Abstract: A water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition having excellent sensitivity and high stability, for use in non-destructive testing of objects to locate voids and defects therein, said composition consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, and a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of a mixture of certain ethoxylated linear alcohols, particularly a combination of biodegradable nonionic surfactants each comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, one of which contains an average of 5 moles of ethylene oxide, and another of which contains an average of 9 moles of ethylene oxide.

Abstract: A method for detection of surface discontinuities by luminescence which consists in the successive treatment of the surfaces of materials subject to testing and inspection with the following compositions of a penetrant, cleaning fluid and a developer, whereupon they are inspected under an ultraviolet light at wavelength of 340-420 nm. Liquid constituents are in volume percent.______________________________________ a) penetrant ditolylmethane 45-55 lower aliphatic alcohol 35-45 surface-active substance of non-ionogenic type 8-12 1,8-naphthoylene-1',2'-benzimidazole 7-9 gr/l or a composition: high-molecular aromatic hydrocarbons with 15-20 boiling point of about 700.degree. C paraffin hydrocarbons with boiling point of 120-240.degree.

Abstract: A method and a device for making visible defects in surfaces, in particular hot surfaces, by applying to the surface a penetrating liquid comprising a dye that soaks in the defects, removing the excess of liquid, applying on to the surface a developer such as a synthetic resin, which, after the dye from the defects has migrated into the former, is cured by the heat content of the surfaces into a replica of the surface in which the reversed image of the defects has been recorded and a replica made according to the method.

Abstract: A solvent-remover composition and process in which a glycol liquid or water containing an alcohol or glycol-ether accelerator solvent is used as a solvent to remove surface penetrant from test parts in the so-called solvent-remover inspection penetrant process. The remover solvents of the invention provide inhibited solvency for oily water-insoluble dyed penetrant liquids, thus preventing excessively rapid depletion of entrapments in surface cracks. The flaw detection capability of the solvent-remover penetrant process is thereby improved.

Abstract: Water solutions of certain glycol-ether-type materials having negative temperature coefficients of water solubility are used as solvent removers in an inspection penetrant process. The concentration of the glycol-ether-type material in the water is controlled and adjusted by thermostatically controlling the temperature of a solvent remover reservoir containing water and an excess of the glycol-ether-type material. Excess glycol-ether-type material separates by flotation, carrying with it any dissolved penetrant, leaving a bottom layer of purified and re-usable solvent remover solution. The top layer of glycol-ether-type material may be further purified by distillation and reflux condensation to remove contaminants of dye, penetrant, and other foreign materials.

Abstract: A displacement transducer is manually applied to the cutting surface of a diamond wheel to measure the fixed reference distance and thus degree of wheel wear. The output of the transducer is amplified and directed to visual or print out devices, and archival systems. The transducer signal may be transmitted to provide central processing of field measurements.

Abstract: Postemulsifiable dye penetrant inspection system and method employing substantially biodegradable dye penetrant compositions and emulsifiers, for use in non-destructive testing of objects to locate voids and defects therein, the dye penetrant composition consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, and a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of certain straight chain, primary, aliphatic oxyalkylated alcohols, particularly biodegradable surfactants comprised of the nonionic condensation products of linear primary aliphatic alcohols having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, preferably in the form of a mixture thereof, or in the form of certain ethoxylated secondary alcohols, particularly the biodegradable nonionic surfactants comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, such surfactants and the resultant dye penetrants having limited water solubility and normally requiring

Abstract: A pre-wash stripper composition for use in the water-washable inspection penetrant process consisting of water saturated with dissolved penetrant. The saturated solution cannot dissolve more penetrant, and is therefore incapable of causing depletion of crack entrapments, but when applied to test surfaces by spray, it is capable of removing surface penetrant from test parts to completion of the so-called incubation of washing, and for purposes of recovery of excess surface penetrant for re-use. Test parts which have been pre-washed with the inhibited saturated solution may be finish-washed in clean water with a minimum amount of penetrant carry-over into the finish-wash water.

Abstract: A water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition having good sensitivity and high stability, for use in non-destructive testing of objects to locate voids and defects therein, said composition consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, and a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of certain straight chain, primary, aliphatic oxyalkylated alcohols, particularly the biodegradable surfactants comprised of the nonionic condensation products of linear primary aliphatic alcohols having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, preferably in the form of a mixture thereof.

Abstract: Apparatus for checking the cutting capacity and controlling the dressing of a grinding wheel comprising a device to measure the sizes of the pieces being machined, a threshold unit connected to the output of the device responsive to the device, a processing group containing an integrating and memory circuit to integrate and store signals for every piece being machined, a switch associated with the integrating and memory circuit and controlled by the threshold unit, a threshold circuit the input of which is connected to the switch and the output to the processing group and a threshold device to control dressing of the grinding wheel connected to the output of the processing group. The apparatus may include a program unit to set the values of the feed speed of the wheelhead, a unit to calculate stock removal speed and a unit to compare stock removal speed with programmed speed.

Abstract: A water-washable inspection penetrant process in which the penetrant is recovered for re-use and the used wash water remains sufficiently pure to be discharged into water disposal systems without causing excessive environmental pollution. A non-surfactant-type low-solubility penetrant which has been applied to test parts is wash-removed, leaving penetrant entrapments in crack defects. The thus-removed penetrant is separated from the wash water by allowing the mixture of water and removed penetrant to stand in a holding tank, whereupon the dispersed penetrant separates from the wash water and floats to the surface where it is collected for re-use. The relatively pure water is drawn from the bottom of the holding tank and is discharged into a water-disposal system.

Abstract: In the water-washable inspection penetrant process, a method and means for recovery of used penetrant in which penetrant-coated test parts are spray-washed in a pre-wash stripper step with water saturated with dissolved penetrant liquid. The saturated-water spray removes excess penetrant by the scrubbing action of spray droplets, but it cannot dissolve and deplete penetrant from crack entrapments. The thus-removed excess penetrant may be separated from the pre-wash water by flotation, and may be recovered for re-use. Following the pre-wash stripper-recovery step, the normal process of washing, drying, and inspection is resumed.

Abstract: A flaw penetrant test panel having a sheet metal surface in which are impressed tiny or microscopic flaw simulating cavities distributed over the test surface to receive one or more penetrants being tested, the mouth size of the cavities being in the range of about 1 to 10 thousandth inch and being formed by heating the metal to incipient softening temperature followed by penetration of the surface test area using a needle-like tool proportioned to the desired cavity size and depth and which upon penetration of the metal displaces it in a crater-like rim about the cavity being formed.

Abstract: A method of determining the suitability of continuously cast slabs of Al- or Al-Si-killed soft steel for producing cold rolled sheets to be tinned, wherein from the cast strand a transverse sample of a length of 50 to 150 mm, preferably 100 mm, is taken by making parallel cuts perpendicular to the thickness of the strand, and a slanting cut is made from the one end of the sample starting from the surface thereof, which at the other end of the sample is 30 mm deep, whereupon a Baumann print is made of this cut area, which shows inclusion clouds as brown spots; upon this the whole area of the inclusion clouds is planimetered and the planimetered area in mm.sup.2 is put in relationship to the slanting cut area in dm.sup.2 ; a use of such steels having a characteristic value thus determined of maximally 5 mm.sup.2 /dm.sup.2.

Abstract: A method of detecting the shape of flat products, which comprises applying, through an exciter, to an examined objects in its width, exciting signal generated in an exciting signal generator, as an exciting force, concurrently detecting the deflection of said examined object taking place due to the application of such exciting force at a plurality of points on said examined object in the width direction, correlating the exciting signal and the so detected values of deflection in the signal processing circuit, and determining the tension of said examined object at respective points on said examined object. The tension distribution on said examined object, in the width direction can therefore by determined, whereby the shape of said examined object can be ascertained.

Abstract: A water washable substantially biodegradable dye penetrant composition having excellent sensitivity and high stability, for use in non-destructive testing of objects to locate voids and defects therein, said composition consisting essentially of an organic dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, and a carrier or solvent for said dye, in the form of a mixture of certain ethoxylated linear alcohols, particularly a combination of biodegradable nonionic surfactants each comprised of ethoxylates of a mixture of secondary alcohols having linear alkyl chains of from 11 to 15 carbon atoms, one of which contains an average of 5 moles of ethylene oxide, and another of which contains an average of 9 moles of ethylene oxide.

Abstract: An improvement in inspection penetrant processes for the detection of surface defects in test bodies, wherein a water-washable penetrant of the balanced surfactant/synergist type or of the slow-solubility type is inhibited with respect to its solubility in wash water to the point of substantial insolubility except in the presence of mechanical agitation or application of a vigorous spray of wash water, thereby enhancing the flaw entrapment efficiency of penetrant indications. The inhibition or depression of solubility is achieved by any one or a combination of several techniques; (1) raising the temperature of the wash water to above a critical point of solubility inversion, (2) dissolving a solubility-inhibiting solute in the wash water or in the penetrant, and (3) allowing a solubility-producing constituent to evaporate from the penetrant.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for inspection penetrant detection of surface flaws in test parts in which the parts are sequentially process by the steps of (1) applying a dyed liquid penetrant to the test parts, (2) stripper-wash removal of surface penetrant, (3) interim-drying of the test parts, (4) finish-wash depletion of surface micro-entrapments of penetrant, aided by an emulsifier where applicable, (5) drying, and (6) inspection for flaw entrapment indications. The novel step of interim drying acts to alter the interaction of the finish-wash with penetrant entrapments, causing an acceleration of wash removal of the flaw entrapments and a more rapid removal of unwanted entrapments in surface porosities and micro-flaws.

Abstract: A hand held tool for testing the sharpness of edges to determine the presence or absence of a safety hazard in which a rotatable mandrel is driven by a torque spring at a specified velocity for a single rotation, the mandrel carrying a covering of testing material which is engaged with an edge to be tested, and having means for automatically driving the mandrel in the presence of predetermined contact force or pressure between the test material and the test edge. Means are also included for adjustably regulating the mandrel speed of rotation and the contacting pressure requisite to effect its testing operation.

Abstract: Water-washable inspection penetrant compositions which avoid the use of conventional solubilizing detergents. The penetrants comprise an oil vehicle containing a dissolved indicator dye and a fatty acid ingredient dissolved to a concentration within the range of from about 2% to about 25%. The fatty acid ingredient acts as a solubility promoter to permit the penetrant composition to be removed from test surfaces by a spray-wash of water.