Abstract: An ionic organic compound having a repeating unit of formula (I) can be synthesized easily from a readily available organic compound through a small number of reaction steps, can be produced without any purification technique such as chromatography, and can be used in a quite small amount for gelation of water or an ionic liquid without any other auxiliary solvent: [-(A-B-C)n-]•m(X) ??(I) wherein A represents a group having a quaternary ammonium cation which is formed from a heterocyclic compound having at least one nitrogen atom; B represents a functional group, which may have a substituent, selected from amide, urea, urethane and peptide groups; C represents a divalent hydrocarbon group, which may have a substituent, capable of linking between A and B; X represents an anion; n represents the number of repeating units; m represents the total number of anions; and n and m are the same integer.

Abstract: There are provided a novel onium salt and a method for optimizing the interface of a negative electrode by the use of the novel onium salt and /or a conventional onium salt. Such a method is characterized in that an electrolyte comprising novel 2, 2, 2-trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) acetamide·tetraethyl ammonium salt is made to intervene between a negative electrode and a positive electrode in an electrochemical device having the constitution: a negative electrode|an electrolyte |a positive electrode, thereby constructing an electrode structure in the electrochemical device, and applying a voltage between the negative electrode and the positive electrode so as for the negative electrode to have a potential of ?1 V to ?5 V in terms of the potential relative to a reference electrode of I?/I3?, thereby forming a passive-state layer comprising a decomposition product of the above electrolyte or salt on the surface of the above negative electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ionic liquids having low melting points, low viscosities and high electrical conductivities; and more specifically, to ionic liquids including at least one organic onium ion and at least one anion represented by the formula: [Z-BF3]? wherein Z is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a fluoroalkenyl group. The ionic liquids according to the invention are capable of easily dissolving electrolytes such as lithium salts, and are also nonflammable and have low viscosities; therefore, the ionic liquids are suitable for use as electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries such as lithium secondary batteries, electric double-layer capacitors, and the like. The ionic liquids according to the invention are suitable for use in electrochemical devices such as lithium secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar batteries, electrical double-layer capacitors and the like; as solvents for chemical reactions; and as lubricants.

Abstract: The utilization amount of steam generated by heat recovery tends to decrease in a production process of an organic acid when the concentration of an organic acid solution obtained in a step of collecting an organic acid with a solvent such as water become high. The purpose of the invention is to find an advantageous method for effectively utilizing reaction heat and contribute to global environmental preservation and saving product costs. The present invention provides a production method of an organic acid comprising carrying out a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction of raw material gas at the temperature from 250° C. to 450° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising at least one organic ammonium ion and at least one member selected from the group consisting of anions represented by [BF3(CnF2n+1)]? wherein n represents 2, 3 or 4.

Abstract: There are provided a novel onium salt and a method for optimizing the interface of a negative electrode by the use of the novel onium salt and/or a conventional onium salt. Such a method is characterized in that an electrolyte comprising novel 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) acetamide•tetraethyl ammonium salt is made to intervene between a negative electrode and a positive electrode in an electrochemical device having the constitution: a negative electrode | an electrolyte | a positive electrode, thereby constructing an electrode structure in the electrochemical device, and applying a voltage between the negative electrode and the positive electrode so as for the negative electrode to have a potential of −1 V to −5 V in terms of the potential relative to a reference electrode of I−/I3−, thereby forming a passive-state layer comprising a decomposition product of the above electrolyte or salt on the surface of the above negative electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a (meth)acrylic ester which enables to obtain a (meth)acrylic ester in an excellent reaction yield. The process for producing a (meth)acrylic ester uses an alcohol and an acid as raw materials and an ion-exchange resin as a catalyst, and the process is characterized by comprising a dehydration step and an esterification step, wherein the esterification reaction step follows the dehydration step in which water impregnated in the ion-exchange resin is removed by using as a dehydrating solvent at least one member selected from the group consisting of the alcohol, the acid, and the resulting ester.

Abstract: A purifying apparatus characterized by being equipped with a vapor dispersing device possessing in a vapor inlet part owned by the apparatus on the lateral inside thereof an opening part facing downward from the horizontal direction and a horizontal projected cross section area in the range of 10-40% of the cross section area of said apparatus. In consequence of the incorporation of the vapor dispersing device according to this invention, the drift of the gas is repressed, the efficiency of separation is improved, and the possible polymerization of a compound under treatment in the lower part of the column is prevented.