Abstract: In controlling the thickness of a moving web of material, after it passes through a production station containing a final control element for its thickness, it is moved past a radiometric device which measures the weight of the web per unit area. Downstream from the radiometric device, the web is moved past an optoelectronic device utilizing laser radiation for measuring the thickness of the web. The two measurements are compared and the radiometric device measurement is corrected based on the optoelectronic device measurement and the comparative corrected value is transmitted to a control unit which actuates the final control element in the production station. Preferably, the optoelectronic device is spaced from the production station so that it is out of the range of any significant environmental influences.

Abstract: A method for continuously measuring the steepness of a defective flatness of a metal strip during rolling, which comprises: detecting a variation in the relative distance between a metal strip during rolling and a distance-detecting means arranged adjacent to the surface of said metal strip, during the travel thereof between two support rolls arranged at a prescribed spacing, by means of said distance-detecting means, as a vibration including a vibration corresponding to a defective flatness produced in said metal strip; calculating the natural vibration frequency of said metal strip during the travel thereof between said two support rolls, from the detected value of the tension applied to said metal strip during the travel thereof between said two support rolls, the specific weight of said metal strip, and the distance between said two support rolls; cutting off the frequency components, which are below said calculated value of the frequency of said metal strip, from said detected value of the vibration of s

Abstract: A device which measures the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a moving web is provided. A pair of wheels is mounted for continuous surface contact with the paper and a transducer, which contacts the web on each revolution, is located in each wheel for relating electrical and mechanical signals. Timing means measures the time it takes a mechanical signal generated at the first wheel to reach the second wheel. Noise reducing and amplifying means are provided for effective operation.

Abstract: A process for controlling the flatness of a metal sheet subjected to a cold-rolling operation by the measurement of the tensions in different regions of the width of the sheet. There are at least three regions. The process comprises calculating the sum of the tensions measured in the respective regions, calculating from the result obtained the theoretical tension in each region corresponding to a tension uniformly distributed along the width of the sheet, comparing said theoretical tension with the tension effectively measured in the corresponding region and exerting, if required, the required correcting actions as a function of the results of said comparison.

Abstract: An interlayer material is scanned prior to laminating same with glass sheets to generate a thickness variation signal, a wedge angle signal and an optical power signal. The signals are then selectively filtered to determine the thickness variation, wedge angle and optical power of the interlayer after lamination.

Abstract: A sheet thickness monitoring system includes a motor driven threaded rod extending across a conveyor above the path of corrugated sheets fed by the conveyer; the rod supports transversely reciprocating first and second linear variable differential transformers each having a vertically movable armature with a roller on its lower end positioned to engage the sheets so that thickness variations in the sheets provide voltage variations from the transformers. Output voltage signals from the transformers are averaged over a predetermined time period and a warning signal is actuated when the average signal strength falls below a predetermined value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for obtaining a quantitative indication of paper web abrasiveness as the web subject of the test is in transit through the production machine. Test specimens of thin, sheet metal shim stock are held in light bearing pressure contact against the dry, finished or nearly finished web for a measured increment of web length. The measured quantity of specimen material lost to the measured quantity of passing web will yield a quotient indicative of the relative abrasiveness of the subject web.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing dust from a fiber sample for subsequent analysis is disclosed. A first upper cylindrical chamber containing a fiber sample has a tangential air jet and a radial air jet installed to swirl and tumble the fiber sample in a cyclonic fashion, thus liberating the dust from the sample when either a positive or a negative pressure is applied through the air jets. The liberated dust particles are then screened out through a 100 mesh screen filter and exhausted through a funnel. The device can be equipped with a second stage chamber containing a plurality of step-stage filters and a third stage plurality of microfilters to selectively screen the dust particles. A blow bottle containing an aqueous medium to absorb even the finest dust particles or gas can also be added as a fourth stage.

Abstract: Porosity measuring apparatus for a moving web of sheet material comprising a sensor having a chamber and a wall provided with apertures communicating with the chamber and of number, spacing and dimension sufficient to obtain an air seal between the moving web and wall during application of a vacuum to the chamber.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for continuously counting up the pinholes and the rips (continuous disruptions) in a film or web of plastic materials, said device having a gating circuit which is capable of distinguishing the pinholes from the rips thus giving a more reliable indication than was possible with the conventional devices also based on detection of electric discharges.

Abstract: Device for detecting breaks or tears and the end of the strip in a strip of any material, during its travel, which device comprises, mounted in proximity of the strip and positioned in correspondence with any of its sections which one wishes to explore, and being actuated any time by actuating a push button or the like control member: feeler means apt to feel the material of the strip, so as to follow the changes of direction and/or the oscillations as the strip travels, to feel said material preferably in the sense opposite to the direction of travel of the strip with a push adjustable in function of the limit of the mechanical resistance of the material of the strip, and to penetrate into the tear; and means for detecting the tear and the end of the strip, actuated by such feeler means when the latter penetrate into the cut of the tear or when the end of the strip is reached, said detecting means being capable to be connected to usual control means, so as to transmit to said means the information relative t

Abstract: A method and device for measuring a profile of a plate. The device for measuring a profile of a plate includes a plurality of aligned waveshape detectors for detecting a plurality of waveshapes and generating a plurality of waveshape signals, a waveshape processing means for determining signal variation values from the waveshape signals within small periods of time and for summing the signal variation values over a predetermined period of time and subtracting means for comparing the summed signal variation values and for generating outputs corresponding to distortion in the profile of the plate.

Abstract: A laterally elongated plate is provided with anchors in a transversely elongated tape support area of the plate by which to secure the opposite ends of a length of pressure sensitive adhesive tape extended across the tape support area, with the adhesive side of the tape facing upward. A stitch indicator line is provided on the plate inwardly of and parallel to the tape support area to indicate an ultimate stitching line, and loop size guide lines also are provided on the plate spaced inwardly from and parallel to the stitch indicator line to orient cloth loop material according to the size of loops desired to be formed. Laterally spaced markings are provided on the plate adjacent the tape support area to aid in spacing loop units desired distances apart.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing the fitness of the multiple copy sets for handwritten copies. The form set to be tested is placed on an inclined supporting plate and is clamped to the supporting plate by a slotted hold down plate. A writing instrument, which includes a spring loaded writing implement, is carried by a carriage so that the tip of the writing implement contacts the form set through the slot. The carriage is movable so as to move the tip of the writing instrument along the slot. The writing implement is supported so that the tip contacts the form set substantially without pressure in a starting position. As the carriage is shifted in the direction of increasing ascent of the supporting plate the bearing pressure of the tip of the writing implement increases as a function of the path of travel. The test line produced on the different sheets of the set is a measure of the quality of the copies.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for evaluating the porosity of a sheet material at a given value of gas flow or pressure drop (PD), with account being taken of the following relationship between the parameters of flow and PD:Flow=A (PD).sup.N,in which one of the parameters is set at a number (e.g. 3) of values close to the said required value, the other parameter is measured at each, the values of A and N for the sample under test are calculated therefrom, and then the precise gas flow (or PD) at the given PD (or gas flow), and hence the porosity, is calculated from the said relationship. The automatic setting, and the calculations, are effected by means of a microprocessor.

Abstract: Apparatus wherein a plurality of rings disposed in the direction of the width of a strip are pressed against the surface of the strip being rolled, and the distribution in the direction of the width, of the components of the tension of the strip as act on the respective rings is detected, thereby to detect the shape of the strip, characterized in that a plurality of cylindrical springs are fitted in the interspace between the inner periphery of each ring and the outer periphery of a shaft which rotates along with the rings, and that a gap sensor which detects the amount of eccentricity of the corresponding ring attributed to the component of the tension of the strip is arranged in the vicinity of the outer periphery of each ring.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for detecting flaws in sheet material of the character which increase the surface height of the sheet material. The apparatus includes a pair of horizontally parallel driven lower rolls and three upper rolls each mounted on a corresponding pivotal bracket. Two of the upper rolls are associated with one of the lower rolls and are axially spaced apart therealong, and the third upper roll is associated with the other lower roll and positioned therealong to span the space between the other two upper rolls. Each of the upper rolls is rotatably supported by the corresponding bracket for pivotal movement toward and away from the lower roll. Each upper roll bracket is provided with a pair of adjustable stop screws, one adjacent each of the opposite ends of the corresponding upper roll, and each adjustable stop screw carries a switch actuator screw which is adjustable relative to the stop screw.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the viscoelasticity of a sheet material comprising a flexible organic and/or inorganic reinforcement impregnated with a synthetic resin, wherein a sample of said sheet is subjected to a heating cycle and, during this cycle, said sample is held stretched between two of its spaced-apart zones and a maintained reciprocating movement of constant amplitude, of direction coplanar with respect to the plane of said sample and transverse with respect to the direction of tension thereof, is imparted to one of said zones, then the variations in amplitude of the reciprocating movement transmitted to the other of said zones with the rise in temperature are observed. The invention is more particularly applied to the manufacture of composite pieces by assembling, by hot-pressing, a plurality of sheets impregnated with resin.

Abstract: A hosiery article stretching and marking device and a leg form are provided to accurately measure and compare the relative compressive forces of longitudinally spaced portions of stretchable hosiery articles. The form includes integral leg and foot portions with the leg portion being circular in cross-section throughout its length and with successive segments increasing in circular diameter from the foot portion and throughout the length of the leg portion. Flat flexible and radii conformable sensor devices are supported in spaced longitudinal positions along the leg form and pressure indicating gauges are operatively connected to the sensor devices and provide a visual indication of the relative compressive forces applied by the hosiery article on the areas of the leg form where the sensor devices are located.

Abstract: A panty hose testing apparatus in which a manikin conforming substantially to the lower portion of a human torso is provided with waist, leg, and hip portions for receiving thereon panty hose garments and the like. The garment is retained upon the manikin, during testing, by opposed clamp assemblies which engage the garment and manikin adjacent the waist portion, and a crotch member is displaceable longitudinally of the leg portions and applies a force to the crotch area of the garment sufficient to initiate seam damage or a tear in the garment fabric. A gauge measures the force necessary to initiate damage to the garment.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the probability of scorch in flame retarded flexible polyurethane foam without preparing a large quantity of foam is described. A microwave oven is utilized to heat a foam sample pursuant to the invention. The method is useful to predict the probability that flame retarded foam will scorch on curing and therefore can be used to avoid damage to large commercial quantities of foam. The method can also be used to screen flame retardants for polyurethane foams.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring the flatness or planar degree of metal strips under tensile stress while being rolled, in which measuring rollers are subdivided into roller sections. Measuring elements which may be in the form of strain gages, are held in suspensions having side members which are pivotable about a fixed axis. The side members also support the individual roller sections of the measuring rollers. The measuring elements or strain gages may be fixed in the roller bearings linking the suspension and the measuring rollers. The measuring elements may also be located in a recess of the side members. Each roller section may be provided with a measuring element, and the side members, furthermore, may be connected by rigid joints to a shaft which is reinforced by a rigid box and about which the side members are pivotable. The side members, moreover, may be T-shaped and be hinged to the rigid box, while being force-linked to a cover plate containing a recess for the measuring element.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for quantitatively measuring the handle of fabrics and other flexible materials. Handle is that term used to refer to the qualities of drapability, flexibility, compressibility, foldability, stretchability, pliability, etc., possessed by fabrics and other flexible materials. In the present invention the handle of a material sample is quantified by measuring the force required to draw the sample through an orifice and expressing the resultant extractive force as a function of test apparatus geometry and the amount of sample drawn through the orifice to arrive at quantitative measure of handle, to be defined as handle modulus, for the sample in question.

Abstract: A novel method and mold apparatus for testing adhesion of cord or wire in rubber which measures "intrinsic" adhesion, i.e. adhesive strength independently of the tearing strength and stiffness of the rubber matrix. Each test specimen is formed of two uncured preformed or premolded blocks, called coupons, in respective preform molds. Two wire segments are inserted coaxially between the coupons in preformed grooves and the assembly is molded and cured. The proximate ends of the segments are buried in or embedded within the body of the specimen, but spaced apart along the axis of the wire segments and the body of the test specimen. The specimen is stressed only by the wire segments. In an Instron or like test machine, the free ends of the wire segments are pulled at a selected rate to failure. Failure of the adhesion is observed to start at the embedded end of the wire segment and progress outwardly along the segment which is pulled from the body or matrix.

Abstract: The device for detecting local thickening in webs of paper or film is based on the fact that the thickenings are first mechanically sensed and the mechanical sensing is converted by simple means into an electrical signal. The arrangement consists basically of a stationary roller over which the web to be examined is guided and a pivotal sensor roller mounted at a narrow interval from the guide roller. The sensor roller is mounted on two separate pivotal levers and rotates at the same speed as, but in the opposite direction to, the guide roller. The pivotal levers are provided with stops which determine a gap between the guide roller and the sensor roller through which the web is guided. The stops are in the form of contact switches through which the same electrical current successively flows, so that the flow of current is temporarily interrupted when one or both stops is lifted off its support when a thickening passes through the gap.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for quantitatively and qualitatively determining the dust content of fibrous material, in which a representative sample of the fibrous material is opened to obtain individual fibers and release the dust contained therein. The individual fibers and fine dust are separated by a combination of gravity separation and air flow. Coarse dust is separated and collected incidental to the opening process. The dust quantity and quality are determined on a weight basis.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a roll, having an elastic surface, mounted for rotation about a fixed axis with the elastic surface arranged to engage one surface of a record carrier. A piezoelectric transducer is mounted perpendicular to the axis of the roll and rigidly with respect to the roll, and a sensor is mounted quasi-rigidly, with respect to the transducer, between the roll and the transducer, the sensor being fixedly joined to the transducer. In the quiescent condition, without a record carrier being passed between the sensor and the roll, the distance from the roll surface to the sensor is smaller than the smallest paper thickness to be measured. The transducer is mounted in a holder having a spring member fixedly joining the sensor to the transducer. The sensor may include a sensing roll or may be designed as a sensing runner with a sharp edge, and an elastic damping plate connects the transducer to the sensor.

Abstract: Continuous casting methods and apparatus are described wherein the flexible casting belts in twin-belt machines having two or more main rolls in each belt carriage are sensed by mechanical probes, and belt temperatures are controllably elevated prior to contact with the molten metal to improve the casting conditions and the operation of the thin flexible casting belts; the temperature elevation preferably being relatively gradual may be carried out while the travelling belts are approaching the nip rolls or while the belts are in contact with the nip rolls, or both. Zone control of belt pre-heating is disclosed, and control of the coolant streams issuing from the curved nip roll tubes by use of fingernail-like extenders may be provided to aid in pre-heating the belts and in controlling their operation. Intensive infra-red heaters are shown directed at close range toward the casting surfaces of the belts, these heaters serving also to cure and dry any coating material on the belts.

Abstract: Various greige fabrics are tubular knit with various knit parameters, including stitch length and stitch density, pre-treated and converted into test garments using the tubular knit fabric as the major portion of the garment, such as a man's undershirt. Selected lengths of tubular knit portions of test garments are tested by radially outwardly stretching them beyond their relaxed state a predetermined amount corresponding to the extent and manner of stretch such a garment would actually be subjected to in actual use by a wearer, and the force per lineal dimension required to so extend the garments is observed and recorded. Test garments made from different fabrics all knit with the same knit design parameters and pre-treated in the identical manner but having different stitch lengths and densities are tested to obtain a correlation between stitch length, stitch density and the force per lineal dimension of tubular garment required to stretch the garment to its wear condition.

Abstract: The invention concerns an improved device for testing textile samples in the laboratory. The device includes a tank holding a heating liquid. Test containers attached to test container holders are placed in the tank and containers and holders rotated. Rotation is achieved by transmitting the drive from rolls positioned on drive shafts to drive wheels forming an integral part of the container holders.

Abstract: A pneumatic measuring means is placed over the main cylinder to measure pressure variations due to changes in fiber layer thickness. The measured pressures are transmitted to a measuring and control means which compares the measured pressures to a pre-set value and produces a difference signal which is then used to control the card. The difference signal can be imposed on the supply means for the card, the doffing means or the drafting means.

Abstract: The adhesion of cord or wire to the elastomer, rubber, or rubbery material is measured by exerting forces or loads collinear with the cords or wires such that one of the cords or wires is pulled from between a pair of cords. The three cords are embedded in a predetermined length of the elastomer. In a static test the opposing forces are exerted at a predetermined rate. In a dynamic test the opposing forces oscillate at predetermined frequency. Fixtures adapting an MTS high-speed oscillating tester are provided. The foregoing abstract is not to be taken as limiting the invention of this application, and in order to understand the full nature and extent of the technical disclosure of this application, reference must be made to the accompanying drawing and the following detailed description.

Abstract: This disclosure pertains to a web process control apparatus utilizing a pair of arms disposed parallel to one another and pivoted at a location outward from and adjacent to a marginal edge of a travelling flat web. Process control sensors detect various characteristics of the web and are located at each extreme free end of the arms. The web passes between opposed faces of the arms. The arms are pivoted in substantially ninety degree arcs along the surface of the web as the web moves in a direction parallel to the marginal edges thereof. The characteristics of the web to be measured is continuously scanned as the arms move in a prescribed controlled fashion, yielding in one direction, if so desired, a linear measurement transverse to the direction of web travel.

Abstract: Volatile, organic solvent is removed from textile articles that are provided with thermosensitive fibers capable of visually indicating predetermined maximum temperatures. Textile articles, such as tufted carpet, are heated under conditions effective to evaporate the volatile organic solvent under prevailing pressure conditions, as indicated by the thermosensitive fibers which are woven or tufted directly into and form a part of the textile articles, to remove the solvent from the textile articles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a testing apparatus for light- and weather-resisting properties, with a sample room having a gas discharge radiator arranged therein, as well as to a mirror placed between this radiator and the samples, selectively reflecting the infrared portion of the radiation and being permeable to the visible and ultraviolet portion thereof, and to an additional mirror, selectively reflecting the visible and the ultraviolet portion of the radiation and transmitting the infrared portion thereof.

Abstract: A puck to contact an acoustic panel has open-ended compartments to flow air through then back through the face sheet of an acoustic panel while measuring the air pressure difference across the face sheet.

Abstract: Method for determining, non-destructively, degradation of certain physical roperties of textile materials wherein a sample of the textile material is held under tension and caused to ring to generate acoustic signals and the frequency of the acoustic signal is compared with the frequency generated from a control of the same material, with any significant difference in frequency of response of the sample as compared with the control indicating a change in physical property.

Abstract: An improved light fastness and weather resistance testing apparatus has a lamp housing having a closed bottom and sides and an open top, a specimen rack rotatably mounted for rotation around the outside of the lamp housing, a testing vessel around the lamp housing and having a top with an opening therein over the lamp housing and within which the specimen rack is located, and having an inlet port and an exhaust port and a recirculation conduit for recirculating exhaust gas from the testing vessel, gas circulating means and gas humidifying means between the recirculation conduit and the testing vessel inlet, electrode means suspended in the lamp housing and electrode moving means coupled to the upper electrode of the electrode means for raising and lowering the upper electrode.

Abstract: For use in a rolling mill, a deformable, deflection roll with a continuous, unitary surface and a system for detection of roll deflection when a strip of sheet material is passed over the roll. The roll construction may include a dimpled or perforated surface or a multilayered roll may be provided of appropriate materials. The deflection detection system typically employs an optical scanning technique.This invention relates to the processing of metal strip particularly that which has been reduced to its final thickness by cold rolling. Ideally, metal strip should be of constant thickness throughout and should also be completely flat. This flatness should also be retained even after the strip is sheared or slit into smaller portions, for this operation frequently releases residual stresses in the metal.In practice strip flatness is extremely difficult to accomplish, and there is a tendency to overroll portions of the strip giving rise to the formation of centre or edge waves.

Abstract: A fabric is tested for its sewability -- its likelihood of suffering seam damage during making-up into garments or other textile articles -- by an instrument which effects or attempts needle penetration simulating a machine sewing operation and indicates the incidence of excessive penetration forces.

Abstract: The stretch and/or compressive forces of hosiery articles are measured by the present apparatus which includes an elongate substantially flat form onto which the hosiery article is drawn for testing. Plungers are supported for sliding movement in the form and the force required to move the plungers and the hosiery fabric outwardly beyond one edge of the form is indicated by the testing apparatus. A signal light is provided for indicating when the plunger and the hosiery fabric have been moved outwardly a predetermined distance from the form. An elastic tape is provided for marking selected points along the length of the hosiery to insure proper positioning of the hosiery on the form.

Abstract: A system for determining and/or controlling the profile of a property of an article, in which sensing means simultaneously obtains a multiplicity of electrical gauging signals, each signal being proportional to a property of the article in a particular region, the gauging signals are passed to electrical circuit means which detect any difference in magnitude between the signals from a given region and the average for all such signals and deriving a functional signal for any such difference.

Abstract: An apparatus to generate a wave-like pattern of forces on a surface effect ship utilizes a flexible membrane which undulates in a water wave-like manner, the crests of the waves transferring forces to the surface effect ship. The membrane is undulated in its sine wave configuration by means of a series of linkages, one link of which is pinned to the underside of the membrane. That link is reciprocally actuated and the combined movements of the various linkages cause the membrane to undulate as would water waves. The main drive motor drives a primary shaft to which are connected a series of gear boxes which in turn drive secondary drive shafts. By controlling or varying the speed of the primary drive motor, the frequency of the generated waves may be varied. At each linkage station there is a crank and the connecting rod is adjustably connected to the crank. The amplitude of the waves can be varied as desired by adjustably positioning the connecting rod along the crank.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing a non-metallic web in which a fault is marked by means of a metal label, layers of the web are stacked on one another, the web is divided into pieces and the individual pieces, still in their stacks, are inspected by means of a metal detector. The invention is of particular value where the web is a textile material and the pieces after inspection are made up into garments.

Abstract: A method is disclosed whereby the amount of a lubricant composition such as a spin finish, coning oil, etc. applied to a textile strand may be accurately determined in a matter of seconds or minutes. The method involves applying to a running length textile strand a lubricant composition containing a tracer, winding the lubricated strand into a package, and subjecting the package to nondestructive analysis with an X-ray spectrochemical analyzer to measure the amount of tracer present in the package and to thereby obtain a measurement of the relative amount of lubricant applied to the strand.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for testing a membrane strip for leaks due to pin holes are disclosed. A detector fluid is applied to one face of the strip while bringing a detection medium into proximity with the other face thereof, and producing a pressure difference between the opposite faces of the strip in a sense to cause flow of the detector fluid through any open pin holes in the strip, and accordingly into contact with the detection medium. In accordance with this invention, a membrane-compatible liquid is applied to the membrane strip prior to testing for pin holes, so that the liquid is retained in the pin holes by capillary attraction. Accordingly, the flow of detector fluid through pin holes which are less than a predetermined size is prevented. The predetermined size may be controlled by the magnitude of pressure difference between opposite faces and the nature of the membrane-compatible liquid. As a result, the presence only of holes larger than the predetermined size is detected.