Abstract: A pulse amplifier with its input across the power supply leads to an automobile radio receiver to be protected against pulse interference is used to operate a blanking gate interposed between the demodulator of the receiver and the low-frequency circuits thereof. One of the power supply leads is grounded to the vehicle body. A resistor in the ungrounded lead increases the sensitivity of the pulse interference suppression circuit without impairing receiver operation. The circuit provides interference suppression that is not dependent upon the receiver band width and therefore usable both for AM reception and for FM reception.

Abstract: The main objective of the microscope is shifted from the stereoscopic viewing position to a position in which its optic axis coincides with the optic axis of one of the twin variable magnification optical systems used for stereoscopic viewing. This shifted position provides better resolution for photography and measurement and reduces the correction requirements on the main objective. The shift of the objective is coordinated with a shift of the object under observation or a countershift of the upper part of the microscope in order to maintain the same field of view of the object.

Abstract: By means of an auxiliary voltage the semi-conductor controlled rectifier of a capacitor discharge magneto ignition system is at some limiting speed of the engine kept in its conducting condition from a time before the initiation of a charging halfwave until at least after the end of the charging halfwave. The auxiliary voltage is derived from a halfwave of polarity opposite to that which charges the ignition capacitor, and acts through a transistor to keep the SCR continuously conducting while the overspeed condition continues. The overspeed limit will be determined by the bias applied to the transistor.

Abstract: In a process for producing esters of carboxylic acids from the waste salt solutions derived from the manufacture of cyclohexanone, the mixture of organic acids obtained by acidulation with a strong acid and separation of an inorganic salt solution is refined to separate the monocarboxylic acids from the hydroxycarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids by a three-stage distillation at a temperature lower than 120.degree. C. The first stage is performed at a moderate vacuum, the second stage at a higher vacuum and the third stage is a steam distillation stage at a moderate vacuum, with the steam requirements reduced by returning to the evaporator an aqueous phase that is readily separated from the distillate. The use of steam in this manner only in the third stage reduces the steam requirements to economic proportions. More than 99% of the monocarboxylic acids may be separated from the other carboxylic acids in this fashion.

Abstract: The shaft on which the awning web may be rolled up is mounted in a housing with a substantially cylindrical inner cavity having a slot along its length for passage of the web. C-shaped brackets, open in the region of the slot, can be slid onto the housing, with notches locking on ridges of the housing to prevent relative rotation, and these brackets may be clamped on wall-mounted bases at an adjustable angle by means of clamping shells affixed to the mounting bases. The extension arms linked to the bottom slat have their inner ends mounted on the forward portions of two of the brackets and these arms fold up against the housing as the bottom slat is pulled up against the housing when the awning is retracted.

Abstract: Deburring of metal articles and parts in a combustion chamber process is accomplished in a machine requiring only a short stroke to open and close the combustion chamber in the processing of a series of articles or parts. Only the cap plate of the combustion chamber is fixed to the upper part of the vertical frame of the machine, it being provided with the inlet for the combustion gases, and the hollow cylinder and bottom plate form a mating unit of the combustion chamber, of which a number may be provided for sequential operation, which may travel into the work position and out of it on conveyor rails. Compression to seal the parts of the combustion chamber together during combustion processing is provided by a hydraulic or pneumatic piston drive mounted on the bottom portion of the frame to bear against the bottom plate of the particular interchangeable combustion chamber unit that is located in the work position.

Abstract: An annular permanent magnet affixed to the bottom of the timing shift plate of an ignition distributor exerts a force attracting the timing shift plate to the fixed carrier plate on which the timing shift plate is supported by spacers. Another permanent magnet is set into the inner flange of the carrier plate in the neighborhood of the cam-following portion of the interruptor to attract the nesting inner flange of the timing shift plate, so as to prevent the play between these flanges which form the bearing for the timing shift plate from interfering with the ignition timing. The timing shift plate and carrier plate are made of iron and there is only a small gap between the outer peripheries to provide a return magnetic circuit.

Abstract: A valve ahead of a continuously running exhaust pump allows air to be sucked through the piping of a burette from the intake capillary and, after the capillary is lowered into the input sample vessel, a quantity of the sample liquid flushes out any remaining traces of a previous sample. After the necessary small quantity of the sample liquid has been thus pulled into and out of the burette, the valve is closed and a piston with a conical head fitting right into the burette draws in a measured quantity of the sample from the input container and then discharges it into the output container. The vertex of the piston is flattened so that the channel through the burette head will not be closed off when the piston is driven all the way into the burette head.

Abstract: A hydrochloric acid leach solution is subjected to a first cycle of extraction by an organic solvent, solvent washing and stripping so that the stripping liquor contains iron, zinc, cadmium and gallium while the liquor constituted by the first raffinate at the outlet of the extraction unit mainly contains nickel, cobalt and copper. In a second extraction cycle, the stripping liquor contains copper while the second raffinate mainly contains cobalt and nickel. In a third extraction cycle, the stripping liquor contains cobalt while the third raffinate mainly contains nickel.

Abstract: Electroerosion machining (EDM or ECM) is carried out with a minimum of manual intervention. Under control of recorded data an electronic control system utilizing control logic directs the set-up operations as well as the actual machining process. The operations automatically (i.e., without the necessity of manual intervention) include loading and removal of workpieces and electrode material, trueing up of the workpiece (which may be by providing a transformation of the data rather than by adjusting the position of the workpiece), making starting bores, threading the electrode through a starting bore, applying a low melting alloy or other conducting adhesive to cement a core in the process of being cut out by machining, cutting the electrode after completing a starting bore and joining electrode ends after rethreading in a new starting bore. In threading the electrode it may be pushed simply or with the support of a surrounding jet of pressure medium, or it may be pulled by a grapple member.

Abstract: Unit loads of wood, surrounded by a small quantity of liquid, are impregnated in sturdy vessels provided with a cover. After or during an impregnation period under vacuum, the impregnation is completed by subjecting the liquid and the wood to pressure surges or impacts of such an intensity that the wood is deformed in the direction of length of the fibers or in the radial or tangential direction thereof within a range between the average pressure causing breakdown of the wood material and one-third of that average pressure. Intensity of pressure surges increases as the vessels are filled with impregnation liquid. Pressure waves may be produced by means of either compressed air, steam or explosive gas. A connecting chamber is provided for preparation and storage of the impregnation liquid.

Abstract: A slip ring for the transfer of very large currents to the rotor of an electric power generator is provided with a slip contact surface in the form of a surface of revolution oblique to the axis of rotation that is a ruled surface, which is to say straight lines (known as generatrices) can be drawn on it, whether the surface be flat, as a conical surface, or curved as, for example, a hyperboloidal surface. Cooling grooves centered on straight lines are provided, as well as cooling channels beneath the surface and parallel to it, through which air passes and may thereafter be used to cool the brushes and their supports. The brushes are arranged on self-adjusting ring-shaped carriers hung on centering arms rolling on axially directed guides and urged by a spring arrangement so as to press the brushes towards the slip ring. When one ring of brushes is worn away, it is carried beyond the slip ring where it can be removed for renewal and new rings of brushes can be added, all without stopping the generator.

Abstract: A living space with a floor below the natural ground level with a ceiling above the natural ground level is made more suitable for habitation without impairment of the qualities of space in upper stories and of surrounding grounds by providing slanting side walls for the upper part of the basement level, with windows therein. A reconstituted ground level is provided sloping up towards the basement ceiling, interrupted with graded basins in to which the basement windows respectively look.

Abstract: The picture signal and one of the other two signals (sound, color) frequency modulate a carrier and a subcarrier respectively which in turn modulate the incidence of a light beam cutting a transparent track through a metal film covering a transparent record medium moved past the light source. The frequency modulated carriers produce back and forth movement of the light beam aligned with the direction of transport of the record medium past the light source. The third signal modulates the duty cycle of one of the carriers.

Abstract: Two condition index variables are used for controlling operation in such a manner that one of the variables is kept as close as possible to a minimum value, while the other is held within an assigned range. Both condition index variables depend on the rate of flow of the flushing liquid through the working gap, on the interval between discharges in the gap or on the duty cycle or repetition frequency and amplitude of the discharge pulses. The condition index variable held to a minimum may be the integral of the square of the error signal from the regulating circuit of the electrode advancing drive, the integral of the square of the acceleration of electrode movement or the quotient obtained by dividing the square of the error signal by the square of the gap current. The regulating value to be held within an assigned range is a calculated breakdown potential defined by the relation of the variation of the error signal to the variation of the electrode spacing.

Abstract: A workpiece-supporting table of an electro erosion machining equipment is provided with a mechanism for subjecting the workpiece to a circling motion of continuously variable radius during operation from zero to a maximum value. The same tool electrode can be used, without withdrawal from the work, for coarse machining at first and fine machining under circling movement immediately thereafter.

Abstract: The principle of the Foucault knife edge method of testing lenses is utilized by providing an imperfect focus of the reading light beam on the signal track of a moving optical record and detecting the lateral distribution of light beyond the track to produce a tracking control while a centered detector utilizes the same light beam to read the information on the track. Since the Foucault principle is used and not ordinary shadow effect, the method is operable just as much with a translucent track on an opaque record as with an opaque track on a translucent record.

Abstract: An array of needle point anodes has its points uniformly spaced from a sheet cathode. Ionization occurring in an ionizable medium causes electron multiplication in the high electric field of the nearest anode point. A semiconductor solid may be the ionizable medium, instead of the usual gaseous or liquified rare gas. The pulse count rate is individually measured for each anode, or for each cathode segment when the anodes are connected together and a segmented cathode is used, to locate the trajectory and measure the flux of ionizing particles.

Abstract: A variable inductor having a U-shaped magnetic core with a short-circuiting plate providing a short-circuiting ring for both legs of the core movable along the core legs in response to a displacement to be measured is connected in an electronic circuit to generate oscillation of a frequency that is either directly or inversely proportional to the displacement. For the inversely proportional case, the variable inductance component can be combined with an integrator function and connected to an operational amplifier, for generation of the output frequency with a small number of electrical components. Additional circuit means may be used to improve linearity at higher output frequencies, or to provide arbitrary non-linear displacement-frequency characteristics.

Abstract: The peak voltage of each discharge pulse is measured and, if the voltage of the pulse exceeds a high threshold value, there is also measured the time between the passing of that value and the moment the pulse voltage thereafter drops below a second lower threshold value. The two measurements are expressed in pulses that are combined, preferably by addition, to provide a regulating value, whose deviation ("error") from a standard value is predicted for a coming period, taking account of recent electrode position change as well as regulating value trend. The sign of the predicted error determines in which direction the electrode drive motor will be energized, but if the predicted error is less than a threshold value no motor energization occurs until the next error prediction.