Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a risk prevention method based on energy of natural gas in a full cycle, including: obtaining loss data of natural gas based on metering equipment, wherein the loss data of the natural gas includes metering data of the natural gas consumed in a measured area during a plurality of time periods; obtaining output data of natural gas, wherein the output data of the natural gas includes metering data of the natural gas transmitted by a gas supplier in the measured area during the plurality of time periods; based on the processing of loss data of natural gas and output data of natural gas, determining whether natural gas transmission is abnormal.

Abstract: The failure diagnosis apparatus whether or not a failure exists in a fuel-evaporation-gas purging system that a negative pressure in an intake system of an internal combustion engine is introduced into an accumulator and pressure accumulation is performed in a time period from a time when a driver turns off an ignition key to a time when the internal combustion engine stops its rotation, that the accumulated negative pressure is introduced into a fuel-evaporation-gas path before the internal combustion engine stops the rotation or after the internal combustion engine has stopped the rotation, and that in a time from a time when after the internal combustion engine has stopped the rotation, the driver again turns on the ignition key to a time when the internal combustion engine starts, it is determined whether or not a pressure change in the fuel-evaporation-gas path exists.

Abstract: A method for recognizing the presence of leakages from sealed containers includes defining a detection zone in which a sealed container will be placed, putting the detection zone in communication with at least one gas sensor through at least one duct, introducing a flushing gas into the detection zone through the duct, placing a container in the detection zone; and sucking a gas flow from the detection zone through the duct and transferring it to a first sensor. The gas flow that reaches the first sensor is either transferred to a second sensor or to the first sensor for a second time. The signals generated by the two sensors, or the two signals generated by the same sensor, are processed for determining the presence of a gas leakage in the container.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a leak detector (1), a probe head (10) for a leak detector, a method (100) of leak detection using the leak detector and use of the leak detector. The probe head (10) comprises a clamp (14), which forms a chamber (16) in closed position (22). The probe head comprises activation means (18) for shifting the clamp between an open position (20) and the closed position (22) by interaction with a pipe section (2). The leak detector (1) comprises a common conduit (60) configured for detecting purpose and for purging the sample area.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus are provided for estimating a flux of fugitive gas emissions. The method is performed using a gas analyzer coupled to a sampling wand, where gas enters the inlet tip of the sampling wand prior to being sampled by the gas analyzer. The sampling wand is fixed to a mobile device that includes an inertial measurement unit. Location information from the inertial measurement unit is used to compile a high resolution geo-spatial map of gas concentration levels across a cross-sectional area of a gas plume. A near-field Gaussian plume inversion calculation is then performed to estimate the flux based on the gas concentration data and the location information.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for assessing a pipeline failure based on a smart gas Internet of Things (IoT). The method is implemented by a smart gas safety management platform of an IoT system for smart gas pipeline network safety management, and the method includes obtaining at least one first failure risk in a gas pipeline and a downstream user feature, generating a plurality of candidate gas processing schemes based on the at least one first failure risk, and determining at least one second failure risk based on the at least one first failure risk and at least one of the candidate gas processing schemes.

Abstract: The electrical connections of a chamber or enclosure for a water tub can be protected through the use of spill element sensors. The spill element sensors can help to disable the delivery of power to the heater of a water tub in the event that the electrical connections become wet.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method, a system and an electronic device for configuring the electronic device. The method and system comprise steps of configuring the electronic device by a profile server. The profile server receives sensor information, determines a profile substantially based on the sensor information, retrieves a configuration based on the profile, and then configure the electronic device substantially based on the configuration. In one variant, the configuration of the electronic device may be performed by a profile management module of the electronic device.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product for performing a respirator fit test. An example aspect is configured to: instruct a user to select a respirator; instruct the user to connect at least one set of tubing to the respirator and a fit testing device; instruct the user to don the respirator; prompt the user to begin the respirator fit test; perform the respirator fit test upon receiving a positive response from the user; detect at a processor, a signal from the respirator fit testing device; analyze data of the respirator fit test on the processor; troubleshoot at least one failure of the respirator fit test when a failing fit factor is detected; display to the user a subset of videos on a graphical user interface to correct the failure; and, perform the respirator fit test at least a second time.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a leakage oil detection device for detecting leakage oil in an oil filled apparatus including: a light source configured to irradiate the apparatus; an imaging device configured to capture an image of the apparatus; a control device configured to control operations of the light source and the imaging device; a storage device configured to store a captured image; an image processing device configured to process the stored image; and a display device configured to display a processing result. The light source and the imaging device are arranged to capture specular reflection light from a surface of the apparatus as a target object. The image processing device recognizes a brightest portion and an adjacent dark portion on the image as leakage oil adhesion portions when a three-layer structure of luminance having bright portions having different luminances and a dark portion is observed in the image.

Abstract: A system for heat exchange and leak detection is generally provided, the system including a heat exchanger including a first wall defining a first passage containing a first fluid. A leak detection enclosure containing a leak detection medium is defined between the first wall and a second wall surrounding the first wall.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a refrigerant circuit, sensors that measure an amount representing a state of refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit, and a controller. The controller executes normal operation according to air conditioning load and a first detection operation of detecting refrigerant leakage. The controller adjusts a degree of subcooling at an outlet of the condenser to a first value during normal operation. The controller detects a value related to discharge temperature of the compressor or a value related to degree of superheating at an outlet of the evaporator, based on a sensor measurement result. The controller adjusts degree of subcooling to a second value larger than the first value when executing the first detection operation, and determines that refrigerant is leaking when the value related to discharge temperature of the compressor or the value related to degree of superheating is equal to or larger than a threshold value.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of modelling a hydraulic network comprising pipes and pressure monitoring points, the method comprising: creating a model comprising a plurality of nodes and a plurality of edges connecting the nodes; wherein each node represents a pressure monitoring point within the hydraulic network, and each edge connects two nodes and represents an amalgamation of the pipes of the network that span between the pressure monitoring points represented by the two nodes.

Abstract: A method, an Internet of Things system, and a medium for smart gas maintenance management order dispatch warning are provided. The method comprises: assigning a gas work order to an order receiver in response to an assignment module, and determining an warning characteristic of the gas work order; wherein, determining the warning characteristic of the gas work order comprise: based on the fault location characteristic of the gas work order, determining the traffic warning value through the traffic warning value determination module; determining the fault warning value based on the gas fault characteristic of the gas work order through the fault warning value determination module; in response to the warning monitoring module monitoring that the warning characteristic meet the preset condition, providing a warning to the order receiver by the warning module.

Abstract: A method of assessing a membrane, including calculating fluid dynamic characteristics of at least one of a membrane and a material to be passed through the membrane, where the material comprises particles; obtaining characteristic of at least one force acting on the particles of the material to be passed through the membrane due to the interaction between the particles and the membrane, the at least one force being an intermolecular force; combining the calculated fluid dynamic characteristic and the obtained characteristics to assess the flow of the material through the membrane; and optimizing at least one characteristics of the membrane in relation to the material. The membrane includes a plurality of rows and a plurality of teardrop structures arranged in the plurality of rows. The teardrop structures in each row are arranged at substantially the same angle with respect to an anticipated direction of flow through the membrane.

Abstract: A transient pressure event detection system and method for a pipeline network are disclosed. The system includes a data repository encoding route data on the pipeline network, a data receiver configured to receive timestamped pipeline sensor data from each of a plurality of sensors that are spaced apart in the pipeline network, use the sensor data received to identify a transient pressure event occurrence and the timestamp for the event occurrence's arrival time, determine routes in the pipeline network between the sensors, for each route determine a potential source location in the pipeline network for the transient pressure event, perform a simulated transient event for each potential source location and determine a modelled arrival time of a transient corresponding to the event, compare the timestamp of the event occurrence with the modelled arrival time and select the potential source location corresponding to the closest modelled arrival time.

Abstract: There is provided a fit testing method comprising: providing a respirator donned by a wearer; providing a sensor in electrical communication with a sensing element, where the sensor is configured to monitor a particulate concentration parameter of a gas space within the respirator, and a second particulate concentration parameter of a gas space outside the respirator, where the sensor is attached to the respirator such that the respirator such that the weight of the sensor is supported by the respirator; and providing a reader configured to communicate with the sensor, where the reader is configured to provide a respirator fit parameter based on a comparison of the particulate concentration within the respirator to the particulate concentration parameter outside the respirator.

Abstract: A cable assembly includes a cable having a first end and a second end. The cable has an electric conductor and a cooling conduit, each of which extends from the first end to the second end. The cooling conduit is adapted to convey a fluid that cools the electric conductor. The cable assembly includes a leak detection module to detect a leak of the fluid from the cooling conduit. The leak detection module includes a power source to generate an input voltage signal which is applied at a first node contact with the fluid. The leak detection module includes a controller to monitor an output voltage signal at the first node and to detect a leak of the fluid from the cooling conduit based on the output voltage signal.

Abstract: A device for measuring condensation and/or advance of corrosion of a conduit includes an insulator extending around the conduit; a first conductor and a second conductor which are arranged such that at least a portion of the insulator lies between the conduit and the first conductor and the second conductor, such that the first conductor forms a first pole of a capacitor, the second conductor forms a second pole of the capacitor, and the portion therebetween comprises a capacitive coupling between the first pole and the second pole. At least one measuring instrument is configured to determine a value which is representative of the capacitive coupling.

Abstract: A device for monitoring the tightness of a sealing component wherein the monitoring device has a box with a peripheral partition and a cover made of a transparent material is disclosed. The cover is connected to the peripheral partition such that the cover and the peripheral partition are able to define, with a sealing component, an inner chamber, the peripheral partition with an inner peripheral wall having a lower end equipped with an inner peripheral seal intended to be positioned against the sealing component all around the inner chamber, and an outer peripheral wall arranged outside the inner peripheral wall so as to define, between the outer peripheral wall and the inner peripheral wall, an intermediate chamber extending exclusively in the peripheral partition all around the inner chamber.

Abstract: A leak detection device includes a body having at least one fluid input that receives a fluid leak, at least one drain fluidly coupled with a container, and at least one sensor conduit input fluidly coupled with at least one sensor. The fluid input is located above the drain but below the sensor conduit input. The body includes an internal conduit that is fluidly coupled with and extends between the fluid input, the drain, and the sensor conduit input. The internal conduit includes a lower branch that extends below the fluid input to the drain. The internal conduit includes an upper branch that separately extends in the body above the sensor conduit input to the drain. The lower branch includes a reduced flow portion below the fluid input and the sensor conduit input but above the drain.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for reporting information, user equipment, and a computer readable storage medium. In the present disclosure, the method of reporting information includes: receiving downlink data of a data radio bearer (DRB) enabled with an integrity protection function and performing an integrity verification on the downlink data of the DRB; and triggering an integrity-verification-failure-related-information reporting in response to that the integrity verification fails, where the integrity-verification-failure-related-information includes one or more of parameters: location information of the UE, a failure indication type of IntegrityVerificationFailure, indication information of a triggering way to trigger the integrity-verification-failure-related-information reporting, and a number of integrity verification failures.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a pressure sensor and a processor. The pressure sensor is disposed within an interior volume of the electronic device and configured to generate a time-dependent sequence of measurements related to a force applied to the electronic device. The processor is configured to characterize, using at least the time-dependent sequence of measurements, a venting state of the interior volume. In some embodiments, the electronic device may also include a capacitive force sensor disposed to detect distortion of the interior volume. A second time-dependent sequence of measurements related to the force may be generated by the capacitive force sensor, and used by the processor to characterize the venting state of the interior volume.

Abstract: A method for estimating the sensitivity in an environment of a sound emission detector device capable of detecting a physical phenomenon producing a spatially limited sound emission, said detector device comprising a transducer array, said method comprising a) receiving at least one signal from at least one respective transducer of the transducer array, said array being place within said environment, b) estimating from the at least one signal received at step a) a detection threshold value of a spatially limited source sound emission parameter, c) estimating from the detection threshold value estimated at step b) a quantity representative of a magnitude of the physical phenomenon, d) displaying the quantity estimated at step c) so as to inform the user of the sensitivity of the detector.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to simulate, approximate, or replicate conditions similar to concrete elements being placed under pressures equivalent to several hundred feet of ocean water and to provide information useful to assess relative durability of concrete without coring or other destructive actions. The quality of concrete can be assessed by measuring the pressure drop of water or other liquid to ingress through the concrete surface under high pressure over time. A rapid assessment of quality of existing concrete is provided. Systems and methods can efficiently assess long term durability of existing concrete elements such as those used in midrise buildings, parking garages, bridge decks, and the like.

Abstract: A module (14) for detecting a leakage, comprising a pressure sensor (8) and a pump (2) for generating pressure, is characterized in that, regarding the object of detecting and/or quantifying a leakage of an arrangement which has a large sealed volume, in a reliable manner with a compact device, the module (14) has a sealable reference volume (11) which can be connected in terms of flow by means of a valve (9) to a tank connection (10) and which can be disconnected therefrom in a flow-tight manner, wherein the pressure inside the reference volume (11) can be detected by the pressure sensor (8), wherein pressure can be generated inside the reference volume (11) by means of the pump (2) and wherein the reference volume (11) can be connected in a flow-conducting manner by means of a shut-off valve (4) via a reference aperture (5) with a defined flow cross section to an atmosphere outlet (1) and can be disconnected therefrom.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a helium compressor and a magnetic resonance imaging device may include photoelectric converter configured to monitor a status current of a helium compressor; a dry contact signal converter having a dry contact switch and a signal converter. The dry contact switch may include a first pair of switch contacts connected to an output of the photoelectric converter and a second pair of switch contacts connected to an output voltage of the helium compressor. The signal converter may be configured to collect an action signal of the dry contact switch, and convert corresponding fault information into a network signal and send the same to a network server. Personnel may be notified of the fault information in a preset communication mode using a preset communication address.

Abstract: A microfluidic device includes a first layer of a porous material with pores having a first average pore size and a liquid-receiving area through which a liquid sample is received into the microfluidic device. A second layer of another porous material, with pores of a second average pore size, is stacked below the first layer and has a channel with a starting end positioned at least in part in an overlapping manner with the liquid-receiving area. The channel has a terminating end extending laterally at a predetermined wicking distance from the starting end. The first average pore size and the second average pore size cause a wicking effect in which at least some of the liquid sample flows along the channel at least a portion of the wicking distance between the starting end and the terminating end.

Abstract: A device is produced as a small sphere with neutral buoyancy, within which there is, at least, one hydrophone that is connected to a signal processor, which stores the information on a memory card and that is powered by at least one battery. This signal processor has a clock module, through which the sailing time elapsed for each audio signal received by the hydrophone is recorded in the memory. Therefore, based on the sailing time, the exact position of the detected anomalies or leaks can be ascertained. The device is complemented by a series of external synchronisation systems, laid out every certain distance, by which the position error that could be accumulated by the device is neutralised. Thus, a simple device is attained, which is cheap, solid, durable and highly effective.

Abstract: The electrical connections of a chamber or enclosure for a water tub can be protected through the use of spill element sensors. The spill element sensors can help to disable the delivery of power to the heater of a water tub in the event that the electrical connections become wet.

Abstract: A drain system for controlling a water level in a bathtub includes a drain exit assembly coupled to an exit drain of the bathtub and configured to receive water exiting the bathtub, a valve fluidly coupled to the drain exit assembly and operably coupled to a motor, and a pressure sensor communicatively coupled to the valve and in fluid communication with the drain exit assembly. The motor is configured to change the operational state of the valve based on a pressure sensed by the pressure sensor to control a water level within the bathtub.

Abstract: A system includes a urination data storage unit, an absorbent article information storage unit, a changeable time storage unit, and a changing schedule proposal unit. The changing schedule proposal unit includes a changing schedule computation unit and a changing schedule outputting unit. The changing schedule computation unit finds, on the basis of urination amount data and urination time instant data stored in the urination data storage unit, a total urination amount within a predetermined time period selected from changeable time instants stored in the changeable time storage unit, and performs, by comparing the total urination amount that has been found and the urine absorption capacity of an absorbent article, computation for finding the absorbent article or the predetermined time period such that the urine absorption capacity does not fall below the total urination amount.

Abstract: An apparatus and process to clean medical devices, such as endoscopes, that includes an automatic endoscope reprocessor system equipped with a peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide sensor are described.

Abstract: An electric clip, such as may be utilized with a leak detector, has a base which receives an insert to secure an inserted material, such as a mesh, there between. The insert has an arm with opposing hooks which pass through a first slot in a biased manner and then spring out once through to provide an assembled configuration. The clip can be secured to the material, such as by directing fingers through a second slot in a biased manner which then return once through to retain on a ledge.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring conditions in a crawl space is provided. The system generally comprises at least one sensor, computing device, data aggregator operably connected to the at least one sensor, processor operably connected to the computing device, power supply, and non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the processor and having instructions stored thereon. The system is designed to collect condition data via the at least one sensor and determine whether the conditions within the crawl space could have a detrimental impact on the building. In particular, the system is designed to alert a third-party when a condition might cause damage to a building so that the third-party might correct the cause of the condition.

Abstract: A method and a system of diagnosing a vehicle oil leak are capable of detecting an oil leak state of transmission oil on the basis of logic. The method includes an operating condition determination step of determining, by a controller, whether a minimum operating condition of a vehicle is satisfied. The minimum operating condition is required to normally generate a target line pressure by operating an EOP. The method includes a counting step of counting, by the controller, an operating time of the EOP when the minimum operating condition is satisfied and includes an oil leak diagnosis step of diagnosing, by the controller, an oil leak when the counted continuous operating time of the EOP is a permissible time or more.

Abstract: A flexible circuit package. The circuit package includes a termination point on a flexible base substrate. The termination point is connected with an interface by conductive material on the base substrate. The conductive material extends across the surface area of the base substrate in multiple individual connections, which are in communication with each other and separated by voids in the conductive material for mitigating communication failure between the termination point and the interface during or following flexion, stretching, compression or other deformation of the base substrate and the circuit package. The termination point may include an input module such as a sensor, switch or other input. The termination point may include an output module such as a light, vibrator or other output. The interface may include an output interface for receiving data or an input interface for sending a command or other signal.

Abstract: A system is provided that may include a pressure sensor coupled to a radiator. The pressure sensor may determine plural pressure readings of a radiator fluid in the radiator. The system may also include a vehicle controller of a vehicle system that includes one or more processors. The one or more processors may repeatedly determine the plural pressure readings of the radiator fluid, and determine a pressure variance of the plural pressure readings that is repeatedly determined. The one or more processors may further be configured to identify a pressure condition based on the pressure variance that is determined.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing a fuel cap includes a gas manifold, a fuel cap connector, a base, and a removable cover. The gas manifold is configured to provide a bidirectional flow path through the fuel cap. The fuel cap connector is integrated with or coupled to the gas manifold, and the fuel cap connector is configured to connect the fuel cap to the gas manifold. The base is configured to support the gas manifold and provide at least a first gas input to the gas manifold and through the fuel cap via the bidirectional flow path. The removable cover is configured to be removably connected to the gas manifold and provide at least a second gas input to the gas manifold and through the fuel cap via the bidirectional flow path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for venting a liquid supply of a beverage machine, e.g., by permanently open orifice and/or pressure relief valve. The orifice may always vent a heater tank, even while liquid is delivered to the tank by a liquid pump and/or while the tank is pressurized by an air pump to deliver liquid from the tank. A filter may be positioned between a heater tank and orifice and/or air pump. The pressure relief valve may be positioned between the liquid pump and the inlet side of the heater tank, e.g., so relatively cool water is released by the pressure relief valve when open.

Abstract: A system is provided that may include a pressure sensor coupled to a radiator. The pressure sensor may determine plural pressure readings of a radiator fluid in the radiator. The system may also include a vehicle controller of a vehicle system that includes one or more processors. The one or more processors may repeatedly determine the plural pressure readings of the radiator fluid, and determine a pressure variance of the plural pressure readings that is repeatedly determined. The one or more processors may further be configured to identify a pressure condition based on the pressure variance that is determined.

Abstract: A repair system for a vehicle includes a base and a lift component movably secured to the base for lifting a portion of a frame of the vehicle. An air compressor unit is disposed on the base and has a discharge hose configured to be selectively connected to the tire for delivering compressed. A sealant reservoir is disposed on the base and filled with a flat tire sealant. The discharge hose is optionally configured to deliver the flat tire sealant to the tire. A controller is disposed on the base and receives tire data from the vehicle and controls discharge of the compressed air from the air compressor unit to the tire and optionally controls discharge of the flat tire sealant to the tire based on the tire data. The tire data includes a tire pressure reading associated with the tire.

Abstract: A device for inspecting waterproofness of an object includes a lower jig and an upper jig configured to support the object to be inspected, inspection modules configured to contact an outer surface of the object, and an air compressor configured to supply air to the inspection modules. Each of the inspection modules includes a jig that is configured to contact the outer surface of the object and defines a chamber configured to communicate air, a valve defining a passage in communication with the chamber, an air supply line connecting the valve to the air compressor and configured to guide air to the passage, and a pressure sensor connected to the valve and configured to detect an air pressure in the passage.

Abstract: A processing apparatus includes a chuck table having a holding surface for holding a workpiece; a horizontal moving mechanism that moves the chuck table in a horizontal direction and is supplied with a first oil; and a vertical moving mechanism that moves a processing unit in a vertical direction and is supplied with a second oil. Before mounting the workpiece on the holding surface, the holding surface is imaged by a camera while being irradiated with light, and it is examined whether or not the picked-up image is emitting light. If there is a light-emitting part in the picked-up image, it is determined that oil is adhered to the light-emitting part.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining a permeation property of hollow-fibre membranes wherein the permeation property of the hollow-fibre membrane is determined on a hollow-fibre membrane bundle which has been introduced into a housing and has terminally open hollow-fibre membranes at a first end of the hollow-fibre membrane bundle and terminally closed hollow-fibre membranes at a second end of the hollow-fibre membrane bundle. The invention more particularly relates to a method of determining the ultrafiltration rate and/or the ultrafiltration coefficient of hollow-fibre membranes.

Abstract: A system comprises a processor that is programmed to define a plurality of vehicle groups based on vehicle specification data and define a plurality of sub-groups for each of the vehicle groups based on environmental data and sensor data received from each of a plurality of vehicles. The processor is programmed to adjust fuel tank leak detection classifiers for the sub-groups based on ground truth data. The ground truth data include, for each of the plurality of vehicles, a leak detection status and a leak test result.

Abstract: A leak detector is provided for leak-testing objects that are to be tested by spraying tracer gas, the leak detector including: a detection inlet configured to be connected to an object that is to be tested; a pumping device including a vacuum line connected to the detection inlet, a rough-vacuum pump connected to the vacuum line, and a turbomolecular vacuum pump connected to the vacuum line, a delivery of which is connected to the rough-vacuum pump; and a gas detector connected to the turbomolecular vacuum pump, the pumping device further including an ancillary pump connected to the rough-vacuum pump and being configured to lower an ultimate-vacuum pressure of tracer gas in the rough-vacuum pump. A leak detection method for leak-testing objects that are to be tested by spraying tracer gas is also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a package structure, a display panel, a display device, and a method for detecting a package structure. The package structure includes a first package layer and a second package layer disposed opposite to each other, and a sealing element between the first package layer and the second package layer for forming a sealed space between the first package layer and the second package layer. The package structure further includes a detecting element located in the sealed space, the detecting element including an oxygen sensitive material, the oxygen sensitive material including a material whose light emission characteristics are changed after exposure to oxygen.

Abstract: A coupling device for a mask test means is disclosed. Provided according to an embodiment of the present invention is a coupling device for a mask test means, comprising: a pressing member which can receive a first member of a mask test means on one side thereof and can move up and down; and a support member which can receive a second member of the mask test means on one side thereof and is disposed below the pressing member, wherein the support member includes a lower member having a perforation means for forming a perforation in a mask, and the pressing member includes an upper member into which at least a portion of the perforation means can be inserted.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include systems and methods for recording a pressure profile using a sensor connected to a flowline, generating a pressure pulse in the flowline by closing a valve connected to the flowline, calculating a first derivative and a second derivative of the pressure profile, and determining a parameter of the pressure pulse based on the first derivative and the second derivative of the pressure profile.