data processing device for the encrypted biometric dataset and the electronic dataset, and the first checksum is transmitted from the data processing device to the signature generation unit. The random value is encrypted using the first checksum, and the encryption result is further encrypted using the stored key. The result of this is then transmitted to the data processing device.

Abstract: Technique for fast rerouting (FRR) of traffic in a communication network, from a working path comprising a link with its downstream node, to one or more backup paths concurrently providing link protection and node protection to the link and the downstream node; the method comprises enabling the downstream node to block forwarding of traffic, if received at the downstream node along the backup path(s), towards a more-down-stream node in the working path in case the more-down-stream node participates in providing node protection against a failure of the downstream node, the technique thereby prevents traffic duplication at the more-down-stream node and does not require distinguishing a link failure from a node failure.

Abstract: A method, in accordance with particular embodiments, includes receiving a configuration message for configuring a first node with an IP address. The configuration message comprises a subnet portion associated with a group of nodes and a host portion associated with the first node. The method also includes detecting a second node in a routing table maintained by the first node. The method further includes determining that the second node has an IP address comprising a subnet portion matching the subnet portion of the IP address associated with the first node. The method additionally includes determining that the second node is a member of the group of nodes based on the matching subnet portion of the IP address of the second node. The method also includes transmitting a message to at least the second node identifying a service supported by the first node for the group of nodes.

Abstract: A system and method for guiding server chassis enumeration in a computer system are disclosed. One embodiment provides a method of connecting a plurality of computer server chassis configured as a plurality of nodes. For each cable connection between any two server chassis, a port on the first of the two server chassis to which a first end of a cable is connected is identified, and a port on the second server chassis to which a second end of the cable is connected is identified. The node containing second server chassis is uniquely designated by the port designator on the first server chassis, and the node containing the first server chassis is uniquely designated by the port designator on the second server chassis. An electronic alert is generated in response to any conflicting node designator.

Abstract: A communication network system includes a processor, and a plurality of node apparatuses using a protocol to establish paths therebetween, wherein the processor determines each of the node apparatuses to be a packet source or a packet destination, and operates to detect an occurrence of failure in two paths being established between the packet source and the packet destination in the communication network system, and wherein the processor transmits packet data including user data through one of the two paths, and when one of the node apparatuses detects an occurrence of a failure in one of the two paths, the processor changes the path to the other path.

Abstract: The present invention supports a method for transmitting information packets across network firewalls. A trusted entity is provisioned with an address designation for a pinhole through the firewall during setup of a communication session between two communication devices. This pinhole address is used throughout the communication session between the two communication devices to transmit information packets onto and out of the communication network. Information packets addressed to the communication device inside the firewall are received by the trusted entity, which replaces address header information in the information packet with the address for the pinhole. The information packet is routed to the pinhole where it passes onto the network for routing to the communication device inside the firewall. Information packets transmitted from the network are also routed to the trusted entity for routing toward the communication device outside the firewall.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems directed to synchronizing transmissions among parent and child routing nodes in a hierarchical wireless mesh network. In one implementation, the present invention employs a time slot scheduling algorithm to coordinate communications between wireless nodes of a hierarchical tree. In one implementation, the present invention provides a wireless mesh network where slot scheduling information propagates throughout the mesh, while individual nodes in the mesh compute their respective time slot schedules based on this information and the current state of the network. In one such implementation, a parent routing node computes its slot schedule and transmits certain parameters to its child nodes (as opposed to the schedule itself). The child node(s) then iterates the same scheduling function based on the parameters passed to it to determine the slots with which it should communicate to its parent node and its child nodes.

Abstract: Content download technology, in which a network-based video scheduled to be played at a particular time is identified, and multiple sources from which the network-based video is available for downloading are identified. An initial source from which to download the network-based video is selected from among the multiple sources, and a first process to download the network-based video from the initial source is initiated. Progress of the download of the network-based video is monitored. When an estimated amount of time remaining for the download of the network-based video from the initial source to complete does not enable viewing of the network-based video at the particular time without interruption, an alternative source from which to download at least a portion of the network-based video is selected from among the multiple sources, and a second process to download at least the portion the network-based video from the alternative source is initiated.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for dynamically discovering and utilizing an optimized network path through overlay routing for the transmission of data. A determination whether to use a default network path or to instead use an alternate data forwarding path through one or more overlay nodes is based on real-time measurement of costs associated with the alternative paths, in response to a user request for transmission of message data to a destination on the network. Cost metrics include delay, throughput, jitter, loss, and security. The system chooses the best path among the default forwarding path and the multiple alternate forwarding paths, and implements appropriate control actions to force data transmission along the chosen path. No modification of established network communication protocols is required.

Abstract: Multicast traffic is transferred, via routers, from a sender to receivers through a delivery tree that is determined based on a multicast routing protocol and includes delivery paths each communicably coupling the sender and one receiver. A router includes a multicast routing table used for transferring the multicast traffic through the delivery tree. The router generates delivery path information on first and second delivery paths each communicably coupling the sender and the router. Upon detecting a link failure on the first delivery path, the router performs delivery-path change processing that switches a first pair of interfaces along the first delivery path to a second pair of interfaces along the second delivery path without waiting for the multicast routing table being updated using the multicast protocol, and transmits a delivery-path change message to routers along the second delivery path so that the routers perform the delivery-path change processing.

Abstract: Information system, including: first and second storage apparatuses connected to a host computer and including volumes designated by a common volume identifier, but being accessible via differing paths of differing priorities. A failure detection storage apparatus connected to the storage apparatuses includes a third volume. Any I/O request designating the common volume identifier, is first sent to the first volume though the first access path, but upon error is then sent to the second volume thorough the second access path. The first or second storage apparatus detecting failure stores, in the third volume, a failure information flag. Upon receiving an I/O request through the second access path, the second storage apparatus determines whether the failure information flag is stored in the third volume, and sends an error reply of the I/O request to the host computer if the failure information flag is stored in the third volume.

Abstract: Techniques for dynamically configuring security mechanisms in a network can construct security perimeters that satisfy security needs at any given time while also efficiently spreading security functions among network elements and systems. In one technique, a network element comprises security function modules. Systems toward which the network element forwards data packets also comprise security function modules. A particular security function module on the network element begins in a state of deactivation. The network element determines whether a corresponding security function module on one of the systems is functioning in a satisfactory manner. If not, then the network element activates the particular security function module. While activated, the particular security function module may perform at least some of the security function operations that the corresponding security function module would have performed if the corresponding security function module was satisfactory.

Abstract: A protection CMTS is available to immediately service a cable modem should that modem's service from a working CMTS fail for any reason. To speed the service transfer (cutover) from the working CMTS to the protection CMTS, the cable modem may preregister with the protection CMTS well before the cutover becomes necessary. The cable modem's registration with both the working CMTS and the protection CMTS preferably employs a single IP address, so that the cable modem need not obtain a new IP address during cutover. While the cable modem may register with both the working CMTS and the protection CMTS, the devices are designed or configured so that only the working CMTS injects a host route for the cable modem into the appropriate routing protocol. Only after cutover to the protection CMTS does the protection CMTS inject its host route.