Abstract: An electron source forming substrate wherein an insulating material film is disposed on the surface of the substrate at which surface an electron-emitting device is arranged. The insulating material film contains a plurality of metallic oxide particles having an average particle size within the range of 6 nm to 60 nm as expressed in a median value, and suppresses undesirable diffusion of Na from the substrate, thereby makes stable an electron-emitting characteristics, without an adverse effect due to the Na diffusion, even elapsing longer time.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an electroconductive film, a developing process is implemented on a photosensitive paste layer (12) having a height of about 13 &mgr;m in a state where exposure is repeated twice in FIG. 1D, and thereafter, a baking process is completed to form a wiring pattern (20). As a result, the curling of an edge formed in the wiring pattern (20) can be remarkably reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electron source forming substrate provided with an insulating material layer provided on the surface of a substrate, at which surface an electron-emitting device is disposed, wherein the insulating material layer has a plurality of partially exposed metal oxide particles on its surface. Also disclosed are an electron source including a substrate and an electron-emitting device arranged on the substrate, wherein the substrate is an electron source forming substrate as described above, and an image display apparatus including an envelope, an electron-emitting device arranged in the envelope, and an image display member adapted to display images through application of electrons from the electron-emitting device, wherein a substrate on which the electron-emitting device is arranged is an electron source forming substrate as described above.

Abstract: An electron source forming substrate comprises an insulating material film provided on a substrate surface, where an electron-emitting device is arranged. The insulating material film contains a metallic oxide and has a vacancy, so that the vacancy suppresses diffusion of Na from a substrate thereunder, thereby electron-emitting characteristic is maintained stable without adverse effect due to Na even after long time operation.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7 H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7 H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed of a pair of substrates oppositely disposed with adhesive particles dispersed between the substrates, a sealing member disposed along a periphery of the substrates while leaving a liquid crystal injection port to be later sealed, and a liquid crystal disposed in a region surrounded by the sealing member and the liquid crystal injection port later sealed. In the device, the region surrounded by the sealing member for disposing the liquid crystal is divided into a rectangular first region for effective optical modulation and a second region surrounding the first region not contributing to substantial optical modulation, and the adhesive particles are disposed in a dispersed state in the first region and selectively at a portion of the second region in proximity to the injection port so as to minimize a cell gap distribution and provide a broader drive margin temperature characteristic.

Abstract: A filter completely free from resin residues remaining on the glass substrate surface in the photolithographic process is prepared with a high production efficiency by applying a photosensitive resin to a substrate surface, subjecting the applied resin to light exposure and development by photolithography, and heating the resin, thereby baking the resin, where the substrate surface is irradiated with an ultraviolet ray in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, before and/or after the baking, thereby removing residues remaining on the substrate surface due to the development.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate having thereon a layer of plural color filter segments and a layer of first transparent electrodes disposed in superposition with the layer of color filter segments, a second substrate disposed opposite to and spaced apart from the first substrate and having thereon a layer of second transparent electrodes intersecting with the first transparent electrodes, and a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second substrates so as to form plural color pixels each at a region of intersection of the first and second transparent electrodes superposed with one of the color filter segments while leaving a pixel spacing between the plural color pixels.

Abstract: The invention provides a color liquid crystal panel which has a liquid crystal placed between a first substrate and a second substrate, the first substrate having formed thereon a plurality of color filter films and transparent electrodes and the second substrate having formed thereto a transparent electrode. It also has first light-shielding layer sections. formed on the first substrate either in the same layer as the color filter film or in a layer at the substrate side from the color filter films, without contacting the color filter films. It further has second light-shielding layer sections formed in a layer at the liquid crystal layer side from the color filter films. Light is completely shielded by the first light-shielding layer sections and/or the second light-shielding layer section(s) between the color filter films. Such a color liquid crystal panel is highly effective in shielding the gaps between the color filter films, and is less reflective to external light or the like at the display surface.

Abstract: A photosensitive colored material mainly composed of an aromatic polyamide or polyimide resin having a photosensitive group in its molecule, a coloring matter, and a solvent, wherein; said solvent comprises a first solvent component capable of independently dissolving said resin alone and a second solvent component having a smaller surface tension than said first solvent component and incapable of independently solving said resin; and the content of said first solvent component is larger than the content of said second solvent component.

Abstract: A photosensitive colored material mainly composed of an aromatic polyamide or polyimide resin having a photosensitive group in its molecule, a coloring matter, and a solvent, wherein; said solvent comprises a first solvent component capable of independently dissolving said resin alone and a second solvent component having a smaller surface tension than said first solvent component and incapable of independently solving said resin; and the content of said first solvent component is larger than the content of said second solvent component.

Abstract: A color filter is produced through the steps of: forming a layer of a color filter material including a colorant dispersed in a photosensitive resin on a substrate; and pre-baking, exposing and developing the color filter material layer to leave a color filter pattern on the substrate. In the developing step, a developer liquid is applied in the form of a curtain onto the exposed color filter material layer on the substrate, the substrate is allowed to stand in a substantially still state and then the substrate is supplied with an ultrasonic wave projected perpendicularly to the substrate while being in contact with the developer liquid. The ultrasonic wave is preferably uniformized by at least two rotating reflection or diffusion plates before it is projected onto the substrate. As a result, the color filter pattern can be developed with little development irregularity even on a large-size substrate.

Abstract: A large-sized liquid crystal panel uniformly filled with a liquid crystal material may be produced through a process including the steps of: fixing a pair of substrates with a sealing member disposed therebetween to form a blank panel having an injection port, reducing a pressure within the panel, applying a liquid crystal material onto the injection port, heating the liquid crystal material to its isotropic temperature, injecting the liquid crystal material into the panel under a pressure, and filling the panel with the liquid crystal material under heating and pressurization from the injection port toward the panel inside. The pressure within the panel before the injection is reduced at a rate not exceeding 25 torr/min. The pressure for injection is increased at varying rates, e.g., with an intermediate constant pressure period.

Abstract: A color filter is produced through the steps of: forming a layer of a color filter material including a colorant dispersed in a photosensitive resin on a substrate; and pre-baking, exposing and developing the color filter material layer to leave a color filter pattern on the substrate. In the developing step, a developer liquid is applied in the form of a curtain onto the exposed color filter material layer on the substrate, the substrate is allowed to stand in a substantially still state and then the substrate is supplied with an ultrasonic wave projected perpendicularly to the substrate while being in contact with the developer liquid. The ultrasonic wave is preferably uniformized by at least two rotating reflection or diffusion plates before it is projected onto the substrate. As a result, the color filter pattern can be developed with little development irregularity even on a large-size substrate.

Abstract: A large-sized liquid crystal panel uniformly filled with a liquid crystal material may be produced through a process including the steps of: fixing a pair of substrates with a sealing member disposed therebetween to form a blank panel having an injection port, reducing a pressure within the panel, applying a liquid crystal material onto the injection port, heating the liquid crystal material to its isotropic temperature, injecting the liquid crystal material into the panel under a pressure, and filling the panel with the liquid crystal material under heating and pressurization from the injection port toward the panel inside. The pressure within the panel before the injection is reduced at a rate not exceeding 25 torr/min. The pressure for injection is increased at varying rates, e.g., with an intermediate constant pressure period.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrode substrate for use in a liquid crystal device in which a laminate film comprised of a transparent conductive film and a metal film is formed of a first side of a transparent substrate. The laminate film is pattern-etched so as to form islands of the laminate film in a predetermined pattern. A photosensitive anaerobic colored resin is applied on the transparent substrate on which the islands of laminate film are arranged in the predetermined pattern. The transparent substrate is uniformly exposed to a light from a second side of the substrate opposite to the first side in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Unexposed portions of the photosensitive anaerobic resin are removed so as to leave the photosensitive anaerobic resin only in the spaces between adjacent islands of the laminate film, for forming a light-shielding film in each of the spaces.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device is constituted by a first substrate having thereon a plurality of scanning electrodes, a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate and having thereon a plurality of data electrodes intersecting the scanning electrodes, a liquid crystal disposed between the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and color filter segments of at least three colors including red, green and blue disposed so as to form color display pixels each at an intersection of the scanning electrodes and data electrodes. The color filter segments of at least three colors respectively comprise a colored resin segment and are disposed on one of the first and second substrates having fewer electrodes thereon. As a result, the occurrence of defects, such as inclusion of foreign matter leading to short circuit between adjacent electrodes, during the color filter production step can be minimized, thus providing an improved product yield as a whole.

Abstract: A filter completely free from resin residues remaining on the glass substrate surface in the photolithographic process is prepared with a high production efficiency by applying a photosensitive resin to a substrate surface, subjecting the applied resin to light exposure and development by photolithography, and heating the resin, thereby baking the resin, where the substrate surface is irradiated with an ultraviolet ray in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, before and/or after the baking, thereby removing residues remaining on the substrate surface due to the development.