Abstract: An electrical signal observing device has an optical signal as a probe for converting the voltage or current waveform to be measured into an optical intensity waveform. This optical intensity waveform is converted into a signal which can be used by a signal observation device. A continuous wave light source is used for generating an optical signal which is amplified by an optical amplifier having a gain controlled by the electrical signal to be measured. A photodetector detects light from the optical amplifier and generates an observation signal which is displayed by a display unit.

Abstract: A voltage detector with an optical modulator comprising a pulse light source for outputting light pulses, a pulse train generator for generating a light pulse train having a pulse interval with the aid of light pulses provided by the pulse light source and for applying the light pulse train to an optical modulator, and a detector for detecting the optical intensities of light pulses forming the light pulse train which are modulated by the optical modulator with a voltage waveform to be detected.

Abstract: An optical window comprises a plurality of glass members and a plurality of reflective members each being formed between the adjacent glass members. Each reflective member is made of a glass medium which is the same as the glass member and grain regions made of a material having large reflectance and interspersed in the glass medium. A radiation position-sensitive detector comprises a scintillator, the optical window of the invention, and a multi-anode type photomultiplier tube which has a plurality of photomultipliers.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining information on the interior of an object, comprising irradiating elements for applying an electromagnetic wave or ultrasonic wave to an object being measured, detecting elements for detecting the electromagnetic wave or ultrasonic wave passed through and scattered inside the object, a holder for supporting the irradiating elements and the detecting elements in such a manner that the irradiating elements and the detecting elements are slidable and position detecting elements for detecting the position data of the irradiating elements and the detecting means with respect to the holder.

Abstract: A multi-channel voltage detector for converting multi-channel electrical signals into optical signals and simultaneously detecting multi-channel voltages in parallel mode.

Abstract: An electro-optical streak camera including an amplifier for amplifying a light signal under measurement. The amplified light signal is applied to an electro-optical deflector of a photodector portion of the streak camera.

Abstract: A light intensity stabilizing apparatus comprises an optical amplifier such as a non-resonant traveling-wave type optical amplifier, whose gain is adjustable by a controlling electrical signal and which amplifies incident light emitted from a light source, a beam splitting means for branching output light of the optical amplifier into stabilized output light and feedback light, a light intensity detector for converting said feedback light into an electrical signal, and a control unit for producing said controlling electrical signal in accordance with said electrical signal from said light intensity detector.

Abstract: A secondary electron multiplier having a Venetian blind dynode structure for use in a photomultiplier tube or the like. The dynode structure includes first and second dynodes being vertically disposed transverse to each other in that the geometrically transparent part of the first dynode is aligned with a portion of the geometrically opaque part of the second dynode corresponding to a width dimension defined from the lower end of the second dynode, and the voltages applied to the dynodes are specially configured to provide a sufficient energy to the dynodes for secondary electron mulitplication.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the density or the like of an object from the level of transmission through the object of gamma rays having different energy levels which are transmitted at the object by a gamma source having a predetermined solid angle of transmission. A collimator collimates gamma transmitted through the object and a scintillator generates light corresponding to the output of the collimator. Plural photomultipliers generate position-dependent electrical signals corresponding to the light generated by an incident gamma ray photon to the scintillator. A calculating circuit generates a density spectrum for the object from the position-dependent electrical signals by integrating the position-dependent electrical signals corresponding to each of the incident gamma ray photons to the scintillator.

Abstract: A sampling streak tube in which the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced. The tube includes a photocathode to which an incident light beam is applied and an accelerating electrode for accelerating an electron beam emitted by the photocathode the accelerating electrode being in the form of a plate with an opening through which the beam passes. The accelerated beam is passed through deflecting electrodes for deflecting the electron beam. The deflected beam crosses a slit in a sampling electrode, a sampled beam portion passing through the slit and impinging on a phosphor screen.

Abstract: Optical waveform observing apparatus including a sampling streak tube to which is applied an incident light beam having a waveform to be observed. An electron beam corresponding to the incident light beam is repetitively deflected in the streak tube, in response to a repetitive deflecting trigger signal, to sample the electron beam. The repetitive deflection of the electron beam is periodically stopped for a first time period. An integration circuit integrates data outputted by the streak tube. A subtraction circuit subtracts the integration of streak tube data outputted during the first time period from the integration of streak tube data outputted during a second time period when the repetitive beam deflection is not stopped, so that background noise and dark currents are not included in the subtraction result.

Abstract: A position-sensitive radiation detector has a multi-layer scintillator assembly coupled to a position-sensitive photo-detector. Individual scintillator blocks of rectangular solid form in each scintillator layer are optically isolated by a reflecting agent such as BaSO.sub.4, and the adjacent layers are optically coupled by a coupling agent such as silicon grease. In the case of the scintillator assembly of n layers, the scintillator blocks in one layer are staggered with those in the adjacent layer by one nth of the width of each block. In addition to information on a horizontal position, information on the depth of radiation absorption can be obtained by calculating the centroid or variance of a spatial distribution of light outputted from the scintillator assembly.

Abstract: A neighboring picture operation unit for carrying out data operations on a plurality of picture elements having multilevel intensity information having a neighboring picture element register for storing the data corresponding to the intensity information for each picture element, a bit selector for selecting all the bits corresponding to a specific bit position of the intensity information for each of the picture elements, and a bit operator for performing the operations on the data corresponding to a bit position in accordance with the results of operations performed on data corresponding to other bit positions. The bit operator has a programmable logic array (PLA) for performing AND operations on groups of data corresponding to a specific bit position and patterns of bits generated by a ROM in response to previous comparisons of picture data corresponding to a specific bit position.

Abstract: Optical waveform observing apparatus including a sampling streak tube to which is applied an incident light beam having a waveform of repetitive frequency to be observed. An electron beam corresponding to the incident light beam is repetitively deflected in the streak tube, in response to a repetitive deflecting trigger signal, to sample the electron beam. The deflecting trigger signal is generated by a time sweep circuit that stepwise delays the occurrence of that signal when the sampling operation is carried out a predetermined number of times. An integration circuit integrates the output of the streak tube for the predetermined number of sampling operations for a sampling time and is then reset to begin integrating the streak tube output for the predetermined number of sampling operations for a next sampling time. The integration circuit output is digitized and displayed.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprising scintillators for converting radiation from a sample into scintillation light, image intensifiers for amplifying the scintillation light and forming an amplified image of the radiation, the image guides for directing the scintillation light to the respective image intensifiers. The observing field of a sample is conceptually partitioned into plural sections with each section corresponding to a respective one of the image intensifiers. One end of each image guide faces a respective section of the sample and the other end of each image guide is connected to a respective image intensifier.

Abstract: A light source driving device for driving a light source such as a semiconductor laser comprises an input voltage generating section for superposing a pulse voltage on a predetermined DC voltage to provide an input voltage, a voltage converting section having an inductor and a step recovery diode, and a driving section having a delay element. The voltage converting section applies the input voltage through the inductor to the step recovery diode to provide a very short pulse voltage. The driving section applies the very short pulse voltage to the light source, and the delay element delays the very short pulse voltage, inverts the polarity thereof, and applies the inverted very short light pulse to the light source.

Abstract: A spatial light modulating device has a light modulating means which comprises a substrate which is transparent with respect to readout light and whose first surface is coated with a first transparent conductive film, an electro-optic crystal plate whose first surface being opposed to the first surface of the substrate is coated with a second transparent conductive film, an adhesive layer for bonding the substrate and the electro-optic crystal plate, and conductive substances disposed in the adhesive layer so as to electrically connect the first and second transparent conductive films.

Abstract: A voltage detector comprises a pulse light source, a delay means, a dispersing prism made of an electro-optic material and a linear image sensor. The electro-optic material senses a voltage developing in a selected area of an object as a change of its refractive index. An optical path of a pulse light is changed by the dispersing prism according to the change of its refractive index. An output pulse light emerging from the dispersing prism is detected by a linear image sensor. A waveform of the periodic voltage pulses can be detected by gradually delaying a phase of the pulse light emitted from the light source. The voltage developing in one-dimensional positions in the object can be also detected by employing a dispersing prism extending along the positions to be detected and a two-dimensional detector.

Abstract: A voltage detector detects a voltage developing in a selected area of an object such as an integrated circuit by utilizing an electro-optic material equipped in an optical probe. A change in refractive index of an electro-optic material which is caused by the voltage in the object, is detected as a change of polarization of a light beam passing through the electro-optic material. In order to avoid undesired changes of polarization of the light beam when passing through optical fibers, a polarizer, beam splitters, and an analyzer are assembled together and connected to the electro-optic material to form a compact optical probe.

Abstract: A device for measuring an extremely diminished intensity of light by superposing a plurality of streaking images of the light beams caused by fluorescence occurring in a phosphor layer where secondary electrons are incident thereon in single photon units. A streaking image is formed by secondary electrons generated within a streaking tube through which electrons generated in a photoelectric layer therein are accelerated to the phosphor layer therein when passing through a micro-channel-plate therein. The superposed streaking images with enhanced brightness are then picked up by a television camera.