Abstract: A vehicle communication interface cable includes a vehicle connector having a connector body and configured to connect to a diagnostic port of a vehicle, a vehicle communication interface connector having a connector body and configured to connect to a vehicle communication interface, a flexible cable portion having one or more conductors and extending between the vehicle connector and the vehicle communication interface connector, and a battery module comprising a housing for a battery. The battery module is integrated with the cable portion and a pair of battery wires extend from the housing to the vehicle communication interface connector to provide power to a vehicle communication interface from a battery within the housing when the vehicle communication interface connector is connected to the vehicle communication interface.

Abstract: Systems and methods to fuse aviation-related data systems for comprehensive aircraft system health monitoring are provided. One example method includes obtaining, by one or more computing devices, fault data indicative of a plurality of fault indications provided by a first plurality of components of an aircraft. The method includes obtaining, by the one or more computing devices, condition indicators describing the respective operational conditions of a second plurality of components of the aircraft. The method includes fusing, by the one or more computing devices, the fault data with the condition indicators to form a comprehensive data set. The method includes identifying, by the one or more computing devices, one or more causes of the plurality of fault conditions based at least in part on the comprehensive data set. One example system includes a data fuser, a cause identifier, and an alert generator.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products for generating an annotation for textual information and/or media content for technical documentation for an item in an interactive electronic technical manual system (IETM) configured to provide electronic and credentialed access to the technical documentation via an IETM viewer.

Abstract: Techniques for resource monitoring and managed message reordering in a data center are described. In one example, a computing system comprises an ingress engine to receive a message from a network device in a data center comprising a plurality of network devices and the computing system; and in response to receiving the message from a network device in the data center, communicate the message to an appropriate collector application corresponding to the message's protocol type in compliance with at least one requirement for data stored in a message flow communicated from one or more network devices to the computing system.

Abstract: In some examples, a computing device can include a processor resource and a non-transitory memory resource storing machine-readable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the processor resource to: generate a model of activity for the computing device, determine a time period for performing a calculation based on the model, wherein the calculation utilizes performance metrics associated with the computing device, activate an agent at a start time of the time period to perform the calculation, send, by the agent, a result of the calculation to a remote computing device, and deactivate the agent in response to sending the result.

Abstract: A method for processing information includes receiving a feature set for an application in a medical system, determining a disconnection between the application and a monitoring station, and determining a type of the disconnection based on information in the received feature set. The type of disconnection may be determined by inputting the feature set into a classifier trained to automatically determine the type of disconnection based on the information in the feature set. Information indicative of the type of disconnection may then be input into a rules-based engine, which generates a recommendation for remediating or otherwise managing the classified disconnection.

Abstract: Different logical partitions representing parts of a distributed file system global namespace are hosted on some cluster nodes, e.g., metadata nodes. File content and shadow logical partitions corresponding to the different logical partitions are hosted on other nodes, e.g., data nodes. Each file is associated with a metadata and data node. TCP links are established between nodes. Upon opening files, a file manager server session is generated between each pair of nodes associated with the open files to track open states and is recorded in a mapping table. The mapping table identifies each open file and associated nodes. When a metadata or data node of a particular pair of nodes associated with an open file becomes unavailable, the mapping table is consulted to identify another of the metadata or data node associated with the open file. Crash recovery protocols are performed on the other of the metadata or data node.

Abstract: Technologies are disclosed herein for cross-correlating metrics for anomaly root cause detection. Primary and secondary metrics associated with an anomaly are cross-correlated by first using the derivative of an interpolant of data points of the primary metric to identify a time window for analysis. Impact scores for the secondary metrics can be then be generated by computing the standard deviation of a derivative of data points of the secondary metrics during the identified time window. The impact scores can be utilized to collect data relating to the secondary metrics most likely to have caused the anomaly. Remedial action can then be taken based upon the collected data in order to address the root cause of the anomaly.

Abstract: At least one processing device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The at least one processing device is configured to establish one or more groups of synchronization objects in a storage system based at least in part on object type, and for each of the one or more groups, to insert entries into a corresponding object type queue for respective objects of the group, to execute a monitor thread for the group, the monitor thread being configured to scan the entries of the corresponding object type queue, and responsive to at least one of the scanned entries meeting one or more designated conditions, to take at least one automated action for its associated object. The synchronization objects illustratively comprise respective locks, or other objects. The at least one processing device illustratively comprises at least a subset of a plurality of processing cores of the storage system.

Abstract: In an approach to improve detecting and correcting errors in one or more machine learning pipelines. Embodiments comprise generating a plurality of test machine learning pipeline instances based upon a target machine learning pipeline and evaluating the plurality of test machine learning pipeline instances for failure in a task. Further, embodiments identify one or more root causes of error based upon the evaluated plurality of test machine learning pipeline instances and failure in the task, and create a remediated target machine learning pipeline based upon the identified one or more root causes of error. Additionally, embodiments output the remediated machine learning pipelines.

Abstract: In an example, a container cluster management system includes a first node, a second node and redistribution manager. The first node has an allocated external IP address, and comprises a utilization monitor to provide data relating to a utilization of the first node. The redistribution manager may receive the data relating to the utilization of the first node from the first node and determine whether the utilization of the first node has exceeded a predetermined threshold. Responsive to the utilization exceeding the predetermined threshold, the redistribution manager may reallocate the external IP address from the first node to the second node.

Abstract: A storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device, and a controller that reads first data from the nonvolatile memory device. When a number of first errors of the first data is not smaller than a first threshold value, the controller determines whether the first errors include timing errors arising from a variation of signal transmission timings between the nonvolatile memory device and the controller and performs a retraining operation on the signal transmission timings when the first errors include the timing errors.

Abstract: A communications system implements instructions including maintaining a message object that includes an array of entries. Each entry of the array includes a field identifier, a data type, and a next entry pointer. The next entry pointers and a head pointer establish a linked list of entries. The instructions include, in response to a request to add a new entry to the message object, calculating an index based on a field identifier of the new entry and determining whether the entry at the calculated index within the array of entries is active. The instructions include, if the entry is inactive, writing a data type, field identifier, and data value of the new entry to the calculated index, and inserting the new entry into the linked list. The instructions include, if the entry is already active, selectively expanding the size of the array and repeating the calculating and determining.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for a method, system, and apparatus for processing content during scan and/or remediation processing. The method includes receiving a scan request or a remediation request. Content from a datastore referencing one or more controls as well as one or more of a compliance value, remediation value, and an ignore switch corresponding to each control is then loaded. If a scan request is received, the computing environment is scanned to determine all controls in the computing environment and the current setting of each. Thereafter, a subset of controls is determined, where the current setting of each control in the subset is out of compliance, the out of compliance state for each control is not to be ignored, and a remediation value for the corresponding control is listed in the loaded content. Thereafter, information regarding each control is determined, captured, and then stored.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for dynamically processing application service requests. The system is configured for receives an application service request from at least one channel, where the application service request is associated with an application of one or more applications associated with an entity, extracts one or more variants of standard operating procedure associated with the application service request, wherein the one or more variants are solutions associated with processing the application service request, determines, via an artificial intelligence engine, an optimal variant from the one or more variants to process the application service request, and implements one or more actions associated with the optimal variant to process the application service request.

Abstract: Techniques and systems for detecting leakage of computing resources in cloud computing architectures are described. In some implementations, first data may be obtained that indicates usage of a computing resource, such as non-volatile memory, volatile memory, processor cycles, or network resources, by a group of computing devices included in a cloud computing architecture. The first data may be used to determine reference data that may include a distribution of values of usage of the computing resource by the group of computing devices. Second data may also be collected that indicates usage of the computing resource by the group of computing devices during a subsequent time frame. The second data may be evaluated against the reference data to determine whether one or more conditions indicating a leak of the computing resource are satisfied.

Abstract: Provided are a storage system boot method and apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: determining a configuration space by a bridge device; during booting a Basic Input Output System, after an initialization of a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) device is detected, determining, by connection information read from the configuration space, whether the preset hardware device is connected; if YES, continuing booting until finished; if NO, sending a reconnection instruction to stabilize a speed of a PCIe hardware link; when a number of the reconnection instruction sent is greater than a first preset value and the preset hardware device fails to be connected, sending a system reboot instruction; and when the number is less than the first preset value, continuing to determine whether the preset hardware device is connected after waiting for a preset duration.

Abstract: Techniques in electronic systems, such as in systems comprising a CPU die and one or more external mixed-mode (analog) chips, may provide improvements advantages in one or more of system design, performance, cost, efficiency and programmability. In one embodiment, the CPU die comprises at least one microcontroller CPU and circuitry enabling the at least one CPU to have a full and transparent connectivity to an analog chip as if they are designed as a single chip microcontroller, while the interface design between the two is extremely efficient and with limited in number of wires, yet may provide improved performance without impact to functionality or the software model.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for capturing diagnostics data in a distributed computing environment comprising a plurality of computing devices executing a plurality of Kubernetes pods. A worker node is configured with a staging area for storing temporary diagnostics data. An agent is configured to upload the temporary diagnostics data. Each container in the worker node is assigned a directory in the staging area for writing the container's temporary diagnostics data. When a container in the worker node has written a temporary diagnostics data file to the container's directory in the staging area, the temporary diagnostics data file is uploaded to the persistent storage.

Abstract: Building a first layer model of a three-layer model based on attributes that are sensitive features is provided. A first dimension reduction of sensitive features removes each sensitive feature having an indicator that it is present in a patch and does not contribute to one or more of three probabilities. A second dimension reduction of insensitive features is performed using vectorizing and using one-hot encoding. The remaining insensitive features are main features. One or more second layer models of the three-layer model is built based on the main features. The third layer model is built based on a verification dataset and the first layer model. Regression test coverage is recommended based on prediction result of the third layer model, and wherein regression tests are selected. The training dataset is updated based on probability calculations of the first layer model.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an exemplary method includes receiving multi-dimension information from a data domain operating system running on the server; determining that multiple drive failures occurred within a predetermined time frame based on the multi-dimension information; and extracting a list of system-level events and a timestamp of each event from the multi-dimension information. The method further includes determining a list of components impacted by the list of the system-level events based on the list of system-level events and the timestamp of each event; and determining one or more system-level events associated with one or more impacted components as root causes of the multiple drive failures based on the multi-dimension information. The method uses information from multiple regions of the DAE and correlate the information using a predetermined algorithm to automatically more efficiently identify one or more possible root causes of the multiple drive failures.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for auto-scaling using temporal splits in a time-series database are disclosed. One or more stream processors of a time-series database write time-series data of a plurality of time series into a plurality of two-dimensional tiles, including an individual tile representing spatial boundaries and temporal boundaries. The heat of time-series data written to the individual tile exceeds a threshold. The current time is compared to the temporal boundaries, and the comparison indicates that the current time is beyond a threshold point within the temporal boundaries. Based at least in part on the comparison, a split is performed of the individual tile into a first new tile and a second new tile. The first new tile represents the spatial boundaries and a first portion of the temporal boundaries, and the second new tile represents the spatial boundaries and a second portion of the temporal boundaries.

Abstract: Control circuitry controls the operations of a central processing unit, CPU, which is associated with a nominal clock frequency. The CPU is further coupled to an I/O range and configured to deliver input to an application. The control circuitry controls the CPU to poll the I/O range for input to the application. The control circuitry also monitors whether or not each poll results in input to the application and adjusts a clock frequency at which the CPU operates to a clock frequency lower than the nominal clock frequency if a pre-defined number of polls resulting in no input is detected.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for fault tolerance in a network cloud environment. In accordance with various embodiments, the present disclosure provides an improved fault tolerance solution, and improvement in the fault tolerance of systems, by way of failure prediction, or prediction of when an underlying infrastructure will fail, and using the predictions to counteract the failure by spinning up or otherwise providing new component pieces to compensate for the failure.

Abstract: An information processing system that extracts a specified piece of log data or a specified field that constitutes the specified piece of log data, from a log file in which pieces of log data having different recording formats are mixed, the information processing system includes a format-information recording portion configured to store format information in which a determination condition to identify a recording format of the specified piece of log data is contained, an extraction-condition recording portion configured to store an extraction condition to extract the specified piece of log data or the specified field, and an extraction processing portion configured to extract the specified piece of log data or the specified field, from the log file by using the format information stored in the format-information recording portion and the extraction condition.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus 2000 executes analysis for an event history set (10). The event history set (10) is a set of a plurality of event histories (12). The event history (12) is information relating to an event generated in a target computer system. The information processing apparatus 2000 selects, based on a result of the analysis, an event history (12) to be excluded from deletion targets. The information processing apparatus (2000) deletes, from the event history set (10), an event history (12) other than the event history (12) excluded from the deletion targets.

Abstract: A networked system includes a first computing device, second computing devices, and a computing device/application performance optimization system that are all coupled to a network. The computing device/application performance optimization system receives second computing device configuration information for each second computing device while they provided a first application, and second computing device performance information generated by each second computing device in response to providing the first application, and uses them to generate a first computing device/application performance profile.

Abstract: A management system capable of managing an apparatus with high accuracy at low cost without deteriorating productivity. The management system includes an image forming apparatus and a management apparatus that are communicatively connected. The image forming apparatus includes an obtainment unit that obtains data for items to which priorities are given, a first storage unit that stores the data, a transmission unit that transmits the data to the management apparatus, and an update unit that updates the priorities of the items according to a notification from the management apparatus. The management apparatus includes a second storage unit that stores data from the image forming apparatus, a determination unit that determines whether interpolation of defective data is possible for the items, a change unit that changes the priorities of the items according to possibility of the interpolation, and a notification unit that notifies of the priorities of the changed items.

Abstract: A computing device for storing backups of virtual machines includes a persistent storage and a backup manager. The persistent storage stores backup policies. The backup manager identifies an end of a backup generation session for a virtual machine of the virtual machines and, in response to identifying the end of the backup generation session, identifies a continuity chain implicated by the backup generation session using the backup policies; performs a membership analysis of the identified continuity chain to identify a continuity state of the continuity chain; makes a first determination that the identified continuity chain is broken based on the identified continuity state; and, in response to the first determination, remediates the continuity chain.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses/systems, and media for automatically fixing health of a certain component of an application are disclosed. A processor sets a corresponding predetermined threshold value for health of each component of a plurality of components of an application required for running the application; constantly monitors health of the plurality of components. When it is determined, in response to constantly monitoring, that the health of a certain component has reached to a value that is equal to the corresponding predetermined threshold value of the certain component, the processor automatically calls corresponding application programming interface (API) to trigger automated processes that includes collecting all necessary data corresponding to fixing of the health of the certain component related to the application from a plurality of data sources; creating a data file on demand that includes the necessary data; and fixing the health of the certain component based on the data file.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products for generating an annotation for textual information and/or media content for technical documentation for an item in an interactive electronic technical manual system (IETM) configured to provide electronic and credentialed access to the technical documentation via an IETM viewer.

Abstract: A data processing device includes a peak detector that detects a peak from a frequency spectrum and a map generator that generates an abnormality map for the frequency spectrum. The abnormality map includes as abnormal components, a frequency of a detected peak of interest and a frequency of a peak that appears together with the peak of interest when the peak of interest is assumed as the peak originating from abnormality. The data processing device includes an abnormal peak extractor that extracts as an abnormal peak, a peak at a frequency that matches with any of the abnormal components included in the abnormality map and a first criterion value calculator that calculates a first criterion value representing occurrence of abnormality corresponding to the abnormality map based on a spectral density of the abnormal peak.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for validating endpoint information for nodes in a network. A network assurance appliance is configured to retrieve, from a first leaf node in a network, first endpoint information for a first set of endpoints connected to the first leaf node, wherein the first set of endpoints includes a virtual port channel (VPC) endpoint. The network assurance appliance retrieves second endpoint information from a second node in the network, compares the first endpoint information with the second endpoint information, and identifies an inconsistency when the first endpoint information and the second endpoint information do not match.

Abstract: A method for controlling congestion in a datacenter network or server is described. The server includes a processor configured to host a plurality of virtual machines and an ingress engine configured to maintain a plurality of per-virtual machine queues configured to store received packets. The processor is also configured to execute a CPU-fair fair queuing process to control the processing of the packets by the processor. The processor is also configured to selectively trigger temporary packet per second packet transmission limits on top of a substantially continuously enforced bit per second transmission limit upon detection of a per virtual machine queue overload.

Abstract: A first network device may receive, from a second network device, a clock quality indication that is associated with a clock of the second network device, wherein the clock of the second network device is a reference clock for a network that includes the first network device and the second network device. The first network device may determine, based on a clock signal of the second network device, that a quality metric of the clock does not satisfy a threshold. The first network device may provide, to the second network device, a clock fault notification to cause the second network device to downgrade the clock quality indication transmitted by the second network device. The first network device may select a new reference clock for the first network device based on receiving the downgraded clock quality indication from the second network device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electronic device (10A, 10B) intended to interact with at least one other electronic device (10A, 10B), the electronic device (10A, 10B) including a processor (12A, 12B), a first memory (16A, 16B) and a second memory (18A, 18B) separate from the first memory (16A, 16B), the first memory (16A, 16B) being a cabled memory and the second memory (18A, 18B) being a memory with double port access, the first port (20A, 20B) being a cabled port and the second port (22A, 22B) being a port making it possible to access the second memory (18A, 18B) by wireless communication.

Abstract: Examples described herein provide a computer-implemented method that includes assigning each of a plurality of processing systems to one of a plurality of groups. Each group of the plurality of groups cycles, based on an offset time period, between an advertiser state, a listener state, and a sleep state. The method further includes connecting a first processing system of a first group of the plurality of groups to a second processing system of a second group of the plurality of groups when the first group is in one of the listener state or the advertiser state and the second group is in the other of the listener state or the advertiser state.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and computing system for receiving a message library update, wherein the message library update includes a plurality of error codes associated with a plurality of error/advisory messages. A specific error code concerning a storage system is compared to the plurality of error codes included within the message library update to identify a specific error/advisory message associated with the specific error code. The specific error/advisory message is provided to a user of the storage system.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve systems and methods for improving the performance of a telecommunications network by monitoring the performance of one or more storage drives. Operational data is received from a plurality of storage drives of a storage server of a telecommunications network. A plurality of operational coefficients for each of the plurality of storage drives is derived based on the operational data, and a cluster plot is created from the plurality of operational coefficients for each of the plurality of storage drives. A distance is calculated between a subset of operational coefficients of the plurality of operational coefficients of the cluster plot, and a remedial action is initiated on a storage drive of the plurality of storage drives when a calculated distance of an operational coefficient associated with the storage drive exceeds a distance value from a cluster of the cluster plot.

Abstract: A computing system in a server environment receives a diagnostic data package, corresponding to a problem, from a client computing system and runs a problem-specific analyzer to generate additional problem-specific data. A root cause for the problem is identified along with a recovery action, based on the diagnostic data package and the additional problem-specific data. The root cause and recovery action are communicated to the client computing system.

Abstract: Errors encountered by executing applications can be recorded in one or more logs. A search engine can be configured to retrieve error data from the one or more logs using pre-specified rules. A portion of the error data can be included in a small portable message (e.g., SMS text message) and sent to the developers or administrators of the applications. An administrative console can generate different visualizations based upon what errors the search engine retrieved.

Abstract: A computer system having a host in communication with a data storage device that is coupled to the host via a peripheral bus and a host interface. The data storage device has a controller, non-volatile storage media; and firmware containing instructions to configure the operations of the controller. The computer system allows a user of the system to specify a service option for operating the data storage device beyond its end of normal service life. The user selected option is stored in the computer system and controls the operations of the storage device beyond its end of service life.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for storing bounded pointers. One example apparatus comprises a storage comprising storage elements to store bounded pointers, each bounded pointer comprising a pointer value and associated attributes including at least range information, and processing circuitry to store a bounded pointer in a chosen storage element. The storing process comprises storing in the chosen storage element a pointer value of the bounded pointer, and storing in the storage element the range information of the bounded pointer, such that the range information indicates both a read range of the bounded pointer and a write range of the bounded pointer that differs to the read range. The read range comprises at least one memory address for which reading is allowed when using the bounded pointer, and the write range comprises at least one memory address to which writing is allowed when using the bounded pointer.

Abstract: Provided are techniques for optimized deployment of analytic models in an edge topology. A description of a multi-tiered edge topology with a plurality of nodes, a multimedia stream analytics composition, and performance objectives are received, where the multimedia stream analytics composition includes tasks that use analytic models. The analytic models are optimized and clustered to form clusters of optimized analytic models. A representative optimized analytic model is selected from each of the clusters. A configuration recommendation is determined that indicates deployment of the tasks and of each selected representative optimized analytic model on the plurality of nodes to meet the performance objectives. One or more workflows are generated from the configuration recommendation and executed on the plurality of nodes to generate output for the multimedia stream analytics composition.

Abstract: A system is configured to determine a dominant error causing a provisioning step to become stuck during provisioning of a machine in a cloud environment. The system includes memory for storing instructions, and a processor configured to execute said instructions to determine an inverse error frequency (IEF) value for pre-intervention errors in a set of intervention provisioning data; determine a dominant error for a provision during said provisioning step in said set of intervention provisioning data based on a pre-intervention error that has a maximum IEF value; determine a duration frequency (DuF) value for the provision at said provisioning step for provisions in a set of non-intervention provisioning data; and determine said dominant error for each provision during said provisioning step in said set of non-intervention provisioning data based on an error that resulted in DuF value.

Abstract: A method for database monitoring may include sending, to a central database, a query on a database view at the central database. The database view may include a first operational data from a first local database and a second operational data from a second local database. An operational state of the central database may be determined based on the response to the query on the database view. Moreover, in response to receiving, from the central database, a response including the first operational data, a first operational state of the first local database may be determined based on the first operational data. Alternatively and/or additionally, in response to receiving, from the central database, a response including the second operational data, a second operational state of the second local database may be determined based on the second operational data. Related systems and articles of manufacture, including computer program products, are also provided.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method for die-level monitoring is provided. The method includes distributing user data throughout a plurality of storage nodes through erasure coding, wherein the plurality of storage nodes are housed within a chassis that couples the storage nodes. Each of the storage nodes has a non-volatile solid-state storage with non-volatile memory and the user data is accessible via the erasure coding from a remainder of the storage nodes in event of two of the storage nodes being unreachable. The method includes producing diagnostic information that diagnoses the non-volatile memory on a basis of per package, per die, per plane, per block, or per page, the producing performed by each of the plurality of storage nodes. The method includes writing the diagnostic information to a memory in the storage cluster.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for online anomaly detection using pairwise agreement in a heterogeneous model ensemble. An exemplary contextual model agreement network comprises nodes and transition edges between the nodes, where each node corresponds to a machine learning model and the transition edges between corresponding pairwise machine learning models encode a level of historical agreement between the pairwise machine learning models. In response to an availability of new data observations: features present in the data observations are extracted; a subset of the machine learning models is selected from the machine learning models based on the extracted features; the historical agreement between the selected machine learning models is compared with a current agreement of the selected machine learning models; and an anomaly is detected in the data observations based on the comparison. The contextual model agreement network is optionally updated based on new data observations.

Abstract: It is disclosed an electronic device to control temperature and computing performance of at least one processing unit. An event generation module is configured to receive an internal temperature signal representative of the internal temperature of the processing unit and to generate an event signal indicating the need to recalculate the value of at least one control signal controlling the computing performance of the processing unit and its dissipated thermal power. An event management module is configured to receive the event signal, calculate a control action for controlling the computing performance of the processing unit and the dissipated thermal power thereof, and generate a first candidate driving signal carrying said control action. An operating module is configured to receive the first candidate driving signal and to generate the at least one control signal as a function of the first candidate driving signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing network security for a plurality of networks. Each of the networks comprises one or more networked devices, and each of the networks includes one or more security devices configured to monitor data traffic into and out of the networks. Abstracted access rules are created to define access between the networked devices. Each of the access rules are compiled into a security rule that uses object definitions of the networked devices to define access between the networked devices. The security rules are compiled and transmitted to the security devices for implementation.