Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting and alerting to likely leaks in an electronic display assembly are provided. An electronic display assembly includes an electronic display, a testing area, and a differential pressure sensor fluidly connected to ambient air in an ambient environment and gas within the testing area. A controller determines one or more differential pressure readings based on data received from the differential pressure sensor, and generates and transmits an electronic notification where the differential pressure readings are below a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Electronic display assemblies providing enhanced leak detection, and systems and methods related to the same, are provided. A differential pressure sensor detects a differential pressure between an ambient environment and a testing area of the electronic display assembly. A controller determines differential pressure readings based on data received from the differential pressure sensor and selectively generates electronic notifications based on said differential pressure readings.

Abstract: A method of inspecting a leak detection system in a short time is disclosed. The leak detection system includes a leak detection line, an on-off valve, a flow mater, an operation controller configured to detect a fluid leak from a fluid line based on a first flow rate measured by the flow mater, a drain line, and a drain valve attached to the drain line. The inspection method includes: opening the on-off valve and the drain valve, with a supply valve and a return valve closed; measuring a second flow rate of fluid in the leak detection line by the flow mater; and determining that the leak detection system has a defect when the second flow rate is lower than a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: A test method for a semiconductor device comprising a substrate wafer (1), in which an element is formed and a material through which an infrared ray can be transmitted, and a package having an airtight space (7) between a cap wafer (3), which is provided opposite to the substrate wafer (1); and which includes a water applying process in which the semiconductor device is exposed to a high moisture atmosphere and a leak discrimination process in which an infrared ray from the semiconductor device is detected and a leak of the package is discriminated based on absorption of the infrared ray by water molecules.

Abstract: A vacuum-insulated container (1) comprises a container body (2) and a container lid (3). The container body (2) is formed from an inner body shell (8) and an outer body shell (6), which are both made of a metal material. A core (7) is provided between the inner body (shell 8) and the outer body shell (6), and a seal (11) connects to (flanges 12) of the inner body shell (8) and the outer body shell (6), so as to define an intermediate vacuum space (10) surrounding the core (7). A compressible gasket (17) is provided to protect the seal (11). The lid (103) has two pair of fasteners (122) hingedly connected to opposing sides of the lid (103). Each of the fasteners (122) is releasably connectable to the body (102) whilst the lid is in a closed position with respect to the body.

Abstract: A method for leak testing includes a leak testing step and a reference leak step. In the leak testing step, a hollow work 20 as a test object is encapsulated in a work capsule 11. A test pressure is supplied to the work capsule 11 through a path 2a connected to the work capsule. A variation of pressure inside the work capsule 11 is detected in a condition in which the path 2a is shut-off, and a judgment is made whether a leakage through the work is generated based on the detected output. In the reference leak step, a reference leak device 30 having a known pinhole 31a is mounted on a work 20? for reference leakage that is same as the work 20 as the test object. The work 20? for reference leakage is encapsulated in the work capsule 11. The test pressure is supplied to the work capsule 11 via the path 2a, and a reference leakage is generated in the work 20? for reference leakage via the reference leak device 30 in a condition in which the path 2a is shut-off.

Abstract: A flange connection set includes a modified compact flange, having a channel for external-internal seal tests, coupled to a connecting component, and coupled between the compact flange and the connecting component, there is a KX sealing ring with a radius closer to the radius of the conduit. Different types of keys provide the flange connection the ability to withstand high shear and torsional loads without affecting its operation, while also resisting high bending moment loads and preserving the integrity of the sealing ring and the fasteners.

Abstract: A flexible lid seal detector incorporates a compression body having a cavity including a sensor. The detector has a distal end comprising a plurality of concentric compression rings surrounding the cavity. An outer-most ring is defined by outer and inner shaping rims. The distal end includes a recessed lid deflection volume defined by the inner rim and a distal surface of the compression body. The deflection volume may receive a portion of a flexible lid when at least one of the rings applies a compressive force thereto, thereby deforming the lid into the deflection volume. The deflection volume may include a second compression ring and its respective inner and outer shaping rims. A seal detector system may include the detector with a controller configured to receive data from the sensor for a predetermined period of time while the detector applies the compressive force to the lid.

Abstract: A method of detecting leakage within a chassis includes mounting the chassis on a plate disposed in a sealed chamber and fluidly connecting, by a pipe, an interior space of the sealed chamber to a water tank such that a bottom end of the pipe is under a surface of water in the water tank. The method further includes determining, such as observing, whether bubbles are formed at the bottom end of the pipe due to pressurized air flowing into the pipe. The method also includes determining presence of a leak in the chassis due to pressurized air flowing between the chassis and the sealed chamber, before flowing into the pipe.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for detecting a defect in a sealed container are provided. The method includes: placing the sealed container in a pressure chamber; filling the chamber with a liquid that is saturated by a test gas such that the sealed container is fully submerged; subjecting the chamber to a pressurized volume of a gaseous mixture that includes the test gas, and then removing the sealed container from the chamber; performing a laser-based headspace analysis of the sealed container in order to measure a partial pressure of the test gas; and using a result thereof to determine whether the sealed container has the defect. The defect may be located on a body of the sealed container that is at or below a level of a product that is contained within the sealed container.

Abstract: A bag for containing a biopharmaceutical product includes at least one fluid input/output port and a measurement opening remote from the fluid port. A probe holder port has a body with an axial through-bore and a peripheral collar with a second fastening zone and defining a fastening plane. A contact probe, extending in the axial through-bore, is assembled on the probe holder port, has an active measurement end portion in contact with the product, and has an end portion opposite the end portion. The probe holder port includes a transition portion between the body and the collar, which extends between a radially central end portion of the collar and a first axial end portion of the body. The first axial end portion is the axial end portion closest to the radially central end portion of the collar. The first axial end portion is disposed on the outer side relative to the fastening plane, and the active measurement end portion is axially disposed on the outer side relative to the fastening plane.

Abstract: A method for testing a test specimen for the presence of a leak using a film chamber for accommodating the test specimen, wherein the film chamber comprises walls enclosing a film chamber volume, which walls include at least one flexible wall area, comprising the steps of: placing the test specimen into the film chamber, and closing the film chamber, characterized in that complete closing of the film chamber is determined on the basis of the signal of a position measuring device which detects the relative position of the film chamber walls with respect to each other.

Abstract: An assembly (10) to engage seemingly closed bags (11) that contain a product. The assembly (10) includes a conveyor (14) that has a length (16) that is moved in a conveying direction (17). A compression device (24) is adjustable in respective distance from the length (17) by a “parallelogram” arrangement. The compression device (24) engages the bags (11) and compresses the bag (11) against the length (12), with sensors (33 and 34) providing a signal indicative of the depth of the bags (11), and therefore a signal indicative of bags (11).

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for testing the integrity of a package, the apparatus comprising a first volume detecting means for detecting a first volume of the package at a first position; conveying means for moving the package from the first position to a second position downstream from the first position; compression means for providing a compression force on the package; a second volume detecting means for detecting a second volume of the package at the second position; determining means for determining the integrity of the package based upon a change in volume of the package; and rejecting means for removing packages, the integrity of which is determined by the determining means not to be intact, wherein the determining means is in electronic signal communication with each volume detecting means independently, wherein the determining means is in electronic signal communication with the rejecting means, wherein the compression means is located above a portion of the conveying means and w

Abstract: A leak inspection device includes an inspection mechanism that executes a first inspection process for compressing the insides of a first inspection chamber and a reference chamber, and inspecting the first inspection chamber for a pressure leak based on a differential pressure therebetween, and a second inspection process for compressing the insides of a second inspection chamber and the reference chamber, and inspecting the second inspection chamber for a pressure leak based on a differential pressure therebetween, a first pre-compression valve that opens and closes a first pre-compression path, and a control device that opens, during the execution of the first inspection process, the first pre-compression valve to pre-compress the second inspection chamber, and causes, in a state where the inside of the second inspection chamber is pre-compressed, the inspection mechanism to execute the second inspection process.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a test chamber and a pressure-application structure. The pressure-application structure is configured to apply a force on a device under test within the test chamber in response to a vacuum being drawn in the test chamber. The force has a magnitude that is proportional to a difference between an external pressure outside the test chamber and an internal pressure within the test chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the gross leak measurement of an at least partially incompressible test object (18) in a film chamber (12) that comprises at least one flexible wall region and is connected, in a gas-conducting manner, to a pressure sensor (30), a vacuum pump (26) and, by way of a calibration valve (34), to a calibration chamber (36) enclosing a calibration volume (37), comprising the steps of evacuating the film chamber (12), measuring the pressure curve within the film chamber (12) after the evacuation is completed, connecting, in a gas-conducting manner, the calibration volume (37) to the inner volume of the film chamber (12) during the measurement of the pressure curve, the pressure being measured before the gas-conducting connection is established, and with the gas-conducting connection established, to the film chamber (12), and the pressure in the calibration chamber (36) prior to the connection to the film chamber (12) being higher or lower than the pressure in the film chamber (12

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a bag in the interior space of a container and for testing said bag, and to a system for this purpose, to a computer program product for execution, and to the use of the system for the methods.

Abstract: A method for testing a container (11) having an interior volume (12) for tightness, comprising the following steps: providing the container (11) in a pressure chamber (10) and reducing pressure within the pressure chamber (10) or increasing pressure within the container (11) as far as a predefined test pressure, ascertaining a pressure profile (100) within the pressure chamber (10) over time, comparing the pressure profile (100) to a reference profile (200) in order to determine whether a leak is present within the container (11), wherein ambient conditions of the container (11) and/or the pressure chamber (10) are monitored and the reference profile (200) is adapted to changing ambient conditions.

Abstract: There is provided a leak detection system for detecting breaches in sealed food containers. The leak detection system comprises air-sample testing equipment configured to test the composition of an air sample provided to the air-sample testing equipment. At least one pressing member is provided configured to, in use, apply pressure to the sealed food container located in an air-sampling region. At least one air-sampling port is located in the air-sampling region. An air sample conduit is provided extending between the at least one air-sampling port and the air-sample testing equipment. In use, the at least one air-sampling port takes an air sample from the air-sampling region at least during or after the at least one pressing member applies pressure to the sealed food container in the air-sampling region and communicates said air sample through the air sample conduit to the air-sample testing equipment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for verifying sealing integrity in a portable electronic device. One method includes raising, with an electronic processor, an internal temperature of the portable electronic device. The method includes, when the internal temperature exceeds a threshold, determining whether a vent port of the portable electronic device is closed. The method includes, when the vent port is closed, receiving, from a pressure sensor, a first internal pressure for the portable electronic device. The method includes, after a cool down period has elapsed, receiving, from the pressure sensor, a second internal pressure for the portable electronic device. The method includes determining, based on the first and second internal pressures, a pressure drop rate. The method includes determining a sealing integrity indication based on the pressure drop rate. The method includes providing a test result output based on the sealing integrity indication.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for the detection of a leak between a container and a flexible cover secured about an opening in the container. The apparatus comprises a vacuum chamber for receiving the container, a pressure indicating sensor coupled to a controller; and a sensor support. The sensor is positioned on the sensor support wherein, in operation, the sensor is located in close proximity to the container cover such that when the container is within the vacuum chamber and subjected to a vacuum condition, gases within the container cause the cover to expand at the location of a leak between the cover and the container. Upon contact with the cover the sensor generates a signal received by the controller to indicate both the detection and the location of the leak about the opening in the container.

Abstract: A method of checking a sealing state of a housing includes starting an operation of a pressure sensor configured to measure an internal pressure of the housing. The method includes checking whether or not the housing is pressed. The method further includes checking the sealing state of the housing through checking a measured value of the pressure sensor under a pressure of the housing. An apparatus for checking a sealing state of a housing includes the housing configured to keep an internal space thereof sealed off from an outside, a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of the internal space, and an interface unit configured to provide to the pressure sensor a control signal that controls an operation of the pressure sensor, and provide pressure information detected through the pressure sensor.

Abstract: Blowout preventers, fluid pressure systems and portions thereof may be tested for leaks by calculating an Apparent Compressibility Factor which is determined during initial pressurization of the system to the test pressure. The equivalent decay rate is calculated by measuring the amount of intensifying fluid required to be added to maintain the system at the test pressure level. The equivalent decay rate in psi per minute is then compared to the acceptable decay rate for the pressure level of the test to determine if the system passed the test.

Abstract: The leak test for a flexible pouch specifically designed to contain a biopharmaceutical fluid includes the following steps: the flexible pouch is sandwiched between two plates which have an internal surface able to allow gas which escape from a hole on the flexible pouch flowing out of an external surface of the flexible pouch, a gas is introduced within the flexible pouch, and the pressure within the flexible pouch is measured.

Abstract: The method for testing the integrity of a seal of a cavity in an engine includes providing a sealed test tank external to the cavity, the test tank having an internal volume that is particularly selected, as described herein. A pressure differential is generated between the test tank and the cavity, by creating an initial test pressure within the test tank that is different than an ambient pressure inside the cavity. Gas flow between the test tank and the cavity is then permitted, and a change in pressure within the test tank is measured, as is a test time required for the pressure inside the test tank to reach a reference pressure. The measured test time is compared with a predetermined reference time, and the integrity of the seal may be confirmed when the test time is greater than or equal to the reference time.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a canister for packaging and delivering a product such as, but not limited to, infant formula. The canister of the invention includes a container and cover. The cover includes a base and a lid with the base including an easy-open sealing material and/or a utensil for dispensing the product and docking station for holding the utensil when not in use. This invention is further directed to an apparatus and method for the in-line sterilization of the cover during the manufacture thereof. The invention is further directed to an apparatus and method for the in-line detection of leaks in the canister for quality assurance.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a result of a benchmark leak detection test for a pressure system and determining whether the result indicates that a leak is present in the pressure system. In response to the result of the benchmark leak detection test indicating that a leak is not present in the pressure system, the method includes performing a subsequent leak detection test for the pressure system, comparing a result of the subsequent leak detection test to the result of the benchmark leak detection test, and determining, based on the comparison, whether the subsequent leak detection test indicates that a leak is not present in the pressure system. A time to determine whether a leak is not present based on the comparison is less than a time to determine whether a leak is not present based on the benchmark leak detection test.

Abstract: Method for testing the water resistance of at least one timepiece, wherein it comprises the following stages: E1—Measuring the rate of the timepiece when subjected to a first external pressure, in particular atmospheric pressure, in order to obtain a first reference rate value; E2—Measuring the rate of a timepiece when subjected to a second external pressure inside a pressurization chamber, in order to obtain a second rate value under pressure; E3—Comparing the rate value under pressure and the reference rate value in order to deduce therefrom the presence or otherwise of a deficiency in the water resistance in the event of a variation in excess of a predefined threshold.

Abstract: A method of detecting whether a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device is hermetic includes applying at least three voltage differences between a movable part and a sensor electrode of the MEMS device to measure at least three effective capacitances, calculating a capacitance-to-voltage curve and an offset voltage of the MEMS device according to the at least three effective capacitances; and determining whether the offset voltage is within a predetermined range to determine whether MEMS device is hermetic.

Abstract: A seal testing system provides an indicator of the tightness of seals in packaging of the seal testing system includes at least partially light permeable thermoplastic film providing two flexible layers that are impermeable for liquid and that are circumferentially sealed to define chambers that store a seal testing fluid and that are interconnected via a narrowed intermediate passage. At least section of a seal between the film layers is weakened to allow release of the seal testing fluid when pressure is introduced in the chambers.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an airtight test apparatus and an airtight test method using the same for testing an airtight property of a case assembled with a plurality of additional members thereon in which the case has through holes corresponding to the additional members. The airtight test apparatus comprises a base, a top plate and a plurality of sealing members selectively and detachably disposed on the top plate. The top plate is capable of moving towards the base to allow the sealing members to correspondingly seal the through holes. During test, the case is placed on the base to form a gas chamber, an air-extracting is performed for the gas chamber and an air pressure is detected. When the detected air pressure is larger than a predetermined value, the sealing members can be selectively utilized to seal the corresponding through holes for determining which through holes have poor airtight property.

Abstract: The invention relates to a simplified method for detecting leaks on a non-rigid test specimen, comprising the steps of: introducing the test specimen into a film chamber, lowering the pressure in the film chamber outside of said test specimen, and detecting a leak in the test specimen on the basis of a spatial change in the film of said film chamber.

Abstract: There is provided a method of channel leakage detection in a medical device having one or more channels and a housing having an internal volume surrounding at least a portion of the one or more channels, comprising the steps of (a) pressurizing one or more of the channels by introducing air or gas into the channel; and (b) detecting leakage by monitoring pressure increase in the internal volume of the housing.

Abstract: The invention discloses a plastic packaging material testing system and method based on internet of things and cloud technology. It includes: cloud computing center, this system module achieves the data communication, data storage and data processing between the customers and testing laboratory. There is public or private cloud for cloud computing center. For the private cloud, data will be stored as a separated group of data in the database server based on the private infrastructure which is provided by the system provider. The system provider provides the most effective control of data, data security and the service quality. For the public cloud, system provider ensures the system running and provides the data service by renting available cloud which is provided by the third party provider.

Abstract: A plastic packaging material testing system and method based on an internet of things and cloud technology including a cloud computing center that achieves data communication, data storage and data processing between customers and testing laboratory, computing center includes a private and public cloud. With the function of the internet of things, the testing system modules achieve the automatic acquisition, storage, parsing and transmission of the testing information and testing data. It combines test methods, testing instruments, modern logistics technology and software system together, which solves the problems that current testing instruments cannot achieve the massive test data storage and internet technology applications and avoids the one-time investment on the instruments purchasing and laboratory construction.

Abstract: A testing device includes a test gas container, which is provided with a test leak for producing a test gas flow at a predefined leakage rate. The test leak includes at least one capillary tube, which connects the interior of the test gas container to the outer surroundings of the test gas container in a gas-conducting manner. The test gas container is at least partially made of a flexible material.

Abstract: A device for detecting leaks or weaknesses in a flexible package. The device includes a first member having a non-conductive surface, a second member secured in a position adjacent the first member, and a control system. The second member has an electrically conductive first portion and an electrically conductive second portion. The electrically conductive first portion of the second member is normally electrically insulated from the electrically conductive second portion of the second member. The control system is arranged to detect an electrical current between the electrically conductive first portion and the electrically conductive second portion. The second member may be positioned relative the first member to compress a flexible package between the first member and the second member.

Abstract: A method for testing a seal of a part that includes an electrolyte of an electrochemical cell, the method including: forming a closed cavity delimited by a first outer surface of the part including the electrolyte to be tested; contacting a second outer surface of the part, opposite the first surface, with a first fluid; circulating a second fluid, separate from the first fluid, through the closed cavity between an inlet and an outlet of this cavity; and analyzing the fluid extracted via the outlet of the cavity, to detect possible presence of the first fluid.

Abstract: The electronic device (1) is provided with an automatic leak detection means, notably for a gas leak, in the case (2) of the device. The automatic leak detection means includes an internal pressure sensor (3), an external pressure sensor (4) and a calculation unit (5) connected to the internal pressure sensor and to the external pressure sensor. The calculation unit, which is a microcontroller, and the internal pressure sensor are arranged inside the case, whereas the external pressure sensor is arranged on an external surface of the case. The microcontroller (5) checks, based on measurements performed by the pressure sensors over time, whether the pressure variation inside the case is different from the pressure variation outside the case to determine whether or not the case has a sufficient degree of sealing.

Abstract: The leak detection device using hydrogen as a tracer gas is intended to be connected to an object to be tested. The leak detection device includes a hydrogen sensor placed in a low-pressure enclosure and includes a diode, a resistor, a MOS-type transistor whose gate is covered with a palladium catalyst, a pump connected to the low-pressure enclosure, a pressure gauge configured to measure the pressure in a vacuum line formed by the low-pressure enclosure connected to the pump, and a multiway valve having a first port allowing admission of the gas flow containing the tracer gas into the vacuum line, and a second port allowing the admission of neutral gas. The method makes it possible to stabilize the pressure of the vacuum line in order to avoid fluctuations in the hydrogen measurements.

Abstract: A canister for measuring the natural gas content of rock cores which (1) has an inner core-containment bag made of non-permeable plastic which can be flash evacuated, collapsing around the core and thus minimizing the amount of air present and improving the quality of the gas analyses and (2) which prevents the released gas from reacting with the outer canister. A procedure for using gas-sampling bags to periodically collect the gas released from the core so that (1) the volume of released gas can be measured at a later date using more convenient and precise laboratory methods, (2) the gas can be readily transported and stored, and (3) the gas can be easily submitted for analysis.

Abstract: Provided herein are water-tight, portable endoscopes that include the light and power source incorporated into a sealed compartment (also referred to herein as sealed canister) within the endoscope handle. The description also features water-tight, endoscope handles that include the light and power source incorporated into a sealed canister within the handle. In some embodiments, the sealed compartment contains all of the electronic components of the endoscope.

Abstract: For leak testing closed containers (9) which are filled with a filling product containing at least one liquid component the container is introduced in a test cavity (1) which is evacuated at least down to vapour pressure of that liquid component. The pressure in the surrounding of the container (9) and thus within test cavity (1) is monitored. Monitoring is performed by a vacuum pressure sensor (7), whereas lowering pressure surrounding the container (9) is performed by a vacuum pump (5). Leakage is detected by monitoring a pressure change in the surrounding of the container which is due to evaporation of liquid emerging from a leak and being evaporated in the low pressure surrounding.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for localizing a defect in an electrochemical store (165). The method includes a step of controlling the temperature of a subarea (145, 150, 155, 160, 170) of the electrochemical store (165) to increase an internal pressure of the subarea (145, 150, 155, 160, 170), a step of detecting a measured value which represents an escape of a component from the subarea (145, 150, 155, 160, 170) occurring in response to the increased internal pressure of the subarea (145, 150, 155, 160, 170), and a step of localizing the defect in the subarea (145, 150, 155, 160, 170) when the measured value is in a predetermined relation to a comparison value.

Abstract: Apparatuses for evaluating the integrity of a container seal and methods of using same are provided. The apparatuses include a sealed container having a conductive fluid and a first probe therein, a conductive solution bath having a second probe therein, a conductivity meter and a pressurized fluid supply. A pressurized fluid is supplied from fluid supply to an interior of the sealed container through the first probe until the seal on sealed container ruptures, first and second probes create an electrical circuit, and the conductivity meter detects a flow of electrons between the two probes. In this manner, apparatuses of the present disclosure are able to quantify the amount of internal pressure in the container at the time the container seal ruptures.

Abstract: A method of detecting leaks and measuring volumes as well as a device, the Power-free Pump Module (PPM), provides a self-contained leak test and volume measurement apparatus that requires no external sources of electrical power during leak testing or volume measurement. The PPM is a portable, pneumatically-controlled instrument capable of generating a vacuum, calibrating volumes, and performing quantitative leak tests on a closed test system or device, all without the use of alternating current (AC) power. Capabilities include the ability is to provide a modest vacuum (less than 10 Torr) using a venturi pump, perform a pressure rise leak test, measure the gas's absolute pressure, and perform volume measurements. All operations are performed through a simple rotary control valve which controls pneumatically-operated manifold valves.

Abstract: A leak detection method for an air bed having an air chamber comprises adjusting the air chamber to a predetermined pressure level, sensing a first pressure value of the air chamber after a first time interval, sensing a second pressure value of the air chamber after a second time interval, determining a pressure change in the air chamber, detecting whether the air chamber is leaking by comparing the pressure change with a second pressure value, and displaying a leak detection indicator. In one embodiment, the second pressure value is a pressure change in a second air chamber. In another embodiment, the second pressure value is an expected pressure change of the air chamber that is calculated based upon changes in ambient temperature and barometric pressure.

Abstract: Manufactured capped MEMS device wafers are tested for hermeticity on a vacuum prober at differing pressures or on a wafer prober at differing temperatures. Resonant frequency testing is conducted. Leaking MEMS devices are distinguished from the remaining MEMS devices on the basis of quality factor (“Q”) measurements obtained from the resonant frequency testing.

Abstract: An apparatus for integrity testing a first container having a flexible body at least partially defining a first interior chamber using a second container having a second, preferably sterilized interior chamber at least partially filled with a detectable gas. A sensor associated with a detection chamber for receiving the flexible container, and possibly the second container as well, senses the presence of the detectable gas external to the first interior chamber in the event of a leak of the detectable gas therefrom. Related methods also involve integrity testing of fluid processing bags and other types of flexible containers.