Abstract: A pinion slip-off preventive structure of a starting apparatus is provided in which a bearing applied to a snap ring 17 can be decreased to make the snap ring 17 less prone to being worn out and damaged, thus preventing the snap ring 17 from slipping off from a pinion shaft 7. The pinion slip-off preventive structure includes a projected portion 52 extending from an end face of the pinion shaft 7 in an axial direction thereof and having a groove 51 formed on a smooth surface thereof in a circumferential direction thereof, the snap ring 17 fitted in the groove 51, and a stopper 57 having an abutting surface 54 in abutting engagement with an end face of the pinion 9 and an engaging portion 56 engaged with the snap ring 17.

Abstract: An engine starter adapted to substitute for the traction rope type engine starter of the engine of a remote-control toy car is constructed to include a casing covered with a cover plate to hold a cushion, a driven bevel gear, a driving bevel gear, a locating block and a locating cap on the inside for enabling the starter rod of an electric auxiliary starter to be coupled to the polygonal coupling hole at the driven bevel gear and operated to start the engine.

Abstract: An engine starter equipped with an impact absorber. The impact absorber is arranged between a planetary gear train and an overrunning clutch of the starter. The absorber includes a friction plate which is disposed between a clutch outer and a carrier plate of the overrunning clutch and urged elastically into frictional abutment with the carrier plate. This structure eliminates the need for installing the friction plate on an internal gear of the planetary gear train, thus permitting the internal gear to be reduced in size.

Abstract: An engine starter structure for remote-control toy car is disclosed to include a cylinder block, a coupling block mounted inside the cylinder block and connected to the output shaft of the engine of the remote-control toy car, a side cover covering the cylinder block, and a starter block, which is mounted inside the cylinder block of the engine and engaged with a rod at the coupling block and has a coupling tube with a serrated front coupling edge suspending in the center through hole of the side cover for receiving the starting rod of a small electric engine starter for rotating the coupling block and the output shaft to start the engine.

Abstract: A starting apparatus includes a drive motor and a reduction gear having a planetary gear for starting an engine by the drive motor via the reduction gear. An internal gear of the reduction gear includes a locking projection projecting in an axial direction. A rotation restricting member is formed with a guide groove in which the locking projection is loosely received and guided in a circumferential direction. A shock absorbing member is held in the guide groove in a state of being elastically in close contact with the locking projection in the circumferential direction. Thus, shock load to the internal gear is alleviated from the start.

Abstract: An electric starter apparatus and method with three-stage gearing and method for starting an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a starter assembly, a first gear, a second gear, a third gear, a fourth gear and an engine shaft. The starter assembly includes an electric starter motor and a starter motor shaft communicating with the starter motor. The starter motor shaft is rotatable in response to energizing of the starter motor. The first gear is attached to the starter motor shaft for rotation therewith. The second gear engages the first gear, the third gear engages the second gear, and the fourth gear engages the third gear. The fourth gear is attached to the engine shaft for communicating with an internal combustion engine. The engine is started by energizing the starter motor to rotate the starter motor shaft, the gears, and the engine shaft. The arrangement of gears enables the use of a low-torque/high-rpm electric starter motor in combination with a nickel-cadmium battery.

Abstract: There is provided a starter control apparatus including a control circuit board which can reduce the number of parts and prevents erroneous fitting. An earth pattern is formed in the vicinity of an attachment hole of the control circuit board and only on a one surface, positions of attachment holes of the control circuit board provided in a case and a cap are made different from each other between a case where an earth system is body earth and a case where it is earth float, and the respective positions are made symmetrical positions with respect to the attachment position center line of the control circuit board, so that fitting is enabled only when the control circuit board is put face-up in the case of the body earth type and only when it is put face-down in the case of the earth float type.

Abstract: A starter for engines uses a leaf spring as a shaft lever for advancing a pinion gear for engagement with a ring gear. The shift lever may be constructed with a plurality of layered leaf springs having respective front ends spaced apart one another to contact a one-way clutch at different positions. The shift lever may include a lever holder which has a low heat conductive member to minimize fatigue of the leaf spring. The leaf spring is initially loaded with a spring force.

Abstract: In a starter, a cylindrical tube is slidablly engaged with an outer peripheral surface of an output shaft through a bearing in an axial direction. A front end of the tube, which supports a pinion, is closed to define an enclosed space between the front end of the tube and an end of the output shaft. A ventilation groove is formed on an inner cylindrical surface of the tube to communicate the enclosed space with a space defined rearward of the bearing. The ventilation groove has a helical shape twisted about an axis of the tube. When the bearing is press-fitted in the tube, a direction of press-fitting the tube and a direction along the ventilation groove do not coincide, but cross each other.

Abstract: A starter motor for an internal combustion engine has an inertia type pinion mechanism and an axial solenoid 34 which is arranged to prevent pump out of the pinion 48 during start up of the engine.

Abstract: A wheeled vehicle incorporating a control methodology for regulating the power input and output of an inertial energy storage device, specifically a flywheel. The control methodology utilizes a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and comprises control of the CVT speed ratio based on feedback of the CVT output torque. The CVT ratio control signal is based on an error signal equal to the difference between operator input and CVT output torque. Operator input may be a positive or a negative value, a negative value corresponding to regenerative power. Operator input corresponds to required force or torque analogous to throttle opening or braking effort. This methodology continuously synchronizes the speeds of the inertial energy storage device and vehicle wheels, keeping frictional losses to a minimum.

Abstract: A starter includes an electric motor, a pinion gear driven by the electric motor, and an intermediate gear driven by the pinion gear. The intermediate gear is coupled to the pinion gear by a coupler member in order to shift the intermediate gear toward a ring gear of an engine together with the pinion gear in a cranking operation. When the starter is not in operation, the intermediate gear is positioned at its rest position where a biasing force is applied to the intermediate gear to push it against the coupler member. Vibrant movement of the intermediate gear relative to the coupler member due to engine vibrations is prevented by the biasing force.

Abstract: A front end of a starter motor housing is sealed by a resilient seal member disposed between a bearing and a front end wall of the housing. A shaft carrying a pinion at its front end is rotatably and slidably supported by the bearing in an over hang fashion. The seal member is a cup-shaped ring having a circular outer wall, a bottom wall and a center hole. A sealing lip slidably contacting the rotating shaft is formed around the center hole. The circular outer wall of the seal member is tightly and hermetically held between an outer ring of the bearing and front end wall of the housing, so that the seal member is not displaced in the axial direction. The bottom wall is S-shaped forming a depressed portion facing the bearing to provide more space for retaining lubricant therein.

Abstract: An engine starter includes two motors housed inside a housing, a driven gear wheel meshed between the pinions at the motor shafts of the motors, a first idle gear meshed with an internal gear at the driven gear wheel, a second idle gear coupled to the first idle gear for synchronous rotation, an output gear wheel meshed with the second idle gear, and an output shaft axially extended from the output gear wheel and selectively provided with a socket or starting bar for starting the engine of any of a variety of model vehicles.

Abstract: A starter for an internal combustion engine has a resistance ratio rM/rB equal to or less than 0.4, when rM represents a motor internal resistance and rB represents a battery internal resistance. Furthermore, the starter has a size ratio L/D equal to or less than 1.0, when L represents an axial length of the armature and D represents an outer diameter of the armature. Furthermore, a means for suppressing temperature rise is provided for the starter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a starter system for an internal combustion engine, in particular in motor vehicles, having a starter motor, a reduction gear, and a pinion-engaging assembly. The primary components of the starter system (10) are embodied as individual modules and can be expanded in variable ways to make starter systems (10) with different parameters.

Abstract: An electrical machine, in particular a starter for motor vehicles, with a stator (36) and a rotor (39) is proposed; the rotor has a hollow shaft (63) with various shaft segments. The electrical machine is characterized in that the shaft (63), between a bearing seat (81) and a shaft segment contour (108) for transmitting a torque, is a one-piece tube.

Abstract: A starter for an internal combustion engine includes a planetary gear speed reduction mechanism, a pinion and a pinion drive shaft, a motor, a front housing having a plurality of fastening holes disposed at a circumference and a center casing having approximately the same outside diameter as the motor housing. The center housing is disposed between the motor housing and the front housing to align a motor shaft, the planetary gear speed reduction mechanism and the pinion drive shaft. The diameter of the motor housing is a maximum outside diameter of the fastening bolt less than the diameter of a circumference on which the fastening bolts are formed. Therefore, fastening bolts can be easily inserted into the fastening holes.

Abstract: An engine starter includes a recoil device, and a recoil cover for accommodating the recoil device therein also covers a flywheel operatively rotated with the recoil device, ring gears integrally fixed to the flywheel, and pinions which are components of a starter device and engage with the ring gears when the starter device is operated. The recoil cover is provided with a drain mechanism, including a boss formed integrally with the recoil cover, a drain pipe projected on the boss, and a drain cap plugged to the drain pipe and made of rubber so that it is manually detachable therefrom without using a tool. Thus a liquid such as muddy water which has entered from the recoil cover can be removed simply by pulling out the drain cap.

Abstract: Starter motor systems are described, wherein the systems include a unidirectional clutch system that cooperates with a pulley system to start an internal combustion engine through the front-end accessory drive system. The starter motor systems are especially well suited for new, high fuel efficiency automobiles in which the engine is shut down (e.g., when the automobile stops) and subsequently started (e.g., when the accelerator pedal is depressed).

Abstract: A starter device for starting internal combustion engines having a starter motor (20) that comprises a stator (22) and a rotor (23) as well as a drive shaft (58) as starter components (21), further having a driven element (70) that can actively be connected to the drive shaft (58) and the internal combustion engine, and having a brake device (100) that acts on the driven element (70) is proposed. The starter device is characterized in that the brake device (100) can be actuated by means of at least one starter component (21) by switching on the starter motor (20).

Abstract: An engine of a radio control model usually has two types of igniting. An igniter uses two unidirectional bearings to combine the two types of igniting. The two unidirectional bearings each has a rotating direction different from each other.

Abstract: An outer diameter portion of a sealing member is rotatably supported by an inner surface of a nose portion. The axial movement of the sealing member is regulated. A tooth profile-shaped hole having approximately the same shape as that of a gear portion of a pinion is formed in the center of the sealing member. The gear portion of the pinion is constantly fitted into the tooth profile-shaped hole between the position where the pinion is stationary and the maximum moving position of the pinion in an axial direction. Therefore, the gear portion of the pinion cooperatively rotates with the pinion while sliding inside the tooth profile-shaped hole in the sealing member when the pinion moves on an output shaft in the direction opposite to the motor. Even after the gear portion mates with the ring gear, the sealing member cooperatively rotates with the pinion.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for positioning the crankshaft of an engine. The method comprises the steps of providing a first hole in the flywheel, providing a hole in a stationary part of the engine to line up accurately with the hole in the flywheel once during each crankshaft revolution, manually cranking the engine until the holes in the flywheel and the engine are aligned, and inserting a pin into the aligned holes to lock the crankshaft in a predetermined angular position.

Abstract: A starter for cranking an engine has a pinion gear coupled via a helical spline to an output shaft driven by an electric motor. The pinion gear is pushed forward to engage with a ring gear of the engine by restricting rotation of the pinion. A rod member is coupled to one of depressions formed on an outer periphery of an annular member integrally formed with the pinion gear to restrict the rotation of the pinion gear. Rollers are disposed between the neighboring two depressions to reduce abrasive force between the rod member and the outer periphery of the annular member under a situation where the pinion gear is forcibly rotated by the electric motor while its rotation is restricted. The rod member coupled to the depression rolls over the rollers to be coupled to other depressions to allow such a forcible rotation of the pinion gear, thereby alleviating the abrasive force.

Abstract: An improved structure for a starter (driver) of a miniaturized remote control model car engine is able to perform perfect separation of the starter shaft from the engine as soon as the engine has built up its normal speed with the aid of the slanted surface and chamfered edges formed on its coupling plate, and the retrieved starter shaft never forwardly excurses to recontact the engine shaft by elaborately designed steel ball positioning means. With this structure, the extra mechanical loss and damage to the mechanical parts can be prevented, that makes the present invention applicable to those model car engines operated at an extra high speed.

Abstract: A pinion gear of a starter motor is driven into engagement with a ring gear of an internal combustion engine by a driving lever having a leaf spring upon energization of an electromagnetic actuator. The leaf spring of the driving lever is coupled to a connecting member of a plunger of the electromagnetic actuator. The connecting member includes a surface engaging with an engaging portion formed at one end of the leaf spring. A center portion of the engaging surface is projected toward the leaf spring, so that the engaging portion of the leaf spring always contacts the engaging surface at the center of the engaging surface, even if the leaf spring is slantedly coupled with the connecting member.

Abstract: A reverse drive for a small vehicle includes a primary driven gear through which an external motor imparts a rotary motion to a first shaft. A worm gear is mounted on and rotates with the first shaft. A worm wheel is mounted on and rotates with a second shaft. The worm wheel engages and is rotated by the worm gear with a gear reduction being effected through engagement of the worm gear and the worm wheel so that the second shaft rotates at a slower speed than the first shaft. A clutch is mounted on the second end of the second shaft, which can be moved between an engaged position and a disengaged position.

Abstract: A starter assembly is constructed to include a starter formed of a battery-operated motor and a reduction gear set, a polygonal shaft coupled to the output shaft of the engine of an engine-operated remote-control toy car, an idle gear wheel set coupled to the polygonal shaft, the idle gear wheel set having an active idle gear wheel, and a passive idle gear wheel coupled to the polygonal shaft and meshed with the active idle gear wheel, and a driving rod adapted for connecting the reduction gear set of the starter to the active idle gear wheel of the idle gear wheel set for enabling the starter to start the engine.

Abstract: A recoil starter for a backpack-type power working machine which is capable of easily and smoothly performed the starting operation even when the working machine is kept on the operator's back irrespective of differences in the operator's build. This recoil starter comprises a recoil grip which is attached to a distal end portion of a recoil rope extended out of the main body of the recoil starter, wherein the recoil grip is designed such that it can be anchored to a recoil grip-supporting member to be positioned close to an operator's waist and that it can be pulled out in front of the operator from the recoil grip-supporting member. The recoil grip-supporting member is made optionally alterable in position.

Abstract: A starter motor includes an intermediate gear engaging with and driven by a pinion connected to an output shaft of an electrical motor. The intermediate gear is coupled to the pinion by means of a retainer to be shifted in its axial direction together with the pinion. The intermediate gear engages with a ring gear of an engine to crank up the engine when it is shifted in the axial direction. The retainer is connected to a pinion boss by forcibly enlarging a resilient opening of its groove, and the resilient opening recovers its original position after the retainer is connected to the pinion boss. In this manner, the retainer is prevented from dropping off from the pinion boss during an assembling process of the starter motor. The retainer is made of resin to have an enough thickness to secure a sufficient mechanical strength.

Abstract: This invention is a rather simple cone shaped cup like device to start gas engine powered string trimmers it is lined with silicone rubber and has a shaft on one end and is powerd by a ⅜ or larger corded reversible drill and the cup fits over the string end of the trimmer the string itself should be no longer than 5 or 6 inches to avoid getting hit by the string when starting the trimmer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for absorbing an impact of a starter, and in particular to an apparatus for absorbing impact of a starter which is capable of is capable of concurrently absorbing an impact in an axial direction and an impact in a rotational direction which are generated when driving a starter at an initial stage, enhancing an operational efficiency of a starter based on an impact absorption in the axial direction and rotational direction and preventing a crack or damage of a planetary gear which rotates a ring gear of an engine in a starter.

Abstract: To reduce entire length and radial dimension of a starter, the starter includes a driving lever composed of a lever body and a lever pin as a pivot center of the driving lever body. Further, the lever pin is disposed close to a center case in the radial direction. The dimension between supporting positions of both arm portions supporting the lever pin is set large. To provide the waterproof structure of a starter, a projection provided on a lever seal is inserted into a positioning hole of a lever holder in a lever assembly of a starter. Further, a tip of the projection comes in contact with a peripheral surface of a lever pin at a lower side than the center of the lever pin.

Abstract: A starter includes an electric motor, a pinion gear driven by the electric motor, and an intermediate gear driven by the pinion gear. The intermediate gear is coupled to the pinion gear by a coupler member in order to shift the intermediate gear toward a ring gear of an engine together with the pinion gear in a cranking operation. When the starter is not in operation, the intermediate gear is positioned at its rest position where a biasing force is applied to the intermediate gear to push it against the coupler member. Vibrant movement of the intermediate gear relative to the coupler member due to engine vibrations is prevented by the biasing force.

Abstract: A starter device for starting internal combustion engines having a starter motor (20) that comprises a stator (22) and a rotor (23) as well as a drive shaft (58) as starter components (21), further having a driven element (70) that can actively be connected to the drive shaft (58) and the internal combustion engine, and having a brake device (100) that acts on the driven element (70) is proposed. The starter device is characterized in that the brake device (100) can be actuated by means of at least one starter component (21) by switching on the starter motor (20).

Abstract: A model engine interlock-end start converter has a replacement start shaft (1), a converter sleeve (2) and a converter ring (3) to replace a pull-start shaft (23) on a conversional model engine (15) that includes the PICCO®, NOVAROSSI® and HPI EVOLUTION II® model engines and to position interlock shoulders that include a hexagonal head (16) of the replacement start shaft for interlock-coupling communication with a desired electric starter (18) that includes a Traxxas® EZ Start System. The converter is made available in a converter package (6) for handling and for merchandising. The converter package contains assembly instructions (5) for replacing a pull starter (22) of the PICCO®, NOVAROSSI® and HPI EVOLUTION II® model engines with an EZ® electric starter for use on model race cars that include the Traxxas® model truck (21).

Abstract: In a starter, a cylindrical tube is slidablly engaged with an outer peripheral surface of an output shaft through a bearing in an axial direction. A front end of the tube, which supports a pinion, is closed to define an enclosed space between the front end of the tube and an end of the output shaft. A ventilation groove is formed on an inner cylindrical surface of the tube to communicate the enclosed space with a space defined rearward of the bearing. The ventilation groove has a helical shape twisted about an axis of the tube. When the bearing is press-fitted in the tube, a direction of press-fitting the tube and a direction along the ventilation groove do not coincide, but cross each other.

Abstract: A miniature-engine starter has a starter wheel (1) with a starter rim (2) that engages tangentially a flywheel rim (3) of a flywheel (4) of a miniature engine (5). The starter wheel is rotatable on a starter axle (9) that can be situated parallel to an axis of the flywheel and thereby starter-actuate the miniature engine. The starter axle is on a starter bracket (17) which can be hand-held or fastener-attached to an engine platform (6) to which the miniature engine is attached. The starter wheel has a transmission (7, 8, 13) to which a motorized rotator (22) is engaged for rotation while the starter rim is held firmly but removably against the flywheel for rotation to start the miniature engine. The starter rim can be rubberlike to engage grip indentations (19) or can have starter gear teeth (21) to mate with flywheel gear teeth (20).

Abstract: A rope pull starter device for an internal combustion engine in a motor-driven, manually guided implement is provided, and has a clutch drum and a power transfer member on the clutch drum. Connected with the clutch drum is a carrier for a locking mechanism for the transfer of a drive torque from the clutch drum to a motor shaft of the internal combustion engine. Provided on the carrier is a pivotable pawl for the reversible engagement in a clutch element, whereby the pawl is provided with a pawl pin for the pivotable control of the pawl with the aid of a guide clip that rests against the pawl pin. The pawl pin is made of a different material than is the pawl.

Abstract: The invention relates to a crankshaft starter-generator for an internal combustion engine wherein the starter-generator is drive-coupled to a crankshaft of the internal combustion engine and serves both as the starter and the generator. A stator of the starter-generator is coupled with torsional strength to a motor block of the internal combustion engine. A rotor of the starter-generator is drive-coupled with the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine. A carrier is arranged coaxially with respect to the crankshaft and drive-coupled thereto. The rotor is drive-coupled to the carrier. The rotor and the carrier are arranged coaxially with respect to each other and are coupled to one another with torsional strength. Furthermore, the stator is arranged on the inside, and the rotor is arranged on the outside of the starter-generator.

Abstract: A crank pulley for a recoil starter which integrally comprising a plate body, a leg portion perpendicular to the plate body and an impact surface formed on the leg portion.

Abstract: A front end of a starter motor housing is sealed by a resilient seal member disposed between a bearing and a front end wall of the housing. A shaft carrying a pinion at its front end is rotatably and slidably supported by the bearing in an over hang fashion. The seal member is a cup-shaped ring having a circular outer wall, a bottom wall and a center hole. A sealing lip slidably contacting the rotating shaft is formed around the center hole. The circular outer wall of the seal member is tightly and hermetically held between an outer ring of the bearing and front end wall of the housing, so that the seal member is not displaced in the axial direction. The bottom wall is S-shaped forming a depressed portion facing the bearing to provide more space for retaining lubricant therein.

Abstract: In connection with an intermediate anchoring of a manipulation cable connecting between a manipulation side and an actuation side of an automobile transmission mechanism, an intermediate anchoring bracket 22 of the manipulation cable 4 is provide integral with the starter 2. Specifically, a front bracket 21 of the starter 2, which is attached to a transmission block 1 with a high positional accuracy according to an original purpose of improving engagement between a ring gear 32 and a pinion 23, and the anchoring bracket 22 defining the intermediate anchoring point position of the manipulation cable 4 are formed integral. By merely attaching the starter 2 to the transmission mechanism block 1 with a small number of parts, an accurate positioning of the anchoring bracket 22 with respect to an actuation point 1a is realized, thereby, a positional accuracy between the intermediate anchoring point position and the actuation point 1a can be improved.

Abstract: An engine starting system (100) includes a starter (106) coupled to an engine (102) through a rotational energy storage device (108) such as spiral spring (108). When electrical power is applied to the starter (106), the rotational energy produced by the starter (106) is stored in the rotational energy storage device (108) allowing the starter (106) to rotate which reduces electrical currents in the starter and stress on system components. The rotational energy is gradually transferred to the engine (102) until the engine (102) is rotationally self-sustaining.

Abstract: A pinion slip-off preventive structure of a starting apparatus is provided in which a bearing applied to a snap ring 17 can be decreased to make the snap ring 17 less prone to being worn out and damaged, thus preventing the snap ring 17 from slipping off from a pinion shaft 7. The pinion slip-off preventive structure includes a projected portion 52 extending from an end face of the pinion shaft 7 in an axial direction thereof and having a groove 51 formed on a smooth surface thereof in a circumferential direction thereof, the snap ring 17 fitted in the groove 51, and a stopper 57 having an abutting surface 54 in abutting engagement with an end face of the pinion 9 and an engaging portion 56 engaged with the snap ring 17.

Abstract: A starter is comprised of a starter motor, a planetary gear speed reduction mechanism including a sun gear, a plurality of planetary gears and an internal gear, a casing rotatably supporting the output shaft via a bearing and an outer cylindrical member coupled with the casing. The planetary gear speed reduction mechanism has an internal gear block having the internal gear, and the internal gear block is disposed in the cylindrical member and spline-fitted to the casing. Thus, a labyrinth is formed between the internal gear block and the casing.

Abstract: In a starter, a front side bearing is provided between a one-way clutch and a pinion combined at a front end portion of a pinion tube. A housing supporting the pinion tube through the bearing has a housing small diameter portion where the inner diameter of the housing is set smaller than the outer diameter of the one-way clutch, between the bearing and a maximum advanced position of the one-way clutch. A housing front portion of the housing is formed into a cylindrical shape ahead of a attachment face which opposes to an engine side. The outer diameter of the front portion is gradually increased from the front end toward the attachment face. In this structure, the starter is installed from a transmission side without interfering the front portion of the housing with a transmission case.

Abstract: A starter motor includes an intermediate gear engaging with and driven by a pinion connected to an output shaft of an electrical motor. The intermediate gear is coupled to the pinion by means of a retainer to be shifted in its axial direction together with the pinion. The intermediate gear engages with a ring gear of an engine to crank up the engine when it is shifted in the axial direction. The retainer is connected to a pinion boss by forcibly enlarging a resilient opening of its groove, and the resilient opening recovers its original position after the retainer is connected to the pinion boss. In this manner, the retainer is prevented from dropping off from the pinion boss during an assembling process of the starter motor. The retainer is made of resin to have an enough thickness to secure a sufficient mechanical strength.

Abstract: The present invention relates to reduce noises when a starter is put in motion with a simple modification to its structure without increasing the number of parts. A circumferential groove is made in a portion near one end of the shaft of an armature and the holder plate of a brush is fixed to the inside of the end surface of the bracket with screws, and the outer peripheral portion of the washer is sandwiched by the bracket and the holder plate and the inner peripheral portion of the washer is fitted in the circumferential groove of the shaft to limit the movement of the armature.