Abstract: A method of determining the result of an assay in a microfluidic device includes the steps of: dispensing a sample droplet onto a first portion of an electrode array of the microfluidic device; dispensing a reagent droplet onto a second portion of the electrode array of the microfluidic device; controlling actuation voltages applied to the electrode array to mix the sample droplet and the reagent droplet into a product droplet; sensing a dynamic property of the product droplet; and determining an assay of the sample droplet based on the sensed dynamic property. The dynamic property is a physical property of the product droplet that influences a transport property of the product droplet on the electrode array. Example dynamic properties of the product droplet include the moveable state, split-able state, and viscosity based on droplet properties. The method may be used to perform an amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay.

Abstract: A solar cell panel using a back contact solar cell is disclosed. The solar cell panel includes a front substrate, a back sheet positioned opposite the front substrate, a plurality of solar cells positioned between the front substrate and the back sheet and connected to one another by a plurality of conductive lines electrically connecting two adjacent solar cells, an encapsulant covering the plurality of solar cells, and at least one blocking portion blocking the plurality of conductive lines that is otherwise visible between the solar cells from being visually seen. The at least one blocking portion is positioned between a back surface of the front substrate and the encapsulant.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a high light transmittance photovoltaic encapsulating material, which is prepared by the following process: subjecting 100 mass parts of a photovoltaic encapsulating material matrix resin or a graft-modified matrix resin, 0.001 to 5 mass parts of an oxygen- or sulfur-containing compound, 0.01 to 10 mass parts of a reactive plasticize 0.01 to 1.5 mass parts of an initiator, 0.01 to 10 mass parts of an assistant cross-linker, 0.1 to 3.0 mass parts of a silane coupling agent, 0.1 to 0.4 mass parts of an ultraviolet light absorber, and 0.1 to 1.0 mass part of light stabilizer to pre-mixing, melt extrusion, film casting, cooling, slitting, and coiling. The light transmittance of the photovoltaic encapsulating material is improved, and the refractive indexes of glass/front-layer encapsulating material/cell match each other, thereby increasing the sunlight utilization ratio of a module, and optimizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the module.

Abstract: A stacked monolithic multi-junction solar cell having at least four subcells, wherein the band gap increases starting from the first subcell in the direction of the fourth subcell, each subcell has an n-doped emitter and a p-doped base, the emitter and the base of the first subcell each are formed of germanium, all following subcells each have at least one element of main group III and V of the periodic table, all subcells following the first subcell are formed lattice-matched to one another, a semiconductor mirror having a plurality of doped semiconductor layers with alternately different refractive indices is placed between the first and second subcell, the semiconductor layers of the semiconductor mirror are each formed n-doped and each have a dopant concentration of at most 5·1018 cm?3, the semiconductor mirror is placed between the first subcell and the first tunnel diode.

Abstract: A system includes a plurality of photovoltaic modules, each having at least one solar cell, an encapsulant encapsulating the solar cell, a frontsheet, and a backsheet. The encapsulant and the frontsheet are transparent. The backsheet includes a first section and a second section juxtaposed with the first section. The first section is transparent and the second section is non-transparent. A first end of the frontsheet, a first end of the encapsulant, and the first section of the backsheet form a transparent portion. A first photovoltaic module overlays at least a portion of a second photovoltaic module. The transparent portion of the first photovoltaic module overlays at least a portion of the at least one solar cell of the second photovoltaic module.

Abstract: Discussed is a paste composition for an electrode of a solar cell, the paste including a conductive powder, an organic vehicle, and an inorganic composition formed by including a plurality of metal compounds including a gallium compound including gallium as a component of a main network former of the inorganic composition.

Abstract: A power production system includes a flue gas generator configured to generate a flue gas that includes carbon dioxide and oxygen; a fuel supply; a fuel cell assembly that includes: a cathode section configured to receive the flue gas generated by the flue gas generator, and output cathode exhaust, and an anode section configured to receive fuel from the fuel supply, and output anode exhaust that contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide; a methanator configured to receive the anode exhaust, convert at least a portion of the hydrogen in the anode exhaust to methane, and output methanated anode exhaust; a chiller assembly configured to cool the methanated anode exhaust to a predetermined temperature so as to liquefy carbon dioxide in the methanated anode exhaust; and a gas separation assembly configured to receive the cooled methanated anode exhaust and separate the liquefied carbon dioxide from residual fuel gas.

Abstract: The invention discloses a conductive paste for forming the electrode on the surface of solar cell, which contains conductive powder, mixed glass and organic phase; wherein, the mixed glass comprises the following two types of glass components: the first type of glass is at least one selected from the tellurium glass which does not contain lead substantially and having tellurium, bismuth, lithium as the essential component; The second type of glass is at least one kind of lead silicate glass, which having lead and silicon as essential components and does not contain tellurium substantially. The invention also provides a solar cell prepared by printing the conductive paste as a surface electrode and a manufacturing method of the solar cell.

Abstract: A separator includes a substrate and a coating layer on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the coating layer includes first organic particles and second organic particles, and an average particle diameter of the first organic particles is larger than an average particle diameter of the second organic particles. The first organic particles protrude or extend to a height of about 0.1 ?m to about 0.5 ?m from a dented portion of a surface of the coating layer, and are distributed on the surface of the coating layer in an area ratio of about 5% or greater to less than 30% with respect to a total surface area of the coating layer. The separator may have improved adhesion to electrodes, insulation characteristics, and air permeability, and a battery including the separator may have improved lifespan characteristics.

Abstract: A roof-mounted solar power system for generating electrical power that includes a plurality of solar modules adapted for generating electrical power from sunlight, and with each of the plurality of solar modules having substantially the same size, aspect ratio and surface coloring. The plurality of solar modules are mounted on the deck of a roof to form a bank of solar modules having at least one irregular edge. The solar power system further includes one or more non-power generating edge treatments having substantially the same size, aspect ratio and surface coloring as the solar modules and that are adapted for installation along the irregular edge. Each edge treatment is adapted for a cutting away of at least one corner thereof to smooth the irregular edge of the bank of solar modules to a regular edge.

Abstract: Device structures, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed for photovoltaic cells that may be a single-junction or multijunction solar cells, with at least a first layer comprising a group-IV semiconductor in which part of the cell comprises a second layer comprising a III-V semiconductor or group-IV semiconductor having a different composition than the group-IV semiconductor of the first layer, such that a heterostructure is formed between the first and second layers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell string, a string group, a module, and a manufacturing method thereof. The solar cell string is formed by connecting a plurality of first type of solar cells and at least one second type of solar cell, wherein front electrodes of the plurality of first type of solar cells (701) have the same polarity, back electrodes of the plurality of first type of solar cells (701) also have the same polarity, and the polarity of the front electrodes of the first type of multiple solar cells (701) is opposite to the polarity of the back electrodes. Back electrodes on a back side of the second type of solar cell (801) comprise a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

Abstract: Thermo-electric generator which is intended to be immersed in a fluid which contains at least one chemical species, comprising two electrodes each having a first end and a second end, the first ends being connected to each other, the generator being configured to generate an electrical voltage between the two ends when a temperature difference is imposed between each first end and the corresponding second end, the temperature difference being such that one end, referred to as the “hot end”, of each electrode has a temperature which is strictly greater than the temperature of the other end. The hot end of at least one electrode comprises a micro-organism or an enzyme which is capable of causing at least one exothermic reaction involving the chemical species.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell is provided, which includes a substrate; a first passivation layer and a first anti-reflection layer disposed on a front surface of the substrate; and a second passivation layer, a PPW layer and at least one silicon nitride layer SiuNv (1<u/v<4) disposed on a rear surface of the substrate. The at least one silicon nitride layer has a refractive index and a thickness in respective ranges of 1.9 to 2.5 and 50 nm to 100 nm. The second passivation layer includes at least one aluminum oxide layer AlxOy (0.8<y/x<1.6), a refractive index and a thickness of which are respectively in ranges of 1.4 to 1.6 and 4 nm to 20 nm. The PPW layer includes at least one silicon oxynitride layer SirOsNt (r>s>t), a refractive index and a thickness of which are respectively in ranges of 1.5 to 1.8 and 1 nm to 30 nm.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module having a superstrate layer, an encapsulant having an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer being juxtaposed with a lower surface of the superstrate layer, and a photovoltaic layer intermediate the upper layer and the lower layer of the encapsulant. A first portion of the upper layer of the encapsulant includes a first light scattering value as measured in accordance with an ASTM E430 standard, and a second portion of the upper layer of the encapsulant has a second light scattering value as measured in accordance with the ASTM E430 standard. The second light scattering value is greater than the first light scattering value.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device is presented. The photovoltaic device includes a buffer layer disposed on a transparent conductive oxide layer; a window layer disposed on the buffer layer; and an interlayer interposed between the transparent conductive oxide layer and the window layer. The interlayer includes a metal species, wherein the metal species includes gadolinium, beryllium, calcium, barium, strontium, scandium, yttrium, hafnium, cerium, lutetium, lanthanum, or combinations thereof. A method of making a photovoltaic device is also presented.

Abstract: Described herein is an apparatus that allows for quicker assembly of photovoltaic array system. More particularly, the invention relates to photovoltaics, frame housing, magnetic coupling, array connectors, and battery unit within a photovoltaic module. Two connector types, male and female, will be in magnetic electrical contact. The male and female connectors will be fastened to individual photovoltaic panel framework with wiring internalized. Battery unit will be attached to the module. This configuration allows for quicker assembly of photovoltaic array system.

Abstract: A solar cell and a photovoltaic module including the solar cell. The solar cell includes: a semiconductor substrate including a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other; a first dielectric layer located on the first surface; a first N+ doped layer located on a surface of the first dielectric layer; a first passivation layer located on a surface of the first N+ doped layer; a first electrode located on a surface of the first passivation layer; a second dielectric layer located on the second surface; a first P+ doped layer located on a surface of the second dielectric layer; a second passivation layer located on a surface of the first P+ doped layer; and a second electrode located on a surface of the second passivation layer.

Abstract: A method for providing a catalyst-coated polymer electrolyte membrane for a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell with at least one functional coating made of a material includes printing directly the material onto the catalyst-coated polymer electrolyte membrane by a non-contact printing method.

Abstract: An optimization engine determines an optimal configuration for a solar power system projected onto a target surface. The optimization engine identifies an alignment axis that passes through a vertex of a boundary associated with the target surface and then constructs horizontal or vertical spans that represent contiguous areas where solar modules may be placed. The optimization engine populates each span with solar modules and aligns the solar modules within adjacent spans to one another. The optimization engine then generates a performance estimate for a collection of populated spans. By generating different spans with different solar module types and orientations, the optimization engine is configured to identify an optimal solar power system configuration.