Abstract: A method and apparatus which dynamically determines the location of a fabric layer bonded within a moving calender strip of elastomeric material by passing opposed surfaces of the strip partially about a respective one of a pair of measuring rolls forming a part of a two pair over-under rolls. Sensors are connected to each of the measuring rolls and provide a signal in relationship to the rotational speed of each of the measuring rolls. The two signals are compared and provide a third signal indicating the relative position or balance of the fabric layer with respect to the two outer strip surfaces. Since the fabric layer when under the same dynamic tension and conditions will achieve a specific elongation its radial position with respect to the surfaces of the measuring rolls will control the rotational speed of the rolls when contacted by the moving surfaces of the calender strip.

Abstract: The method as described is an attempt to minimize the length of the sheet stock to be cut off at the end of rolled stock as waste. This minimizing should be carried out on-line, and it is suggested that immediately following straightening the rolled sheet stock, the surface temperature profile in the end region and beyond is measured in a contactless method for determining on-line the place of cutting; cutting may then be controlled accordingly.

Abstract: The present-day devices for automatic determination of the tensile strength properties of a sheet of paper are complicated, inconvenient to operate and incapable of producing immediate test results. According to the invention, the apparatus comprises two operating elements (6, 7) between which a sheet of paper of desired length is adapted to be introduced, the former operating element (6) comprising a fixing block (1) and a pulling block (2) and the latter operating element (7) comprising a fixing head (3) and a pulling head (4), said fixing head being compressible against the fixing block and said pulling head being compressible against the pulling block for fastening a sheet of paper. The other operating element is further fitted with a cutter means (8) which is adapted cut off a sheet of paper a sample of standard width as the sheet is positioned against the fixing block.

Abstract: The softness of paper as a function of the number of bonding sites per unit area of the paper is determined by directing ultrasonic energy toward the paper and determining the magnitude of the portion of reflected energy.

Abstract: A system for the in press measurement of the thickness of a workpiece includes a force transducer and a displacement transducer. The force transducer is used to detect the contact between the forming tool and the workpiece. The output of the displacement transducer is continually read and recorded at the instant the force transducer indicates the contact between the forming tool and the workpiece. The output of the displacement transducer is correlated to known thicknesses and thus is indicative of the thickness of the unknown specimen.

Abstract: The invention disclosed is a device for monitoring the penetration of vapor from a challenge liquid occluded by a garment material, through the garment material, wherein pressure is applied against the garment material. The vapor which penetrates through the garment material is picked up by an inert carrier gas and detected to determine the protection afforded by the garment material against penetration by the challenge liquid/vapor.

Abstract: Falling liquid droplets of a chemical agent are detected by providing a droplet collector assembly which includes an air permeable surface member disposed to intercept falling droplets and adapted to cause vaporization of the intercepted droplets into a sample air stream drawn through the surface member. The sample air stream containing droplet vapor is then led into the sample inlet of a vapor detector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing the structural formation and surface properties of fibrous sheet materials, particularly printing papers, are described. The method requires advancing a marker over a substantial area of the sheet to be tested. The marker is urged into contact with the sheet so that it exerts a pressure on it, typically of printing process magnitudes. The marker is any material which produces an image the intensity of which is proportional to the pressure exerted upon it by the test sheet. A preferred marker is graphite. The image produced is equivalent to those produced by Beta ray formation analyzers and may be evaluated by a missing dot technique commonly employed in rotogravure print quality evaluations.

Abstract: An air-permeability measuring apparatus for textiles includes a measuring fork having first and second rigid legs disposed in parallel overlying relations. A first double pipe stub is displacably mounted to the first leg and has inner and outer stub parts providing an inner flow channel and an annular flow channel. A second double pipe stub is mounted into the second leg and includes inner and outer stub parts providing a second inner flow channel and a second annular flow channel. The double pipe stubs are coaxial and the first double pipe stub is adapted for being displaced between an insert position and a clamping position and in the clamping position the inner and annular flow channels are aligned and communicate. A pipe extends from each of the second inner and annular flow channels and the pipes are connected to an exhauster which exerts a vacuum on the inner and annular flow channels and thereby induces air flow therethrough.

Abstract: A system for detecting the camber of a rolled material by detecting the right and left outlet side lengths of the rolled material per unit time on the outlet side of a rolling mill and also detecting the plate width of the rolled material and then subjecting the detected signals to an arithmetic processing by an arithmetic unit to calculate the radius of curvature of the plate center line of the rolled material.

Abstract: A method of correcting irregularities in the build-up of a mat during the manufacture of particleboard in which a plurality of individual measurements are taken substantially transverse to the mat as it moves through a measuring station. The measurements take the form of contactless measurements of the distance between a predeterminable measuring plane and the surface profile of the mat. The measured values that are obtained are further processed as representative values of weight per unit area for the positions at which the measurements are taken. The apparatus for effecting the contactless measurements is conveniently either optical apparatus or ultrasonic apparatus.

Abstract: For the detection of defects such as tears or fold lines in banknotes, for example, continuous wave ultrasonic energy is directed by a transmitter to a flow path for the notes and ultrasonic energy reflected from the notes or transmitted through tears or holes in the notes is converted by a receiver into an electric signal. A signal analyzing circuit is responsive to changes in the output of the receiver during the passage of the banknote. In the ultrasonic inspection area, the note may be passed over rollers with flared ends to cause a tear to open and allow the passage of ultrasonic energy. In a reflective system the note may be passed over a roller to cause one or both of the adjacent edges of a tear to leave the roller surface. The electric signal is analyzed for components indicative of a defect; for tear detection, a spike filter and a circuit for distinguishing tear signals from end-of-note signals may be used.

Abstract: An inspection system for detecting the presence of debris on ceramic green sheets prior to screening. The sheets are deposited on a planar stage using a pick-up head. The pick-up head carries a sensor to determine whether or not debris adhering to the head, the sheet or the stage is presenting a non-planar sheet surface.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for on-line measurement of unflatness of hot or cold rolled strip products, wherein the longitudinal bending of a shape roll over which the strip passes provides a measure of the unflatness of the strip. Actual values of force, displacement or bending moment near the ends of the shape roll may be compared to theoretically predicted values for a flat product and for product having various out-of-flatness conditions. Preferably, the shape roll is supported at its ends by two pairs of supports, and the measurements at the supports are used in determining roll bending and then strip unflatness. Other conditions such as off-center strip and asymmetric operation of the rolling mill may also be determined from the measurement.

Abstract: There is disclosed an object test procedure and apparatus for measuring web strength during carding. The test method determines the amount of air flow, transverse to the web, required to break a portion of the web under inline dynamic carding conditions. The test has utility in monitoring borderline conditions in production carding processes and as a research tool for evaluating proposed variants of man-made staple fibers.

Abstract: A camera contains a row of diodes sensitive to infrared radiation and mounted on a turntable for rotation about the optical axis of the camera. The signals from the diodes provide a temperature profile of a band across the width of a strip of hot rolled steel moving in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis and to the length of the row of diodes. Since the diodes are low accuracy devices, their measurements are compensated by normalizing co-efficients derived by comparison with the signal provided by an optical pyrometer viewing the central part of the steel strip in the region of the optical axis. To enable all diodes to be calibrated, calibration is effected with the turntable rotated 90.degree. to align all the diodes with the central part of the strip as viewed by the pyrometer. The camera may be mounted on one arm of a C-frame having X-ray tubes in an arm and X-ray detectors in the other arm for the purpose of measuring the thickness profile of the strip in known way.

Abstract: Method of paper tension control to maintain the frequency and amplitude of paper flutter. A noncontacting sensor means is mounted adjacent a portion of the paper path in a paper manufacturing apparatus. The sensor means detects flutter in a paper web travelling across the paper path. The tension in the paper web can be determined from the frequency and amplitude of the flutter. By adjusting the tension in the paper web to maintain the flutter within a predetermined range of frequency and amplitude, the tension in the paper web can be maintained at a desired level.

Abstract: Process for high-precision measurement of the phase relationship and phase displacement, respectively, of two pulse trains wherein rotational angles of two rotating bodies are quantized and converted by incremental shaft encoders into pulse trains, and the pulse trains are applicable for calculating the respective phase relationship and phase displacement, which comprises the steps of:a. counting the pulse trains in at least two different counters;b. forming a digital difference of the two counts;c. converting the digital difference into an analog signal;d. decoding the analog signal; ande. displaying the decoded analog signal;and a device for performing the process.

Abstract: A test assembly for determining the weldability of sheet metal includes (1) a base having a flat side surface with an annular groove in the side surface, a counterbore being formed in the outer wall of the groove and the surface portion of the base circumscribed by the inner wall of the groove being substantially coplanar with the bottom of the counterbore, (2) a test disk of sheet metal the periphery of which is positioned in the counterbore and the outer surface of which is coplanar with one side of the base, and (3) a clamp ring overlying the side surface of the base and the edge portion of the test disk and a plurality of clamp screws which extend through the clamp ring for holding the periphery of the test disk against the bottom of the counterbore.

Abstract: A noncontacting sensor means is mounted adjacent a portion of the paper path in a paper manufacturing apparatus. The sensor means detects flutter in a paper web travelling across the paper path. The tension in the paper web can be determined from the frequency and amplitude of the flutter. By adjusting the tension in the paper web to maintain the flutter within a predetermined range of frequency and amplitude, the tension in the paper web can be maintained at a desired level.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting acoustic emissions from metal matrix wire allows on-line measurement of the transverse strength of the wire as it is moving through its manufacturing process. A series of end and middle rollers guide the wire and form a bend in it. The location of the bend in the wire is maintained in contact with a liquid bath which, in turn, is contacted by the sensing surface of an acoustic transducer. Acoustic emissions from breaking of the fiber-matrix interface of the wire are transmitted by the bath and detected by the transducer.

Abstract: The film disclosed in the application is secure against forgeries and serves for marking articles, in particular high-quality branded goods. It is comprised of at least one transparent polyester film oriented by stretching and containing in its composition an organic dyestuff which is heat stable at temperatures above about 260.degree. C. Preferably, a laminate is used which is comprised of two films, one of which contains a different colored dyestuff than does the other.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for controlling a pair of transverse scanning gauges disposed along the length of a moving sheet of material whereby continuous same-spot measurements of the material may be made irrespective of any variations in the speed of the material even as it traverses the distance between the scanning gauges.

Abstract: A device for monitoring the flatness or camber of a moving metal strip is disclosed. The device includes a cylindrical roller over which the metal strip travels, which cylindrical roller is independently supported at each end on a plate which is pivotally mounted on top of a housing for two load cells situated on opposite sides of the centerline of the strip product. The projections provided on the underside of the plate bear against the load cells in a manner whereby any difference in tension across the width of the strip may be detected as a difference in pressures exerted on the two load cells.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for determining the degree of stiffness of a sheet, for example a banknote, the stiffness being indicative of the condition of the banknote. The banknote (4) is drawn around a bobbin-shaped drum (1) by means of a pair of belts (2, 3) which grip a central portion of the banknote. The inner belt (2) drives or is driven by the central portion of the drum (1). The concave shape of the drum (1) imparts a curvature to the banknote in an axial plane, while the banknote is simultaneously curved in an orthogonal plane as it is wrapped around the drum. As the banknote passes around the drum it emits an audible noise which is picked up by a microphone (5). The amplitude of the microphone signal (7) is proportional to the crispness of the banknote and is indicative of the age of the banknote.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus suitable for accomplishing a roll testing method. The object of the present invention is accomplished by hot rolling steel strip under the specified rolling condition using small size testing apparatus having about a tenth size of the actual rolling mill and good reciprocity like said rolling mill. The wear state (roughness), or new state, of the roll surface is estimated by a known type of surface roughness meter from the roll surface generated after hot-rolling the stell strip by the small size testing apparatus of the present invention. Said testing apparatus has the structure in which both the diameter of the rolls and the circumferential speed of the rolls are about a tenth of those of actual rolling mill and the number of the contact times (contact interval) between the rolls and the stell strip per the rolling time is the same to that of the actual rolling mill.

Abstract: A method for determining statistical characteristics of a measurable property includes the initial step of monitoring the property and generating an electrical signal, the magnitude of which is a representative measure of the property. The electrical signal is passed through a high pass filter to eliminate low frequency noise which would otherwise tend to affect artificially extreme values of the signal. The maxima of the filtered signal is then determined within defined time intervals and extreme value statistical analysis is applied to the maxima of the filtered electrical signal to determine statistical characteristics of the measurable property. This method and apparatus for performing the method may be favorably applied to monitoring weight basis of sheet material, such as paper, as the material is being produced.

Abstract: A double detect device includes first and second parallel and superposed rows of steel balls retained in a block, the first row being in contact with a steel roller whose axis is parallel to the rows of balls. An actuating rod is urged resiliently against an end ball of the second row. In operation, currency notes are fed between the roller and the first row of balls. The passage of a note through the device depresses the balls of the first row thereby urging apart the balls of the second row so as to move the rod. If two superposed notes pass through the device movement of the rod is sufficient to actuate a switch. The device can distinguish between multiple notes and a single note having a localized increase in thickness, since such single note does not move the rod sufficiently to actuate the switch.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for sensing a property of a sheet (18). A sensor element (32) is adapted to be placed alongside the sheet path, and a base member (34) is adapted to be positioned on one side of the sheet and in sliding contact with one surface thereof. The sensor element is enabled to produce a sheet property sensing interaction with the sheet in a limited region of the sheet path, the interaction region being movable to any one of a plurality of sensing locations spaced across the width of the sheet. The base member has a pair of groove portions (44, 46) forming gas conducting channels with open sides exposed to the sheet surface in contact with the base member. Each of the groove portions has a part (40, 40A) extending upstream of the interaction region. The groove portions diverge from each other as they extend in a downstream (20) direction.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining the weight per unit area and/or the thickness of thin material in sheets, for example banknotes, by aid of ultrasonic waves. The device comprises a single- or multi-channel transmitter-receiver arrangement in which the banknote passing through is exposed to a pulsating sound field. The sound is transmitted to the receiver via the banknote which is set vibrating by the sound. For the evaluation of the receiver signal a time interval dependent on the sound propagation time between the transmitter and the receiver is defined which begins when the primary sound arrives at the receiver and ends before reflected portions of the transmitted sound or portions of sound from adjacent transmitters arrive at the receiver. During the time interval the receiver signal which is free from noise signals is integrated. The integration value is a measurement of the density per unit area of the test material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing packages for LSI chips starts with the usual steps of punching holes in green sheets, screening patterning paste (adapted to form cermet conductors or the like after firing) onto the green sheet, and inspecting the green sheets optically. Here, subsets of green sheets are then stacked and compressed into sublaminates. The sublaminates are then functionally inspected electrically. Inspection is done by means of electromechanical contact, scanning electron microscope like techniques, or by other means of irradiating the conductors to energize them for electrical measurement. Measurement may be made between pairs of terminals on only one side of the device being tested, or on both sides of the device. Beams can be applied both top and bottom from a single source or plural sources. Measuring instruments employ various electromechanical techniques as well as electrons, light used photoelectrically, ions, or pneumatic ion jets.

Abstract: A frame for being seated upon the fabric carries first and second spaced apart sensors capable of detecting the leading front of an acceleration wave as it passes each sensor. The first and second sensors each have an output, responsive to the presence of the acceleration wave, which can be coupled to a timer for measuring the time of flight of the acceleration wave between the two sensors. The velocity of the acceleration wave being determined by dividing the time of flight by the distance separating the sensors. An acceleration wave generating mechanism may also be carried by the frame and can include a solenoid oriented so that its armature impacts the fabric perpendicular thereto. Preferably the solenoid is energized by a pulse controlled by a solenoid energizing circuit. A noise immunity circuit connected to the sensors aids in discriminating against noise and transients.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for determining the asbestos fiber release potential of asbestos-containing compositions comprises an impact member which is repeatedly impacted with a selected area of the asbestos-containing composition and in which asbestos fibers which become airborne as a result of the impacts are collected by means of a collector system disposed around the area of impact. The invention has particular utility for the in situ testing of asbestos-containing fire-retardant compositions which have been previously applied to structural elements of buildings.

Abstract: A transducer assembly for monitoring stress in flexible sheet material, by responding directly to stress in the sheet and providing an electrical output which is related to the magnitude of biaxial stresses in the sheet. A transducer, for example of a suitable epoxy, is cast as an inclusion through which the stresses from the material are transferred. According to a preferred embodiment, a hole is made in the fabric material and the coating, if present, is removed from adjacent yarns about the edge of the hole to form an annular region to which the transducer then is securely bonded. If a non-yarn material is used then the epoxy is formed about the material per se. One or more electrical strain gages are affixed to the transducer, to directly sense stresses in the material which are transmitted to the transducer. In other embodiments the transducer is an integral part of a piece of sheet material which in turn is spliced into the overall material to be monitored.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the length of web wound on a bobbin. The apparatus detects the amount of rotation of the bobbin and the amount of feed of the web and detects the amount of roll by an operation on the basis of the detected amounts. The amount of rotation of the bobbin is detected by the pulses generated in response to the rotation of the bobbin and counted by a first counter. The amount of feed of the web is detected by the pulses generated in response to the feeding of the web and counted by a second counter. The amount of roll is calculated by an operation device on the basis of the count values of the first and second counters.

Abstract: To achieve a substantially uniform thickness of film extruded from or coated by a sheet die, the thicknesses of the film are measured over its width and the film is sub-divided widthwise into imaginary sections of equal length. Each film section is associated with a correcting section of the sheet die. If the thickness measurement reveals a thick or thin portion in a film section, the associated correcting section is cooled or heated, respectively. The mean thickness distributions are determined from the measurements and employed as a correcting signal for setting elements of the individual correcting sections.

Abstract: A garment measuring device comprises a standard body resembling a human body and a plurality of contact pieces of curved planes provided with a sensor for detecting the contact pressure exerted by the garment and protrusibly disposed at necessary positions of the standard body. With this device, measurement of a given garment is effected by putting the garment on the standard body, allowing the contact pieces to protrude from the standard body until they reach the garment, and calculating the sizes of the garment on the basis of the amounts of protrusion of the contact pieces.

Abstract: A method of measuring the stretch of a conveyor belt, wherein opposite ends of a belt having embedded therein steel cord cores in the longitudinal direction thereof are joined to each other, including: previously providing magnetic marks at two positions spaced apart a given distance from each other and interposing a joint of the steel cord cores of the conveyor belt therebetween; disposing two magnetic sensors spaced a given distance apart from each other in the running direction of the conveyor belt, in adjacent but non-contacting relation to the conveyor belt; detecting a period of time during which either one of the two magnetic marks moves across the two magnetic sensors during running of the conveyor belt and measuring the running speed of the conveyor belt based on the period of time and a distance across the two magnetic sensors; detecting also during running of the conveyor belt a time at which one of the magnetic marks in front in the running direction of the conveyor belt reaches one of the magneti

Abstract: A device for assisting in the prediction of the effects that a treatment, e.g. heat-setting, will have upon a textile fabric comprises a frame which defines an interior area, securing members for securing a textile fabric to the frame so as to cover the interior area, and an angularly displacable portion of the frame to vary the dimensional characteristic of the interior area so as to impart proportional and varying tension and extension to the fabric thereby aiding in the determination of the effects of the treatment thereon over a wide range of tension and extension parameters. The fabric is positioned on the frame, the frame is angularly displaced a predetermined amount and subsequently treated, and the treatment's effect are determined.

Abstract: This invention relates to a detection system for determining the lateral weave or sinosoidal variation in the edges of a continuous strip of sheet metal during an uncoiling and coiling operation. The detection of the weave permits prompt corrective action to be taken. The system comprises an apparatus positioned along one edge of the line on which the coil is being processed after the sheet exits a rotary cutting knife. It operates to scan the edges of the sheet for lateral weave from the center line of the rotary shear.

Abstract: An interlayer material is scanned prior to laminating same with glass sheets to generate a thickness variation signal, a wedge angle signal and an optical power signal. The signals are then selectively filtered to determine the thickness variation, wedge angle and optical power of the interlayer after lamination.

Abstract: A swatch remover for sampling a web such as fabric or cloth moving in open width from a loom to take-up mechanism is illustrated as having an upright transverse frame member which is pivoted outboard of the winder adjacent each end thereof, and which may be pivoted downwardly for facilitating the extending of a length of cloth for swatch removal and later rejoining as by sewing.

Abstract: An interlayer material is scanned prior to laminating same with glass sheets to generate a thickness variation signal, a wedge angle signal and an optical power signal. The signals are then selectively filtered to determine the thickness variation, wedge angle and optical power of the interlayer after lamination.

Abstract: A limpness detector for examining documents at high speed. A pair of rollers having star-like cross-sectional configurations comprised of substantially V-shaped projections and interspaced V-shaped grooves are cooperatively arranged so that the projections of one of said rollers at least partially enter into the grooves of the other. The rollers are rotated in a synchronous manner. One swingably mounted roller is preferably yieldably urged toward the other. Documents to be examined are fed between the rollers and, depending upon their relative limpness or stiffness, serve to "lift" the swingable roller such that the amount of displacement between the rollers is a function of document limpness. Sensor means is utilized to detect the amount of displacement. Threshold detection circuitry is provided to facilitate calssification of the documents into limp, moderately stiff and stiff documents, for example. The apparatus may also be utilized to detect the presence of overlapping and/or multiply-fed documents.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting faults in inherent flatness in a moving stretched strip, comprising a deflector roll in the form of a cylinder covered by a thin casing. Cavities are machined in the cylinder and arranged on a helix traced on the roll. Each cavity contains a displacement detector whose moving part in contact with the inner surface of the thin casing moves in the radial direction of the roll under the action of the stresses exerted by the sheet. The detectors have a primary winding and a secondary winding through which passes a core, solid with the moving part of the detector. The apparatus includes an optical encoding system for marking the angular position of the roll and a programming apparatus for sending a pulse of current to the primary windings of the detectors once under load and once not under load. A collector and processor for the emitted signals allow calculation of the values proportional to the tension in the strip, along its width.

Abstract: A process for monitoring solvent content in a ceramic green sheet wherein the green sheet is partially supported so that a portion of the sheet is free to sag under the influence of gravity, with or without any additional force to enhance or minimize the sag, measuring the rate of sag of the portion of the sheet free to sag, and comparing the rate of sag to a correlation standard of rate of sag versus solvent content of the green sheet under test to determine acceptability.

Abstract: A high temperature outdoor weathering chamber approximating the passenger compartment of an automobile body for testing the effect of natural sunlight on material fibers and colors. The chamber comprises a box having insulated side and end walls and a hinged closure of standard automobile glass. The hinged glass closure provides access through the top of the box to a sample rack that is positioned below the glass closure to support samples for exposure to solar radiation.An aluminum heat shield is positioned below the sample rack. The chamber is constructed and arranged so that air enters an air intake at the bottom of the box, flows through thermostatically controlled heater strips, then beneath the heat shield and out an exhaust outlet at the opposite end of the box above the level of the heat shield. Airflow is solely by convection.

Abstract: Tension in a moving web is measured by subjecting the web to an ultrasonic pulse train and measuring the time interval for the resultant transverse waves in the web to proceed a known distance past a point upstream (or downstream). The composite web plus wave velocity is calculated and the web travel time is added (or subtracted) to obtain wave velocity which is related to tension in accordance with the equation T=a.sup.2 w/g.sub.c, where T=web tension, a=wave velocity, w=mass per unit area and g.sub.c =lb mass ft/lb force sec.sup.2 conversion factor.

Abstract: Rain resistance of fabrics and garments or other articles made therefrom is tested by subjecting the fabric or article to simulated rain and observing the time taken to first penetration, then observing the extent of penetration after a predetermined time after the first penetration. The longer the time to first penetration, and the less penetration after a given further time, the more resistant is the fabric. Penetration is determined by the penetrated rain altering the electrical resistance between contacts in an array; and the extent of penetration is observed by displaying the contacts made.

Abstract: Apparatus for supporting transducer heads in a transducer measuring device that is used for measuring or monitoring characteristics of a continuously produced or processed strip material. The apparatus occupies a minimum amount of space and provides for angularly raising the upper transducer head from its measuring position in a direction which is coincident with the direction of travel of the strip material in order to minimize the danger of damage to the head and give ready access to the strip material.