Abstract: The invention concerns the inspection of the corners of a square or rectangular metal billet. The inspection apparatus includes inspection probes (25) supported from a scanning head mounted between entry and exit boxes (13). The two boxes include ram displaceable rollers (4) which are moved into engagement with the other surfaces of the billet as it passes through the apparatus so positively siting the inspection probes above the corners of the billet. The probes are connected to transmit electrical pulses representative of the condition of the billet corners to signal processing equipment remote from the inspection apparatus.

Abstract: A method and composition for non-destructive testing using the dye penetrant technique, and adapting the use of this technique at high temperatures. The invention is involved with using a marking crayon which includes a carrier composed of a solid which melts at a temperature below the temperature at which the workpiece is to be inspected and a visible or fluorescent dye. Upon application of the crayon to a hot workpiece, the solid penetrant composition becomes molten and the visible or fluorescent dye penetrates into any flaws in the surface in the usual manner. A remover, also consisting of a crayon composition, is used to remove excess penetrant, leaving only penetrant entrapped in the flaws. Upon removal of the excess penetrant and remover, the entrapped penetrant deposits are drawn to surface by the application of a finely divided developer either in dry form or as an aerosol. Inspection of the piece is then carried out under visible or ultraviolet light, depending upon the nature of the penetrant.

Abstract: Net power consumed by one or more tools, continuously or intermittently is totalized and compared with a predetermined energy limit characterizing the life expectancy of a tool for optimum and safe use on a machine tool. Digital and computer techniques are used in order to keep track of the usage of the various tools within their respective life expectancies.

Abstract: A method which can readily and accurately detect the depth of cracks in the rolls for transferring hot steel ingot blooms is disclosed. In operation, a fluid of a desired pressure is fed into a plurality of elongated holes formed in the rolls, such elongated holes being disposed in a direction parallel to and along the axis of the rolls and also equidistantly below the round surface of the roll. When cracks occur and reach the elongated holes, the fluid leaks through cracks from the elongated holes and such leakage causes a change in the amount of flow of the fluid. Thereby the cracks can be readily detected by measuring such change of fluid flow by a suitable known detector.

Abstract: For detecting brittle fracture and wear of a tip of a cutting tool an acoustic emission monitoring system has a converter for converting acoustic emission into an electric signal, a filter for rejecting frequency components in the signal below a frequency between 50 kHz and 300 kHz, a detector to detect the amplitude of the signal after the rejection of those frequency components, and a comparator for comparing that amplitude to a predetermined reference amplitude.

Abstract: A rectangular container for a saw chain is provided with a transparent plastic lid and a foraminous bottom. Freshly sawn wood chips are placed in the container after which a movable slide is located adjacent the level of the chips. After shaking of the container, a predetermined reduction in chip level as measured by the slide will indicate that the saw chain requires servicing.

Abstract: Method and composition for detecting flaws in a workpiece utilizing either white light or ultraviolet light wherein a penetrant solution is applied to the surface of the workpiece, the penetrant solution containing a rhodamine dye dissolved in a solvent, the dye possessing an inherent color and being capable of fluorescing under the influence of ultraviolet light. The excess penetrant is removed from the surface in accordance with usual practice, while leaving penetrant entrapped in any surface flaws. An improved developer is applied to the surface, the developer consisting of a suspension including a finely divided developer powder suspended in the same dye solvent as in the penetrant in a sufficient amount to lower the concentration of rhodamine dye in the entrapped penetrant below that at which quenching of fluorescence occurs. The indications thus produced under both visible light and ultraviolet light are distinct and non-blurring, enabling the piece to be inspected under either type of light source.

Abstract: A tool breakdown detecting system having at least one predicted standard pattern of change in the cutting resistance of a tool corresponding to a possible breakdown is prestored in a memory and compared with an actual change pattern of the cutting resistance of the tool monitored during working. When a coincidence is found between the prestored change pattern and the actual change pattern of the tool this indicates a breakdown of tool an alarm signal is generated. The alarm signal can activate a visual or audible alarm as well as regulate the further movement of the tool.

Abstract: A smooth surface of a diamond or cubic boron nitride crystal is bombarded with ions sufficiently to penetrate the surface and impart an ion implanted region in the crystal in a predetermined pattern, the resulting crystal is charged electrostatically, and a powder is applied to the charged smooth surface producing a pattern thereon which is a delineation of the implanted region and can be used to identify or fingerprint the crystal.

Abstract: A novel method for nondestructively indicating the existence of micron-sized cracks, fissures, and other such faults on the surfaces of integrated circuit semiconductor packages and other test surfaces. An indicating layer of substantially uniform thickness is formed over the entire test surface by directing an inert fluorocarbon vapor into contact with the test surface. The temperature of the test surface is below the dew point of the inert vapor so that the indicating layer forms by condensation. The existence of cracks, fissures, and other such faults is clearly indicated to the unaided eye in a dull outline conforming to the shape of the fault as a result of the differential reflection of incident light off of the indicating condensate-layer. Faulted regions absorb comparatively more light than unfaulted regions.

Abstract: A method and composition for detecting surface flaws in workpieces by means of the penetrant inspection process, the invention being concerned with an improved dry developer composition for use in such process, the developer containing substantial amounts of pentaerythritol, usually in combination with a finely divided inert powder.

Abstract: A method of inspecting wax patterns for use in the lost wax casting process comprises coating the pattern with aluminum by vapor diffusion and subsequently inspecting the coated pattern using inspection apparatus adapted for the non-contacting dimensional inspection of electrically conductive workpieces.

Abstract: In a method for detecting flaws in the surface of a workpiece, initially microcapsules containing a fluorescent dye are deposited on the surface. After removal of excess microcapsules from the surface in order to reduce background fluorescence, the surface is visually inspected under ultraviolet light. The method overcomes many of the disadvantages of conventional inspection procedures, e.g., by eliminating use of emulsifiers and by materially shortening processing time.

Abstract: Biodegradable water washable composition in the form of a gel for use in non-destructive ultrasonic inspection of surface and subsurface flaws and discontinuities in bodies, and which is stable and heat resistant, such composition consisting essentially of a (1) a surfactant comprised of certain straight chain, primary, aliphatic oxyalkylated alcohols, particularly biodegradable surfactants comprised of the nonionic condensation products of linear aliphatic alcohols having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, preferably in the form of a mixture thereof, such as the material marketed as Plurafac A-24, or in the form of certain ethoxylated secondary alcohols, particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, and (2) silica, particularly fumed silica, such silica employed e.g. in a proportion of about 15% by weight of the composition.

Abstract: A numerically controlled machine tool controls the movement of a tool relative to a workpiece along a commanded path to cut the workpiece and to detect a load on the tool or workpiece. A specified position or section on the commanded path is the point at which the load on the tool or workpiece is detected and stored. Subsequently, the load on the tool or workpiece is detected each time the tool passes through the specified position or section and this detected value is compared with the above stored content. When the difference is larger than a predetermined value, an alarm signal is produced to indicate that the tool has worn out.

Abstract: A method of detecting very small structural flaws at loads below those which cause the flaws to propagate is disclosed. Certain phenomena and relationships of fracture mechanics are utilized in conjunction with the generation, detection and interpretation of thermal emission signals indicative of plastic deformation of the tested material.

Abstract: A method and a system are disclosed for determining the wear of a drill bit in real time. At a predetermined point prior to engagement of the drill bit with the workpiece, a first rotational speed of the drill bit is ascertained. Upon exit of the drill bit from the workpiece a second rotational speed is determined. Measurement of these two rotational speeds enables a determination to be made of the loss of energy resulting from the drilling operation. This loss in energy is used to produce a measure of drill bit wear.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting tip damages of a milling cutter comprising a motor for driving the milling cutter, a vibration detector mounted on the milling cutter, a vibration increase calculating device connected with the vibration detector for calculating vibration increase at every preset time, an abnormal vibration increase preset device, a comparator connected with the vibration increase calculating device and with the abnormal vibration increase preset device for comparing the output signals thereof, a memory connected with the comparator for storing abnormal signal from the comparator, and a gate connected with the comparator and with the memory wherein the gate is adapted to send out cutter abnormal condition indicating signals as an output only when both output signals from the comparator and the memory are abnormal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring tool wear and breakage as a function of the electrical power dissipated by a machine tool which is carrying out subsequent cuts for removing stock. Optimal tool life is achieved by monitoring tool wear and breakage as a function of the power dissipated by a machine tool by monitoring said power, storing pertinent selected values thereof associated with successive cuts of the tool and periodically comparing the stored values with one another to determine if the difference therebetween exceeds a predetermined limit value, in which case the operator is warned and/or the machine tool is de-energized. The analysis phase can be carried out by a general-purpose microprocessor or discrete digital or analog components.

Abstract: A composition for detecting normally invisible cracks and splits in teeth, both in situ or in vitro. A detector solution contains a dye adapted to selectively stain such cracks and splits, advantageously methyl violet, a small amount of a surfactant, preferably dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and a small amount of an acid, preferably glacial acetic acid, the remainder essentially water. A kit provides a holder or container and, at least one bottle containing such detector solution and one bottle containing a solvent for removing detector solution after the completion of the test. A preferred kit provides, in addition to the dye-removing solvent, two bottles, one containing solvent and dye, the other one containing solvent, surfactant, and acid, and equal amounts from each of these two bottles are mixed just before use on a patient. A method of selectively staining and detecting normally invisible cracks and splits is also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reproducing in minute detail a surface underwater. The apparatus consists of a layer of wax supported in a frame for movement into and out of contact with the surface to be reproduced, there being provided means for heating wax material to soften it and means for withdrawing the water from between the wax and surface to be molded to provide a substantially water free surface for molding.

Abstract: A liquid dye penetrant composition for use in non-destructive testing of objects to locate cracks and other defects or flaws therein, said composition comprising a liquid vehicle, preferably a nonionic surfactant such as an oxyalkylated aliphatic alcohol, and a single phase liquid red azo dye composition consisting essentially of C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 alkyl beta naphthols, particularly C.sub.7 H.sub.15 beta naphthols, and containing a liquid organic viscosity depressant compatible with the azo dyes, such as xylene, as represented by the dye composition marketed as Automate Red "B", and which is substantially free of insolubles. The dye penetrant composition may include an extender, preferably an isoparaffinic solvent consisting essentially of a mixture of isoparaffins having a chain length of about 10 to about 17 carbon atoms, and an average chain length of about 13 to about 14 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A machine for testing the sharpness of knives, particularly surgical knives, in which means is provided for grasping a cylindrical rod of material such as rubber or plastic so that a free end protrudes from the grasping mechanism, and means is provided for rotating the rod. A knife blade to be tested is mounted in a pivoted fixture which carries a predetermined weight and can be positioned so that the cutting edge of the blade rests in the side of the protruding end of the cylindrical rod. When the rod is rotated, the blade cuts into the rod, and the sharpness of the blade is determined by the number of turns required to cut through the rod.

Abstract: A system for determining cutting-tool wear which utilizes a sensor for producing an output signal representing the cutting profile of the tool and a data processing system using microprocessor control which is responsive to the sensor for storing information concerning such cutting profile when the tool is initially installed and for comparing updated cutting profile information with the stored initial cutting profile information to provide output information concerning the wear characteristics of the tool. The wear information can be displayed, either visually or audibly, or can be supplied to an external data processor, such as the overall machine tool processor, for use therein. The system includes means for correcting errors which arise because of sensor and tool bit characteristics.

Abstract: A water washable, wash resistant biodegradable dye penetrant composition is described. It comprises one or more dyes and at least 70% of a substantially linear primary alcohol ethoxylate containing 2 to 4.5 ethoxy groups per molecule.

Abstract: Apparatus for precise control of the motion and position of microspheres for examination of their interior and/or exterior. The apparatus includes an x- and y-axis driver mechanism controlled, for example, by a minicomputer for selectively rotating microspheres retained between a pair of manipulator arms having flat, smooth end surfaces. The driver mechanism includes an apertured plate and ball arrangement which provided for coupled equal and opposite movement of the manipulator arms in two perpendicular directions.

Abstract: A wet crack method of testing the performance of soap bars comprising the step of first shaving a face of the soap bar. Then, the soap bar is immersed in water, after which it is air dried. The face which has been shaved is then placed face down on a flat bed photocopying machine so that a permanent graphical record is attained.

Abstract: A sample of the material to be tested is formed in a disc-shaped specimen and mounted on a spindle inserted in a mounting hole in the specimen. The spindle is rotated about a generally horizontal axis and a single blade cutter is supported above the specimen for dropping on the specimen in cutting engagement therewith. Lifting and dropping is controlled so that there is bouncing of the cutter and repeated engagement of the cutter with the specimen between the lifting and dropping. The diameter of the test specimen is measured before the test and after a predetermined time of the testing. The decrease in diameter is an indication of the cutting and chipping resistance of the material being tested.

Abstract: A diamond or cubic boron nitride crystal containing growth discontinuities resulting from changes in the environment of the growing crystal and having at least one smooth outside surface which intersects the growth discontinuities is charged electrostatically, a fine powder is applied to the charged smooth surface and the applied powder produces a pattern on the charged surface which is a delineation of the intersected growth discontinuities.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for monitoring early formation of cracks in permeable or porous materials which comprises affixing a frangible fluid impermeable enclosure to the permeable or porous surface to be monitored such that a crack forming in the permeable material will destroy the integrity of the frangible fluid impermeable enclosure and provide a passage for a fluid to flow between the environment and the enclosed space, then sealing a fluid passageway in fluid communication from the enclosed space to a source of pressure different than ambient at the permeable material and to a pressure sensor; then imparting a pressure different than ambient to the enclosed space through the fluid passageway and thereafter monitoring the internal pressure in the enclosed space and fluid passageway with a pressure sensor such that a crack in the permeable material will destroy the integrity of the enclosed space and allow passage of fluid between the environment and the enclosed space which is detected by the pre

Abstract: Dry developer composition in powder form and process for using same in the inspection of metal surfaces for cracks and defects open to the surface by the penetrant process. The powder composition of this invention has special significance in providing easier to see flaw indications when used with the fluorescent penetrant method of inspection.

Abstract: A production tool wear detector which provides a direct, non-contact measurement of the amount of material removed from a cutting tool due to wear during operation thereof. One or more sensing devices monitor the distance to a selected wearing cutting surface of the tool and the distance to a selected non-wearing reference surface of the tool and such distances are suitably processed by appropriate electronic circuitry so as to provide a signal representing the wear characteristics of such cutting surface, which signal can be appropriately displayed, or otherwise used, to make an operator aware of when the tool has worn to a point below a selected threshold. Such a system permits in situ, continuous monitoring of one or more cutting tools during actual use of the tools in a consistent and accurate fashion at relatively low cost.

Abstract: A method for locating imperfections including voids, bubbles, cracks, and aws in cured epoxy resin articles. These imperfections which are too small to be readily seen with the naked eye, or that are normally very inconspicuous become visible when an indicator solution is applied to the epoxy resin imperfection. The indicator solution is selected from a 0.1 percent alcoholic solution of bromcresol purple, bromthymol blue, thymol blue, meta-cresol purple, xylenol blue, aurin, methyl violet, lacmoid, and resazurin for locating imperfections in epoxy resins cured with an alkaline curing agent such as an amine. The indicator solution is selected from a 0.1 percent alcoholic solution of congo red, p-sulfo-o-methoxybenzene, and azodi-methyl-alpha-naphthylamine for locating imperfections in epoxy resins cured with an acidic curing agent.

Abstract: A finger tip actuated structural crack monitor operation wherein a conductive array is adhered to a structure which is susceptible to development of cracks upon fatigue. An interrogation module is mounted on the structure and is connected to the array with circuit means in the module to sense any momentary discontinuity in the array and to store a failure condition therein upon detection of such discontinuity. A readout means is manually operated to provide a human sensible indication of the existence of the failure condition.

Abstract: Early detection of cracks in nonpermeable, structural members subject to stress is effected before the cracks traverse the member by forming a plurality of cavities in the member or adjacent thereto in which a plurality of fluids at differing pressures are confined and monitored, such that a crack in the structural member penetrating between at least two cavities allows passage of fluid between the cavities and is thus detected by a pressure sensor. The apparatus and process is particularly applicable to early detection with vacuum of cracks in the heat affected zone adjacent to welds on critical stressed members of an offshore platform. A strain gauge system may be employed in conjunction with the crack detection system.

Abstract: The peening intensity test member is a factory assembled unit comprising a base structure having opposite faces and a test element secured to one of the faces of the base structure, the test element being removable from the base structure after peening for measurement of the amount of its deformation.The method of measuring the peening intensity comprises the steps of peening the exposed surface of the test element while secured to the base structure. Thereafter the test element is removed from the base structure and allowed to deform as a result of the compressive stress layer produced in the exposed surface of the test element by peening. The test element is then held on a surface of a measuring device so that a space is formed as a result of its deformation between the test element and the adjacent surface of the device. A fluid under a low pressure is metered to the space and the rate of leakage from the space is measured, such leakage rate being a function of the amount of deformation.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a drill power meter for producing an electric signal representing the drilling resistance of a workpiece, a filter for shaping the waveform of the electric signal, an integrator for integrating the output of the filter, a comparator for comparing the output from the integrator with a reference signal for producing a pulse when the former is larger than the latter, a first counter for counting the pulse, a second counter for counting the total number of measurements of the drilling resistance of the workpiece performed by the drill power meter, and means for comparing the counts of the first and second counters for judging the useful life of the drill.

Abstract: An inspection penetrant process and composition therefor in which the penetrant is formulated from a low-solubility liquid, and a solubility accelerator material is added to the formulation to enhance the washability of the penetrant to provide for more rapid removal of background porosity entrapments from test surfaces. The acceleration of solubility is accomplished while the features of slow-solubility and adaptability to recovery and re-cycling procedures are retained.

Abstract: An improved inspection penetrant process employing a dyed liquid nonsurfactant-type penetrant, a remover, and a water rinse, in which the remover consists of a water solution of a nonsurfactant-type solvency accelerator which is selected from the group consisting of dihydroxybenzenes, carbamide and sodium benzoate. The penetrant, which is normally only slightly soluble in water, dissolves more readily in the solvency-accelerated water mixture, with the result that an improved removal of background porosity entrapments of penetrant is obtained, while entrapments of penetrant in crack defects are retained to a high level of entrapment efficiency.

Abstract: A detector for producing an output corresponding to the vibration of a cutting tool or a workpiece worked thereby, a signal processing circuit for obtaining the root mean square value of the output signal from the detector, and a comparator for comparing the output signal from the signal processing circuit with data produced at the time of normal cutting whereby when an abnormal vibration occurs due to the damage of the cutting tool the cutting operation is stopped by using a signal from the comparator.

Abstract: A corrosive solution, designed to accelerate the rupture of workpieces of aluminum and its alloys in stress-corrosion-cracking tests, contains sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and sodium acetate dissolved in water, with maintenance of an acidic pH.

Abstract: A novel dye stablized cleaning solution of trisodium phosphate and a method of cleaning with said solution is provided by the disclosure. The novelty of said solution and method consists of forming the solution with tap water filtered with an activated charcoal and admixing a specific color indicating dye therewith. The color imparted by said dye remains stable and will not fade or settle-out in said solution. The presence of the trisodium phosphate solution is thereby readily detectable.

Abstract: Variable sensitivity biodegradable water washable dye penetrant compositions for use in non-destructive dye penetrant inspection of parts, such compositions basically consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, and a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of a surfactant comprised of certain straight chain, primary, aliphatic oxyalkylated alcohols, particularly biodegradable surfactants comprised of the nonionic condensation products of linear primary aliphatic alcohols having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, preferably in the form of a mixture thereof, such as the material marketed as Plurafac A-24, or in the form of certain ethoxylated secondary alcohols, particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, such as Tergitol 15-S-5 or Tergitol 15-S-9, the variations in sensitivity being provided by the addition to the above

Abstract: Biodegradable water washable dye penetrant composition in the form of a gel for use in non-destructive dye penetrant inspection of parts, and which can be applied to part surfaces at varying angles without dripping, and being resistant to decomposition and liquefaction when applied to heated surfaces, e.g. up to about 300.degree.

Abstract: Water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition for use in non-destructive dye penetrant inspection of parts for locating cracks and flaws therein, consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, a carrier or solvent for said dye in the form of certain ethoxylated linear alcohols, particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, and an average of from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide, and glycol monobutyl ether for thinning the dye penetrant solution substantially without affecting the sensitivity of the penetrant or its biodegradability, and facilitating application of the liquid dye penetrant composition by spraying to the surface of an object or part to be inspected.

Abstract: Water solutions of certain glycol-ether materials having resistance to extraction by halocarbon extraction solvents are used as solvent removers in an inspection penetrant process. Used solvent remover containing dissolved penetrant material and dyes is bubbled through a column of halocarbon solvent liquid, whereby the oily penetrant and dyes are selectively extracted leaving the glycol-ether/water mixture in a re-usable condition, the concentration of the glycol-ether in water remaining unchanged. Only a few glycol-ether liquids have been found to have the ability to resist extraction from their water solutions, and these substances are specified for use in the process of inspection penetrant usage, recovery and regeneration.

Abstract: Liquid oxygen-compatible water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition having excellent sensitivity and high stability, for use in non-destructive dye penetrant inspection particularly of parts or mechanical components which are later placed in contact with liquid oxygen, and which are compatible with a wide variety of metals including steel alloys, such composition consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of certain oxyalkylated alcohols, preferably ethoxylated linear alcohols,particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, and an average of from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide, and a nonhalogenated solvent which is volatile at room temperature, e.g. a ketone such as methyl ethyl ketone or acetone, or a suitable alcohol such as ethyl alcohol.

Abstract: Mechanical damage to grain is measured by taking a small sample of the grain and applying a solution of a substance which will selectively adhere only to the exposed surface of the interior of the damaged grain and not to the seed coat. Excess solution is rinsed away; and thereafter a solvent which will dissolve the substance adhering to the exposed internal parts of the grain is applied. The amount of recovered material brought back into solution is then measured; and the measurement is representative of the mechanical damage to the grain.

Abstract: Water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition for use in non-destructive dye penetrant inspection of parts for locating cracks and flaws therein, consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, a carrier or solvent for said dye in the form of certain ethoxylated linear alcohols, particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, and an average of from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide, and glycol monobutyl ether for thinning the dye penetrant solution substantially without affecting the sensitivity of the penetrant or its biodegradability, and facilitating application of the liquid dye penetrant composition by spraying to the surface of an object or part to be inspected.

Abstract: A ship's bottom inspection apparatus which includes a generally U-shaped mework which is adapted to be submerged for receiving the width of a ship therebetween. A series of cameras are mounted in a spaced relationship along the framework to view vertically upward. A series of lights are mounted in a spaced relationship along the framework at an acute angle to vertical and directed generally toward the viewing area of the cameras so that backscattering is minimized while ship bottom discontinuities are made evident by shadow effects. In this manner multiple photographs can be taken of the ship's bottom to display any possible structural defects.