Abstract: A security device includes a secure processor, a mail box, a cryptographic intellectual property (IP), a secure direct memory access (DMA) circuit, and an internal memory. The secure processor provides an isolated execution environment. The mail box transfers a request from a CPU to the secure processor. The cryptographic IP performs one or more secure operations, including a signature certification operation, an encryption/decryption operation, and an integrity verification operation, on secure data within the isolated execution environment and without intervention of the CPU. The secure DMA circuit controls the one or more secure operations within the isolated execution environment, wherein only the secure processor is configured to control the secure DMA circuit. The internal memory stores the secure data on which the one or more secure operations are performed. The cryptographic IP includes a DMA circuit configured to control data access to an external storage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for recognizing a user location using sensor-based activity recognition. The system includes a mobile device which includes a sensor module configured to sense information about at least one of a user state and surrounding environments, a first processor configured to extract activity information based on the sensed information, and a first communication module configured to transmit the extracted activity information; and a user terminal device which includes a second communication module configured to receive the activity information from the first communication module, and a processor configured to determine a user location in a user space corresponding to a user activity based on the received activity information. By determining a user's location in a user space corresponding to a user activity, it is possible to control electronic devices corresponding to the user activity or provide a service of monitoring activities of the old and weak and the child.

Abstract: An alerting method for portable electronic devices, the alerting method being performed by at least one of first and second portable devices. The method includes first and second electronic devices communicating with one another through two different wireless channels, the first channel providing longer range communications than the second channel. The second electronic device may enter an alarm mode of operation if communications through a channel fails. The second electronic device may exit the alarm mode of operation if communications through the other channel are restored.

Abstract: A device system that performs group authentication and an operating method thereof are provided. The device system includes multiple devices. The operating method of the device system includes performing a first authentication procedure with respect to a first device that is newly connected to the device system; and performing a second authentication procedure with respect to the first device via an authentication group including at least two devices selected from the devices. The second authentication procedure is a group-based authentication procedure. If the first and second authentication procedures are successful, the operating method includes approving connection of the first device to the device system.

Abstract: An alerting method for portable electronic devices, the alerting method being performed by at least one of first and second portable devices. The method includes first and second electronic devices communicating with one another through two different wireless channels, the first channel providing longer range communications than the second channel. The second electronic device may enter an alarm mode of operation if communications through a channel fails. The second electronic device may exit the alarm mode of operation if communications through the other channel are restored.

Abstract: An embodiment includes an electronic device, comprising: a control intellectual property (IP) including a plurality of first special function registers (SFRs); a basic operation IP including a plurality of second SFRs and coupled to the control IP through a first path and a second path; and a random number generator configured to generate a random signal; wherein the control IP is configured to: select one of the first path and the second path based on the random signal; and set the second SFRs using the selected path.

Abstract: A Montgomery inverse calculation device includes a plurality of registers each storing a value of a variable, a modulus register storing a modulus, a multiplier performing multiplication on the modulus. A comparator compares the value of the variable stored in each of the registers with an output value of the multiplier and generates a plurality of control signals. A plurality of shifters shifts bits of a value of a variable stored in a corresponding register among the registers in response to at least one first control signal, and a quotient generation block calculates a quotient of mod 2m with respect to values output from some of the shifters in response to a second control signal. A calculation block calculates an updated value of an output value of each of the shifters using the quotient in response to at least one third control signal.

Abstract: Generating a random permutation by arranging a sequence N numbers in a matrix, performing random arrangement operations on the rows of the matrix to generate an intermediary matrix, performing random arrangement operations on the columns of the intermediary matrix to generate a second intermediary matrix, and arranging the N numbers of the second intermediary matrix as a rearranged sequence of the N numbers.

Abstract: A radix-2k Montgomery multiplier including an input coefficient generation unit to receive a multiplier, a multiplicand, a modulus, a sum and a previous sum, to generate and to output a partial product and a multiple modulus by using at least one of the multiplier, the multiplicand, the modulus and the sum, and to divide and to output the received previous sum into units of k bits, an accumulator circuit to receive the partial product, the multiple modulus and k bits of the previous sum from the input coefficient generation unit, and to generate and to output a carry and a sum by summing the partial product, the multiple modulus and the previous sum, and a carry propagation adder (CPA) circuit to generate and to output an ultimate sum by using the carry and the sum.

Abstract: A modular calculator and a method of performing a modular calculation are provided. The modular calculator includes a first register to receive and to store a first integer, a second register to receive and to store a second integer, a calculator connected to an output terminal of the first register and an output terminal of the second register, and a controller to determine an arithmetic operation of the calculator by referring to a sign of the first integer and a sign of the second integer and to control the calculator to perform the determined arithmetic operation on one of an addition and a subtraction of the first integer and the second integer and a modulus value.

Abstract: An electronic multiplier, such as a multiplication circuit, may include a partial product generator, a Booth code encoder and an accumulator. The partial product generator may generate partial product data based on a Booth code and multiplicand data. The Booth code encoder may generate the Booth code based on multiplier data. The Booth code may include a zero-generation Booth code and a zero-avoidance Booth code. The Booth code encoder may selectively generate the zero-generation Booth code or the zero-avoidance Booth code when the partial product data correspond to a partial product of zero. The accumulator accumulates the partial product data to provide a multiplication result of the multiplicand data and the multiplier data.

Abstract: Generating a random permutation by arranging a sequence N numbers in a matrix, performing random arrangement operations on the rows of the matrix to generate an intermediary matrix, performing random arrangement operations on the columns of the intermediary matrix to generate a second intermediary matrix, and arranging the N numbers of the second intermediary matrix as a rearranged sequence of the N numbers.

Abstract: A field emission panel, a liquid crystal display and a field emission display having the same are provided. The field emission panel includes a lower plate emitting electrons and an upper plate generating white light or a color image through collision with the electrons. The lower plate includes plural field emission elements, plural cathode electrodes and plural gate electrodes forming an electric field for electron emission from the electron emission elements, and a glass plate supporting the electron emission elements, the cathode electrodes, and the gate electrodes. The gate electrodes are arranged on an upper surface of the glass plate, and the glass plate has plural accommodation grooves for accommodating the plural electron emission elements and the plural cathode electrodes.

Abstract: A modular operator, a smart card including the same, and a method of operating the same are provided. The modular operator includes: an input unit configured to receive first data, second data, and a modulus; and an accumulator configured to perform an accumulation operation on the first data and a first portion of the second data, to shift the accumulation operation result to the right as much as the number of bits of the first portion, and to perform an accumulation operation on a result of a shifted accumulation operation, a second part, of the second data, which is shifted to the right as much as the number of bits of the first portion, and the modulus.

Abstract: A multi-interface card includes smart card interface, memory card interface, card controller and memory module. The smart card interface interfaces with a smart card host using a smart card protocol. The memory card interface interfaces with a memory card host using a memory card protocol. The card controller controls the smart card host and memory card host so that the smart card host and the memory card host simultaneously interface with the smart card and the memory card interfaces, respectively. The memory module stores data transferred from the smart card host and memory card host. The multi-interface card simultaneously supports the smart card interface and the memory card interface. Thus, the one multi-interface card can support a subscriber authentication function and a data storage function.

Abstract: A Montgomery inverse calculation device includes a plurality of registers each storing a value of a variable, a modulus register storing a modulus, a multiplier performing multiplication on the modulus. A comparator compares the value of the variable stored in each of the registers with an output value of the multiplier and generates a plurality of control signals. A plurality of shifters shifts bits of a value of a variable stored in a corresponding register among the registers in response to at least one first control signal, and a quotient generation block calculates a quotient of mod 2m with respect to values output from some of the shifters in response to a second control signal. A calculation block calculates an updated value of an output value of each of the shifters using the quotient in response to at least one third control signal.

Abstract: A modular calculator and a method of performing a modular calculation are provided. The modular calculator includes a first register to receive and to store a first integer, a second register to receive and to store a second integer, a calculator connected to an output terminal of the first register and an output terminal of the second register, and a controller to determine an arithmetic operation of the calculator by referring to a sign of the first integer and a sign of the second integer and to control the calculator to perform the determined arithmetic operation on one of an addition and a subtraction of the first integer and the second integer and a modulus value.

Abstract: A radix-2k Montgomery multiplier including an input coefficient generation unit to receive a multiplier, a multiplicand, a modulus, a sum and a previous sum, to generate and to output a partial product and a multiple modulus by using at least one of the multiplier, the multiplicand, the modulus and the sum, and to divide and to output the received previous sum into units of k bits, an accumulator circuit to receive the partial product, the multiple modulus and k bits of the previous sum from the input coefficient generation unit, and to generate and to output a carry and a sum by summing the partial product, the multiple modulus and the previous sum, and a carry propagation adder (CPA) circuit to generate and to output an ultimate sum by using the carry and the sum.

Abstract: A light emission device and a display device having the light emission device are provided. A light emission device includes first and second substrates facing each other to form a vacuum envelope. An electron emission unit is provided on the first substrate. A light emission unit is provided on the second substrate to emit light using electrons emitted from the electron emission unit. A spacer uniformly maintains a gap between the first and second substrates. The spacer has a surface resistivity within a range of 1012-1014 ?cm.

Abstract: A light emission device and a display device using the light emission device as the light source are disclosed. In one embodiment, the light emission device includes i) first and second substrates facing each other and forming a vacuum vessel, ii) an electron emission unit provided on the first substrate, and iii) a light emission unit provided on the second substrate. The light emission unit may include i) a transparent anode electrode formed on the second substrate, ii) a phosphor layer formed on the anode electrode, and iii) a plurality of sub-electrodes contacting the anode electrode and crossing the phosphor layer under the phosphor layer. The sub-electrodes may have a resistance lower than that of the anode electrode.