Abstract: A sheet inspection station including pneumatic means for guiding the sheet past one or more measurement sensors in non-contacting fashion, thus eliminating measurement error resulting from fiber/dust buildup associated with friction between the sheet and conventional guide rails. Air is directed from components, that extend from a sensor surface, onto the sheet surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting and hangering laundered pairs of pants comprises an inspection station, a hangering station and a take-away device. The inspection station includes a pants gripper which supports a pair of pants at the waist with the legs in an extended position to permit simultaneous visual and touch inspection of the pants, after which the pant legs are folded along their creases on a folding table. Hangers are delivered one at a time to a hanger catch plate at one end of the folding table which supports the hangers slightly beneath the plane of the tabletop. The pant legs are slid along the folding table and partially draped over the end of the table and the bottom wire of the hanger supported on the hanger catch plate. A take-away device contacts the hook portion of the hanger and lifts it upwardly, carrying the pants therewith, and then discharges the hangered pants onto a take-away rail for movement to another station for further processing.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for use in measuring the softness of a fibrous product comprises a piezoelectric polymer film sensor, preferably polyvinylidene (di)fluoride with adhered opposed electrode surfaces, a sample of the fibrous product in direct contact with one of the sensor electrode surfaces, acutation components acoustically activating the fibrous product sample to cause the film sensor to generate an output electrical signal, and a spectrum analyzer for characterizing the fibrous product softness from the output electrical signal.

Abstract: A sensor for continuous sensing of a quantity of paper related to its elastic modulus and stiffness including a paper support in the form of a segmented ring, and a free running wheel which depresses the paper in the center of the ring as the paper passes over it. Force transducers mounted to sense force exerted on the segments provides a measure of a characteristic of the paper related to its elastic modulus and bending stiffness. The segments are aligned so that separate determinations of machine direction and cross-direction characteristics are made. The outputs of this sensor, together with basis weight, thickness and paper velocity are used to determine the strength of the paper on a continuous basis. Separate values of machine direction and cross-direction strength can be determined, as can a burst pressure strength.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring the cut resistance of flexible materials, such as films, fabrics, felts and papers. A flexible material is wrapped around a mandrel that is rotated at a predetermined speed. A cam attached to the rotating mandrel allows a cutting edge, such as a razor blade, to repeatedly fall on the material covering the mandrel. The cutting edge repeatedly contacts the material, in the same location and with the same predetermined force, until the cutting edge penetrates the material and makes electrical contact with the mandrel. When edge-to-mandrel contact is made, the rotation of the mandrel is automatically stopped. The number of rotations (i.e. cutting cycles) required to penetrate the material is noted and used as a measure of the relative cut resistance of the material.

Abstract: Apparatus for inspecting strip including metal strip includes inspection elements for monitoring a plurality of properties of the strip, a transport unit for passing the strip by the inspection elements and signal generators on the inspection elements for emitting a signal to a strip processing unit which emits a signal to a strip marking unit when one or more properties departs from predetermined limits. The strip marking system provides markings in one or more of a plurality of longitudinal zones on the strip responsive to signals indicating that one or more properties have departed from the desired limits with the particular zone identifying the particular property. A strip edge detector determines the edge of the strip and an actuator positions the marking unit in the desired transverse position relative to the strip so as to establish the zones where desired. The system may provide a printout identifying undesired properties and the particular longitudinal section of the strip where these appear.

Abstract: A sensor for sensing a quality of paper related to elastic modulus and bending stiffness as it is being made including a paper support in the form of a ring and a free running wheel, which depresses the paper in the center of the ring as the paper passes over it. A force transducer mounted to the wheel senses the force of the deflected paper on the wheel and provides a measure of a characteristics of the paper related to its elastic modulus and bending stiffness. This factor, together with basis weight, thickness and paper velocity are used to determine the strength of the paper on a continuous basis.

Abstract: The apparatus contains a feed device for the material to be tested, which feed device is formed by a pair of transport rollers (16). Both transport rollers are positively connected to a motor drive. Perfect forward feed of the material is thereby ensured under all conditions and careful treatment of the test material is also ensured, a factor which is particularly advantageous if further measurements are to be carried out on the test material after it has passed through the feed device.As the test material passes through the transport rollers, a traverse motion along the axes of the transport rollers (16) takes place between said rollers and the material to be tested. This ensures very uniform wear on the transport rollers, which in turn ensures smooth forward movement of the material in all circumstances. It also ensures that the path of movement of the thread does not vary during the measuring process.

Abstract: A tape support which provides several different functions in a reel-to-reel tape drive is disclosed. The tape support provides means for sensing tension in the tape, buffers or decouples the tape at the magnetic head from any perturbations arising at the take-up reel, and reliably guides the tape along the tape path. The tape travels along an arcuate surface of the tape support on an air bearing. A port in the arcuate surface senses pressure between the tape and the arcuate surface. This pressure is communicated to a transducer which provides an output representing the tension on the tape. Flanges on the ends of the tape support provide guiding of the tape over the air bearing and also provide venting of the air bearing to prevent tape vibration. A purge line expels a gaseous medium out of the sense port thereby keeping the sense port clear of contaminants.

Abstract: A device for measuring flatness defects in a strip (15), e.g., rolled metal sheets, by the use of sensors. The voltage is measured within an amplitude measuring interval smaller than the voltage variation interval after the pulse, each sensor is associated with a correction transformer (7) capable of delivering on each energizing pulse an adjustable correction voltage (U2) algebraically added to the voltage (U1) at the terminals of the secondary winding (42) of the sensor and whose value, at the instant of measurement, is determined so as to bring the measured voltage (U3) within the measurement interval of the converter.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring fiber orientation anisotropy in a web of fibrous material includes a microwave generator, a waveguide through which a microwave signal is propagated axially and in which an electric field is established in one direction perpendicular to the waveguide axis, the waveguide having a gripping means which provides a gripping means for specimen insertion, a detector for measuring intensity of the microwave signal propagated through the waveguide and a metering means for numerically evaluating the intensity of the propagated signal. The intensity of the propagated signal is measured (1) with the waveguide empty, (2) with the specimen inserted in the waveguide in a plane normal to the axis and with its machine direction aligned with the electric field and (3) with the specimen inserted in the waveguide in the normal plane and with its cross direction aligned with the direction of the electric field.

Abstract: An improved measuring device for measuring the unit weight of sliver as it passes through a trumpet includes a trumpet gauge plate for supporting the trumpet and a pair of weighted elements mounted on each side of the plate. The plate includes upper, lower and central portions wherein the lower portion includes an opening for supporting the trumpet and the central portion has a reduced cross section. A plurality of strain gauges for detecting deflections is mounted on front and rear surfaces of the central portions adjacent the lower portion and the weighted elements. The strain gauges are electrically connected in a modified Wheatstone Bridge configuration. Deflection sensings in strain gauges adjacent the weighted elements cancel out deflection sensings produced by external vibrations to produce an accurate measurement of the sliver weight.

Abstract: There is described a method and apparatus for measuring small changes in the thickness profile of band-shaped or web material wound onto a reel, such as photographic base paper. The invention includes a measuring sensor with a scanning tip. The measuring sensor is positioned in the center of the rectangular block. The block and sensor are supported in a movable manner in a casing which is moved in an axial direction over the surface of the reel. The length of the block preferably contributes a mechanical amplification of the sensed variation in thickness profile of the web material.

Abstract: Apparatus for inspecting strip including metal strip includes inspection elements for monitoring a plurality of properties of the strip, a transport unit for passing the strip by the inspection elements and signal generators on the inspection elements for emitting a signal to a strip processing unit which emits a signal to a strip marking unit when one or more properties departs from predetermined limits. The strip marking system provides markings in one or more of a plurality of longitudinal zones on the strip responsive to signals indicating that one or more properties have departed from the desired limits with the particular zone identifying the particular property. A strip edge detector determines the edge of the strip and an actuator positions the marking unit in the desired transverse position relative to the strip so as to establish the zones where desired. The system may provide a printout identifying undesired properties and the particular longitudinal section of the strip where these appear.

Abstract: A shape metering process and related apparatus for continuously detecting and measuring the profile and flatness of a rolled metal strip or a non-metallic strip coming off mill rolls, and for making continuous corrections, in real time, of the errors from which faults and unevenness in the strip tend to originate. A single source of fluid power registers differences in pressure which are localized in relative zones which are ranged transversely to the path of the strip movement and across its width. Such differences in pressure are proportional to the differences in tension with which the strip is invested. These differences can be detected, measured and displayed so as to analogically represent the shape of the strip. The same pressure can also be a continuous and direct-acting control medium for an actuation of a conventional media utilized in correcting the thermal condition of the mill rolls.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided to integrate the steps of (1) distributing test ink to form a film of uniform thickness over the surface of a transfer roll; (2) transferring the ink film in a controlled number of revolutions at a controlled nip pressure onto an applicator roll; and, (3) further transferring the ink film in a controlled time interval to the surface of a test specimen at a controlled print pressure for a controlled number of print impressions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for simultaneously generating spatial profiles of moisture, thickness, and basis weight across a moving web of paper in a paper making machine. The apparatus includes a plurality of means for generating first and second beams of coherent microwave radiation and for generating signals proportional to the intensity of radiation applied to, reflected from, and transmitted through the web. The incident, reflectance, and transmittance signals for the two frequencies are used to solve simultaneous equations to generate moisture, thickness, and basis weight values at various positions across the web.

Abstract: A method of measuring the orientation of the constituents of specimens is disclosed, which includes the steps of preparing a cavity resonator in the form of a pair of waveguides forming a cavity, said waveguides being formed with a slit, inserting a specimen sheet or web in said slit, oscillating said cavity resonator by microwaves of fixed frequency while producing a relative rotation between said inserted specimen sheet or web and the plane of microwaves of the cavity resonator, measuring the amount of attenuation of the output signal or transmitted microwave intensity from said cavity resonator with respect to said exciting input signal, and measuring the orientation from the relation between said amount of attenuation or transmitted microwave intensity and the angle of said specimen sheet with respect to the cavity resonator, said method being characterized in that the oscillation frequency of said microwaves is set shifted slightly toward the higher side from the resonance frequency of the cavity resonat

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and apparatus for measuring, in a continuous and contact-free manner, the thickness of a layer applied to a support. The apparatus includes a measuring apparatus which comprises a corona and a first electrostatic voltmeter positioned downstream of the corona in the direction of travel of the layer being measured. The process includes the steps of passing the layer under the apparatus, charging the layer in a contact-free manner, and measuring the level of the charging voltage.

Abstract: A fixture is provided for testing thin sheet metal specimens to evaluate hot-cracking sensitivity for determining metal weldability on a heat-to-heat basis or through varying welding parameters. A test specimen is stressed in a first direction with a load selectively adjustable over a wide range and then a weldment is passed along over the specimen in a direction transverse to the direction of strain to evaluate the hot-cracking characteristics of the sheet metal which are indicative of the weldability of the metal. The fixture provides evaluations of hot-cracking sensitivity for determining metal weldability in a highly reproducible manner with minimum human error.

Abstract: The hosiery article is drawn onto a sizing form having uniformly shaped openings positioned in several spaced locations therealong and underlying the hosiery article positioned on the form. The sizing form is dimensioned and shaped to maintain the hosiery article under substantially the same tensioned condition the hosiery article would be placed under during wear by a person having a particular size foot and leg. A hand-held tension gauge is then positioned against the area of the hosiery article overlying the openings in the sizing form to measure the tension in various locations along the length of the hosiery article supported on the sizing form to determine if the hosiery article is of the proper designated size.

Abstract: A measurement method and an apparatus are used for determining the moisture content of sheet- or foil-like materials (1) of high moisture content and low electrical conductivity. Ground planes (3) are adapted on both sides of the material (1) to be measured; between each ground plane (3) and the material (1) to be measured, at least one center conductor (2) is adapted approximately parallel to the material (1) to be measured in order to form a quasi-TEM transmission line resonator. Electromagnetic RF energy is fed into the quasi-TEM transmission line resonator so that the electromagnetic quasi-TEM waves propagate in the plane of the material (1) to be measured. The resonator supports for the transverse and longitudinal waves such resonant modes whose resonant frequencies and Q's are dependent on the properties of the material (1) to be measured.

Abstract: An on-line instrument in rolling contact with a papermachine web determines the web's strength and elastic modulus properties by intermittently pulsed sonic waves transmitted through the traveling web mass between a full circle, piezoelectric transducer emitter and identical receiving transducers respectively displaced from the emitter along the MD and CD web axes. Transducer signals from the receivers are analyzed by cross-correlation function techniques relative to the original stimulation reference signal to isolate the desired data signal from integral noise.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods for producing electrical signals that can be used to measure the speed of ultrasound in a moving web of paper. The apparatus employs a hollow cylinder in which a plurality of transducers are positioned to contact the web. Power supplied to the cylinder through mercury slip is filtered by power conditioning circuitry in the interior of the cylinder, thus enabling the delivery of clean electrical pulses to the emitting transducers. Signals from the receiving transducers are delivered to voltage-to-frequency converter circuitry in the interior of the cylinder, and the resulting electrical frequency signals are converted to optical frequency signals. The optical signals are then communicated across an air gap to receptors which are external to the cylinder. Thus, signals from which measurements of the speed of ultrasound can be derived are provided substantially free from noise generated by transmission through slip rings.

Abstract: A method of measuring the orientation or dielectric characteristic of a dielectric sheet or web is disclosed, with the steps of inserting a sample portion of the dielectric sheet or web in a small clearance in a cavity resonator formed of a pair of waveguides respectively having a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna, said waveguides being spaced apart from each other with their openings defining said clearance therebetween, irradiating said sample portion with frequency sweep type linearly polarized microwaves from the upper waveguide perpendicularly to said sample portion while producing a relative rotational motion between the plane of polarization of microwaves and said sample portion around the axis of said cavity resonator, and measuring the resonance frequency or Q value of the microwaves received by the lower waveguide.

Abstract: A light fastness/weather resistance accelerated test apparatus, including a test tank having a discharge duct, a light source at the center of the test tank with a sample rotating frame rotatable around the light source and a black panel thermometer mounted on the sample rotating frame. A sensor on the sample rotating frame senses the temperature at the position of a sample. An air flow regulator is provided on the test tank, a blower is mounted for discharging air into the bottom of the tank, and a circulating duct is connected between the air flow regulator and the blower. A damper in the air flow regulator is movable to open the inside of the tank to the discharge duct or to direct air from within the tank into the circulating duct. An air mixer has a further damper and a bypass opening into the air flow regulator. The further damper is controlled to direct air through the bypass in response to the temperature outside the apparatus.

Abstract: A system is provided for measuring the velocity of vibrations in a moving web, such as a sheet of paper. The system includes a transmitter coupled to the paper to transmit waves and a receiver to receive the waves. A signal processing system is used to determine the velocity.

Abstract: A device for detecting postal articles unsuited for mechanical handling is equipped with a bed of belts formed by a large number of side-by-side resilient belts (2) assembled with predetermined tension around two pulleys (3,4), which can turn freely around shafts fixedly mounted on a base plate. A conveyor belt passes over a guiding roller (6) opposite the bed of belts. The conveyor direction of motion is deflected around the roller and the bed of belts is taken along by the conveyor belt (1) by means of friction. An article on the conveyor approaching the guiding roller while moving between the conveyor and the bed of belts is subjected to a bending force when passing the guiding roller. The belts of the bed of belts here work as scanning elements. Deflection of one or more of them from the normal path, away from the guiding roller (6), can be detected by a combination (11) of an infrared radiator and a detector.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surface testing apparatus in which sensors are driven with a reciprocating movement above the surface being tested. To minimize the forces which are required for the driving of the sensors, a vibratory system is provided for this movement, which is driven by an exciter system at or close to its natural frequency.

Abstract: Arrangement for electrically measuring coating thickness on travelling webs in vacuum deposition apparatus. A plurality of sensors are arranged with respect to a roller around which the web runs each with a spatially limited measuring region. These produce signals which represent a measure for the coating thickness. The signals can be indicated by an evaluating circuit. To avoid a falsification of the measuring signals as a result of the tendency of the travelling web to flutter, according to the invention the sensors (3,4,5) are arranged in the roller (1) against its surface and are distributed lengthwise of the roller. The sensors are connected to the evaluating circuit (7) by a transfer device (28). Preferably, the sensors rotate with the roller.

Abstract: A measuring device for determining the pressure zone width and/or surface pressure between a web roll for a web and a further roll of a winding apparatus includes at least one reflex sensor emitting a radiation towards the web roll and receiving radiation reflected from the web roll. The reflex sensor is provided with a source emitting the radiation towards the web roll and a receiver which picks up beams reflected from the web roll. Source and receiver are embedded within the peripheral area of the further roll and are arranged adjacent to each other. During winding of the web, the reception of the radiation is interrupted when the web roll covers the source and/or the receiver. This interruption of the reception is a measure for the pressure zone width and in connection with other variables and constants for the roll firmness.

Abstract: A microwave moisture sensor operates on the principle that an emitted microwave is attenuated in rotary resonance with water molecules. The microwave moisture sensor includes measurement and reference signal systems sharing a microwave oscillator, a detector and other components, means for calculating the ratio of the signals from the respective systems, and an AGC circuit means for keeping the reference signal from the reference signal system at a predetermined level, so that drifts of the microwave oscillator, detector and other components will be cancelled and thus increased measuring accuracy will result. Furthermore, the microwave moisture sensor measure the basis weight and temperature of a material being measured, and processes the measured values according to predetermined moisture percentages free from adverse influences of the basis weight and temperature and thus increase the degree of measurement accuracy.

Abstract: A rolling mill strip tension controlling apparatus may also function as a looper roll and shape meter and is provided with a plurality of generally aligned axially rotatable strip contacting rolls which are supported on rotating arms which in turn are rotated by actuators such as hydraulic cylinders. By monitoring actuator pressure and position a difference between the actual values for position or pressure and the predetermined values is used to provide through a servomechanism suitable corrective action on an individual roll by roll basis. A switch may be provided to permit the system to provide information from a computer to the servo system in a position mode or a pressure mode. The measured values may take the form of oscillations with respect to a predetermined base value.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for testing the vapor transmission characteristics of a sheet material which comprises disposing said material at an interface between an aqueous solution and a plenum chamber, maintaining the temperature of the solution at a predetermined level, maintaining the temperature and humidity in the plenum chamber at a predetermined level and measuring the chamge in concentration of the solute in the solution over a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: Method for determining whether textile staple fibers having crimp therein, either natural or man-made, have a weighted-average cohesion number of from 14.2 to 31.75 centimeters (5.6 to 12.5 inches) by initiating gas impingement contacts at successively increasing different pressure levels against a carded web of staple fibers to cause in the carded web the formation of visible bulges until the bulges are eventually ruptured 80 to 100% for a particular pressure level, and then recording the pressure and number of ruptures from each level and determining therefrom the weighted-average cohesion number.

Abstract: A device for measuring the winding hardness of a strip, especially a strip of paper, that has been wound into a reel. The device consists of a mechanism for extracting a slip that has been inserted tight between two coils of the reel of paper with one end extending out of the side of the reel and of a dynamometer that measures the force necessary to extract the slip over a certain distance. To allow winding hardness to be displayed directly rather than in the form of a graph, the slip-extracting mechanism operates at a constant extracting speed, a pulse generator that is supplied with the resulting force, or with a control signal derived from it, by the dynamometer supplies counting pulses to an up-down counter at a frequency that is proportional to the force, and the slip-extracting mechanism is connected to an odometer that, when it detects equal distances, switches the counter from up to down and stops it.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for removing real or false twist from a moving fabric in rope form. Freely rotatable, diagonally opposite elements are located on opposite sides of an fabric path of travel. Each element has a helically wound fabric contact member therearound with the helix direction of the diagonally opposite elements being the same. Fabric passing between the elements and engaging the contact members of the elements imparts rotation to the elements while the contact members impart rotation to the fabric for twist removal. A twist direction detector is located downstream of the elements to detect any remaining twist in the fabric, and a twist measurement sensor is located downstream of the twist detector to determine the amount of any remaining twist.

Abstract: A light resistance tester for maintaining a uniform temperature of the surface of a sample being tested has a testing chamber, a light source mounted in the center of the testing chamber, an annular sample mounting frame positioned around the light source and rotatable around the light source as the center of rotation, and an air circulation blower mounted in the lower portion of the testing chamber below the sample mounting frame and circulating air upwardly in the testing chamber toward the sample mounting frame. An air flow divider is positioned between the sample mounting frame and the light source for dividing the upward flow of air from the air circulation blower into a portion flowing in an upward path within the sample mounting frame and spaced inwardly from samples mounted on the frame and around the light source, and a portion flowing along an upward path along the outside of the sample mounting frame.

Abstract: A method and device which measures the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a moving web is disclosed. The excitation source is a laser or other device which produces short intense light pulses and the detection system is either a piezoelectric transducer or a microphone. The latter obviates any need for physical contact with the web in order to carry out tests for strength parameters as the web is manufactured.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for dynamically determining the local weight per unit area of sheet-like material, for example, paper, in which the sheet-like material is exposed to sound waves from a sound transmitter. The portion of sound transmitted and/or reflected by the sheet-like material is measured by aid of a receiver and the weight per unit area determined from the measuring signal. In order to avoid disturbances of the measuring signal due to superimposed sound waves and in order to obtain high local resolution even in the case of quickly moving material to be measured, the transmitter, material to be measured and possibly the receiver as well are arranged on a slant relative to each other in such a way that the portions of sound reflected on these elements are faded out of the path of rays between the transmitter and the receiver. Means are additionally provided to prevent the faded out portions of sound from returning to the path of rays between the transmitter and the receiver.

Abstract: Detector circuitry and a system for detecting and/or counting transient events such as the passage of broken filament ends in an article such as a fiber glass strand, and for thereby determining the quality of the article being measured, is disclosed. Optical detectors are arranged to produce output pulses for each measured event, and each includes amplifier means and at least one threshold detector for producing a count pulse representing the measured event. Each detector circuit further includes a feedback loop incorporating an integrator and a drive amplifier for the optical detector light source for stabilizing the light output. An alarm is connected to the output of the drive circuit to monitor the light source current level, so as to measure changes in the light output.Count outputs from the detector circuits are fed to corresponding counters, and at periodic intervals the data contents of the counters are shifted to corresponding latch circuits under the control of a computer or microprocessor.

Abstract: An ultrasonic inspection apparatus is disclosed for inspecting coextruded plastic sheet as it is produced. The apparatus includes support for the sheet to be inspected and support for an ultrasonic transducer adjacent the surface of said sheet. A housing supports the ultrasonic transducer adjacent the sheet and defines a chamber between the face of the transducer and the surface of the sheet. The chamber is provided with an interfacing fluid so that ultrasonic pulses from the transducer will pass through the fluid into the sheet to be reflected from any interface therein. The ultrasonic transducer and interfacing fluid are moved across the surface of the sheet to permit inspection of the entire sheet. Means are provided within the fluid chamber for directing interfacing fluid substantially transversely across the face of the transducer to remove any air bubbles that may form between the transducer face and the sheet.

Abstract: For the continuous contactless measurement of the shrinkage of textiles during the production process, the image of a portion of the textile surface is picked up both before and after the shrinkage and converted to analog electrical image signals by means of an image/signal transducer. The analog image signals are digitized by analog-digital converters and stored in image signal memories. A calculating unit determines from the stored digital image signals the periods of the textile structure both before and after the shrinkage in at least one evaluation direction, preferably in the longitudinal direction and in the transverse direction of the textile web. The change of length of the textile material in each evaluation direction is calculated from the ratio of the two periods determined in this direction. The method is in particular suitable for the measurement of the two-dimensional shrinkage of knitted textiles during the manufacturing process.

Abstract: A testing chamber for electrically testing a sample of insulating material or materials in sheet form, under controllable conditions of pressure and temperature. The pressure resistant chamber is air and liquid tight to permit testing of oil impregnated samples unexposed to harmful air. A frame is positioned within the chamber. A supply reel storing a test sample of insulating material or materials and a takeup reel for receiving the test sample drawn from the supply reel are both rotatably mounted on the frame. The supply and takeup reels are separated from each other to form a testing station therebetween. A shaft with a handle is attached to the takeup reel and extends out of the chamber to facilitate rotation of the takeup reel whereby the test sample may be removed from the supply reel to the testing station and then to the takeup reel. First and second electrodes are connected, respectively, to the high and low voltage terminals of a power supply.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the orientation of the constituents of sheets are disclosed. The method comprises the steps of inserting a sheet into a small clearance with which the openings in a pair of waveguides are opposed to each other to form a cavity resonator, producing a relative motion at a constant speed between the sheet and the resonator while emitting linearly polarized microwaves from the upper waveguide to allow them to fall on the sheet at right angles thereto, measuring the amount of attenuation of the microwaves by the lower waveguide, and determining the orientation of the constituent of the sheet from that angle of the sheet with respect to the plane of polarization of the microwaves which gives the maximum attenuation.

Abstract: A glass fiber, strand or a product made of glass fibers is made to pass through a chamber irradiated with high-frequency radiation, so that, if the electrically conductive matters are contained, a high-frequency electric discharge occurs in the chamber accompanied by generation of light. The presence of the electrically conductive matters is made known by detecting this light by a photosensor.

Abstract: Flaws may be detected in conveyor belting in motion by transmitting ultrasound to the belting at one zone, detecting ultrasound propagated by the belting from the one zone to another zone spaced apart from the first and issuing a signal responsive to any ultrasound detected, whereby a signal is obtained which is indicative of discontinuities in the belting intermediate the zones. Preferably, a column of water extending between an ultrasonic transducer and the belt is used for ultrasonic coupling during motion of the belt, and tracking means are provided to maintain the column at constant length. With proper frequency selection, ultrasound can be transmitted a surprising distance through conveyor belting made of rubber-like material.

Abstract: In a method and an apparatus to test folded sheets for folding deviations from the reference folding line, to be used in pocket folding - or cutting folding machines, markings are made on the folding material, corresponding with the print format, and are sensed by sensors, preferably electro-optical reflection sensors after the material has been folded inside the machine, to obtain the position information. The evaluation position information derived from the output of the sensors for a number of folded sheets is rigid to determine the adjustments of the machine necessary to correct the deviations.

Abstract: A fully automatic test system is provided to nondestructively determine the elastic constant information of paper samples. Two ultrasonic wave sensors are mounted in alignment with the instrument frame at respective distances from an ultrasonic generator. A motor driven turntable beneath the sensors and generator supports a paper test specimen for automatic progression of the specimen fiber orientation relative to the sonic wave propogational direction. Electronic data processing equipment resolve ultrasonic emission and reception signals for quantitative determination of the sonic velocity through four directional transmission modes of a specimen. Such sonic velocity data enables determination of four in-plane elastic parameters.

Abstract: Measurements of yarn denier using capacitance transducers are automatically corrected for moisture. Samples of the yarn to be run are tested at different moisture levels at different frequencies in each of two capacitance transducers. The difference in the apparent denier outputs of the two transducers has been found to be proportional to moisture content. The difference is added to one of the measured values to provide a more correct reading. The difference may be further corrected by a factor derived from the slopes of the curves of transducer output vs. moisture and the slope of the curve of skein denier vs. moisture.