Abstract: Tubular electromagnetic components are mounted on the drive shaft of the ary anode of an X-ray tube and external magnet windings are provided both for maintaining the drive shaft in an axial position corresponding to a working position of the anode and for shifting the drive shaft to open a slip contact at one end thereof, thus providing a magnetic switch for the anode supply voltage. In addition, windings are provided through which a controlled current flows to provide a radially stabilized position for the shaft and thus constitute magnetic bearings that are free of friction. When one of the contacts of the magnetic switch is spring-mounted, the coil that does the switching can also be used to adjust the axial position of the anode so as to work with a different cathode.

Abstract: The supply and take up reels for reel-to-reel operations are mounted on a base plate, one higher than the other, the base surface having a step. The equipment accepts the loading in of a cassette having its spools located one above the other in an axial direction, which is equipped with a front cover that opens out readily when the cassette is inserted and allows the tape to go into engagement with the transport mechanism. The insertion of a cassette operates a switch that disables the portion of the mechanism not used in operating with a cassette. A drive for at least one spool of the cassette is preferably provided.

Abstract: The distortion of the electric field in a p-i-n diode detector produced by lectrically active layer build-up on the exposed surface of the i zone is removed by irradiating the exposed i zone surface with a light source having the intensity of a few milliwatts.

Abstract: Reducible pollutants can be detoxified by reduction and metals can be recred by reduction of the corresponding metal ions by bringing into contact a catalyst with the solution which is suitable for the electrochemical reduction of the ions in question, and mixing into the solution (or bubbling therethrough in the case of a gas) a reducing agent that has a redox potential in the redox system of the reducing agent and its oxidation product that is more negative than the redox potential of the substance to be reduced and its reduction product. The catalyst is a material that is suitable for use as an anode material at which hydrogen can be oxidized in a fuel cell. Such catalysts include finely divided platinum, activated carbon coated with platinum, tungsten carbide and activated carbon coated with tungsten carbide, particularly. Hydrogen is a good reducing agent for the purpose.

Abstract: The rod-shaped core portion carrying the high-voltage secondary winding is separated from the U-shaped core portion carrying the primary winding by an insulating partition integral with an insulating casing that both provides galvanic separation between the primary and secondary parts of the transformer and also defines the so-called air gaps of the core.

Abstract: A cardiac rhythm observation apparatus that separates and then provides for correlation of cardiographic and electrocardiographic signals has four electrodes for attachment to the chest of a subject. Two of the electrodes connect a high-frequency current for application to the subject. The other two electrodes disposed between the first two are connected to a channel for detecting, filtering and forming a rheocardiographic signal, which channel is connected to a heartbeat counter proper. A channel for eliminating variations in pulmonary impedance is connected to the feed electrodes and delivers a pulmonary rheographic signal to a stage in the detecting channel in which the pulmonary rheographic signal is substracted from the raw rheographic signal. A correlation stage is provided for correlation either with the separated electrocardiographic signal or with stimulation pulses.

Abstract: The red mud by-product of the Bayer process by which aluminum oxide is reed from bauxite as an aluminate, is digested with concentrated sulfuric acid or with sulfur trioxide gas to produce sulfates that can be leached out to the resulting mass with water. The solution is then heated at a pH of 1 to precipitate titanium oxide hydrate by hydrolysis. The remaining sulfates of the solution are then obtained in solid form by evaporation, or by precipitation with acetone, and the solid is then roasted to convert the aluminum and iron to the oxide. After leaching out the sodium sulfate with water, the aluminum and iron oxide are separated by the Bayer process, which works in this case even though x-ray diffusion patterns show that the aluminum oxide is mainly .alpha.Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Abstract: An array of adjacent wave guides feed high-frequency energy into a vacuum chamber in which a toroidal plasma is confined by a magnetic field, the wave guide array being located between two toroidal current windings. Waves are excited in the wave guide at a frequency substantially equal to the lower frequency hybrid wave of the plasma and a substantially equal phase shift is provided from one guide to the next between the waves therein. For plasmas of low peripheral density gradient, the guides are excited in the TE.sub.01 mode and the output electric field is parallel to the direction of the toroidal magnetic field. For exciting waves in plasmas of high peripheral density gradient, the guides are excited in the TM.sub.01 mode and the magnetic field at the wave guide outlets is parallel to the direction of the toroidal magnetic field.

Abstract: Casting apparatus for use in making intermediate molds for the preparation of tool electrodes comprises a pallette for holding the casting and adjusting devices for ensuring parallelity and correct alignment for the mouldingfaces. There is also vibrator to ensure improved consolidation of the casting material and to provide for degassing.

Abstract: An exposure method for exposing to a pattern a photosensitive material formed over a substrate having a reflective surface uses a light source having beam components of different wavelengths. The beam from the light source is used to project an exposure pattern upon the photosensitive material through a predetermined mask pattern to thereby form a combined standing wave pattern with the aid of the light beam incident on the photosensitive material and the light beam reflected by the reflective surface. The photosensitive material is disposed in the reduced peak value region of the combined standing wave pattern as the result of the interposition of a transparent layer between the reflecting surface and the photosensitive layer. Thus, the photosensitive material is pattern-exposed to a substantially uniform sensitizing energy.

Abstract: In a twin hull boat, a rudder mounted in the space between the hulls and forward of the middle of the boat is connected to the rudder or rudders at or near the stern of the boat for deflection in the direction opposite to that of the stern rudder or rudders, the deflection being relatively less, the closer the forward rudder is to the middle of the boat. In a trimaran, a forward rudder is provided on each side of the main hull in the space between the main hull and the outer hull and these rudders are similarly linked to the movement of the rudder at or near the stern of the main hull. Laterally offset rudders, the forward rudders in the case of a trimaran, and aft rudders on the respective hulls of a catamaran, are so interconnected in the steering system that whichever rudder is on the inside of a turn being performed, it is given a greater deflection than the rudder on the outside of the turn.

Abstract: A cylindrical plug near the end of an insertion tube that is inserted through the mother's cervix to a position near the scalp of the fetus, carries at its forward end a pincers type electrode of fine spring wire which is held open so long as the shoulders of the electrode are confined by the insertion tube. The hooked ends of the electrode seat in notches on the end of the insertion tube so that they may open wide when the device is brought up against the scalp of the fetus. Then a drive tube fitting inside the outer tube keeps the plug from receding when the outer tube is slightly retracted, until the grasping electrode ceases to be confined by the outer tube and closes on a small portion of scalp. Thereafter, the outer tube is retracted further to free the electrode plug, after which both the drive tube and the outer tube may be removed and the electrode and its wire leads left in place to monitor the heartbeat of the fetus.

Abstract: A crate for beverage bottles and the like has separators for the bottles in the form of clusters of pillars extending upward from the lattice work bottom of the crate, each cluster being centered on the intersection of four bottle cells of the crate. The pillars of the same cluster are separated by one or two vertical slot-like gaps extending to the crate bottom to receive the partitions of a disposable bottle pack, so that the bottles can be loaded in the crate after they have already been placed in the disposable bottle packs in which they will go to consumer. The bottom of the bottle pack is provided with holes to allow the bottle separator pillars of the crate to extend up into the bottle pack. Instead of a single bottle pack fitting into the crate, two or more smaller bottle packs may fit adjacently into the crate, with their adjoining walls fitting into the same slot-like gaps of the pillar cluster.

Abstract: In a method for measuring the concentration of a substance contained in a gas, the gas is irradiated with a radiation having a sufficiently short wavelength to photodissociate the substance. A photometric measurement is then carried out on at least one of the products of photodissociation in order to determine its concentration which is proportional to the concentration of the substance to be measured.

Abstract: In order to excite living cells, a FM transmitter transmits for a period t at a frequency f such that the difference between f and a reference frequency f.sub.O sets the amplitude of a desired nerve stimulation pulse. A receiver implanted in the living body is inductively coupled to the transmitter and processes the signal so as to obtain an output signal having an amplitude which is proportional to the frequency deviation. The duration of the stimulation pulse is adjustable independently of the amplitude. The output signal is applied between two electrodes which are implanted in the vicinity of the cells to be excited and can be multiplexed to excite several pairs of electrodes in succession by an electronic circuit advanced by signal segments at a frequency at one end of the deviation range.

Abstract: An energy limiting circuit for the operating stroke of a motor-driven screwdriver energized by alternating current is activated in response to a pulse of current amplitude, which may be the starting current of the motor or the first of a series of current amplitude pulses characteristic of screw tightening impacts produced by an impact-type screwdriver. The energy limiting circuit in a simple case is a timing circuit. For operation with strict reference to the impacting energy, the energy limiting circuit is a pulse counter. Adjustment of the timing or of the pulse counting is provided for setting the tool to the conditions of a particular repetitive task.

Abstract: In a method and system for the iterative and simultaneous comparison of a flow of data with a group of reference data items, the reference data items are recorded in the form of logical entities in a two dimensional memory table, one entity per column, each line containing data elements of the same order of each reference entity. The elements of the flow of data are compared in parallel and successively with those contained in the lines of the table, according to a first function provided by a logic unit. Each time, the results of a comparison are combined with the results already obtained (or, in the case of the first comparison results, with a set of initial register states, typically a "transparent" all-true set of states to pass on the first results to the next combination step which is usually the first meaningful combination step) according to a second function provided by a second logic unit, the result of the method being, in the simplest case, given by the final comparison.

Abstract: An over or undersize abrasive master mould is used to form tool electrodes by abrading a workpiece using a circular reciprocatory motion. The master mould is made by a casting process which starts with a preformed model, positive or negative, of the exact shape to be machined by the tool electrodes to be made. Positive and negative castings of the model, one of which castings is abrasive, are subjected to a relative circular reciprocatory motion in an abrading operation to provide the correct under or oversize of the master mould, which is then made directly or indirectly from the abraded casting. Casting apparatus for use in the method comprises a pallette for holding the casting and adjusting devices for ensuring parallelity and correct alignment for the moulding faces and there is also disclosed apparatus for the abrading operation in which an error detection system regulates the amplitude of the reciprocatory abrading movement.

Abstract: After acidification and separation of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, the water-containing organic phase that remains is first distilled to remove mainly water, then chilled to crystallize out the bulk of the dicarboxy acids, then esterified and distilled again to obtain monocarboxy acid esters in distillate fractions, after which the residue is further esterified to facilitate obtaining the remaining dicarboxy acids in usable form.

Abstract: In a device for accurately measuring the dimensions of metallic tubes and the like by supersonic waves in a liquid medium, typically water, obstructions providing reflecting boundaries that are partially reflecting and partially transparent for acoustic waves are provided at different distances from the transmitter-receiver between the latter and the object being measured and echoes of transmitted pulses from the reflecting boundaries of the obstructions and from those of the object being measured are processed in order to obtain the measured dimensions in a manner unaffected by changes in the velocity of propagation of the waves in the liquid medium because of temperature effects and the like. The pulse processing involves obtaining electrical signals proportional to the time delay between pairs of pulses and then comparing the time delays relating to precisely known distances with time delays relating to distances being measured.