Abstract: Provided is an electromechanical transducer device including a substrate that is conductive, and a plurality of electromechanical transducer elements disposed on a first surface of the substrate. A groove that electrically isolates the plurality of electromechanical transducer elements from each other is formed in the substrate, the groove extending from a second surface side of the substrate toward the first surface side of the substrate, the second surface being opposite the first surface. The width of the groove on the first surface side of the substrate is smaller than the width of the groove on the second surface side of the substrate.

Abstract: A discharging element substrate, comprising a discharging element configured to discharge liquid, a MOS transistor including a drain terminal electrically connected to a first node to which a first voltage is supplied, a gate terminal electrically connected to a second node to which a second voltage is supplied, and a source terminal and a back gate terminal electrically connected to the discharging element, a switch unit arranged in a current path between the discharging element and a ground node, and a unit configured to make a potential difference between the source terminal and the gate terminal lower than the second voltage in a case where the second voltage is not supplied to the second node.

Abstract: A method for treating combustible material of the present invention includes providing a pipe opened to a molten substance surface above the molten substance surface of molten substance stored in a furnace body for smelting nonferrous metals, and blowing combustible material containing valuable metals and oxygen-enriched air into the molten substance surface of the molten substance from the pipe.

Abstract: A discharging element substrate, comprising a discharging element configured to discharge liquid, a MOS transistor including a drain terminal electrically connected to a first node to which a first voltage is supplied, a gate terminal electrically connected to a second node to which a second voltage is supplied, and a source terminal and a back gate terminal electrically connected to the discharging element, a switch unit arranged in a current path between the discharging element and a ground node, and a unit configured to make a potential difference between the source terminal and the gate terminal lower than the second voltage in a case where the second voltage is not supplied to the second node.

Abstract: Provided is a sampling method of recycled raw material, the method including: a process (S3) of primarily crushing recycled raw material; a process (S4 to S7) of separating primarily crushed raw material into three components, “scrap iron”, “scrap aluminum”, and “recycled raw material component other than scrap iron and scrap aluminum” and performing primary sample reductions of the three components; a process (S8 to S10) of secondarily crushing “the recycled raw material component other than scrap iron and scrap aluminum”, which is subjected to the primary sample reduction, and performing a secondary sample reduction of “recycled raw material component other than scrap iron and scrap aluminum” which is secondarily crushed; and a mixing process (S12) of mixing “scrap iron” and “scrap aluminum” with “the recycled raw material component other than scrap iron and scrap aluminum” which is subjected to the secondary sample reduction.

Abstract: A printing element substrate, comprising a printing element, a MOS transistor having a drain terminal, a source terminal and a back gate terminal, the drain terminal being connected to a first power supply node for receiving a first voltage, and a source terminal and a back gate terminal being connected to the printing element, and a unit including a second power supply node different from the first power supply node, and configured to supply a second voltage to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor, wherein, when the first voltage is not supplied to the first power supply node, the unit controls a potential of at least one of the gate terminal and the drain terminal so that a potential difference between the gate terminal and the drain terminal becomes lower than the second voltage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electromechanical transducer capable of arbitrarily varying the amount of deflection of a vibrating membrane for every element. The electromechanical transducer includes a plurality of elements including at least one cell that includes a first electrode and a second electrode opposed to the first electrode with a gap sandwiched therebetween and a direct-current voltage applying unit configured to be provided for each element and to separately apply a direct-current voltage to the first electrodes in each element. The first electrodes and the second electrodes are electrically separated for every element.

Abstract: A recent inkjet printing apparatus includes a large-capacitance capacitor to stabilize a heater power supply. The presence of this capacitor requires a long time to drop the heater voltage at the time of power shutdown or the like. For this reason, an unwanted heater current may flow during the drop. To solve this problem, in this embodiment, a high voltage logic circuit is provided near a printing element, and a terminal is provided so that a signal can directly be input to this circuit. Heater driving control is performed via the terminal. This makes it possible to reliably control the heater regardless of the logic power supply state even if the logic voltage abruptly drops at the time of power shutdown or the like.

Abstract: A printing element substrate, comprising a printing element, a MOS transistor having a drain terminal, a source terminal and a back gate terminal, the drain terminal being connected to a first power supply node for receiving a first voltage, and a source terminal and a back gate terminal being connected to the printing element, and a unit including a second power supply node different from the first power supply node, and configured to supply a second voltage to a gate terminal of the MOS transistor, wherein, when the first voltage is not supplied to the first power supply node, the unit controls a potential of at least one of the gate terminal and the drain terminal so that a potential difference between the gate terminal and the drain terminal becomes lower than the second voltage.

Abstract: A structure having a plurality of conductive regions insulated electrically from each other comprises a movable piece supported movably above the upper face of the conductive region, the movable piece having an electrode in opposition to the conductive region, the structure being constructed to be capable of emitting and receiving electric signals through the lower face of the conductive region, the plural conductive regions being insulated by sequentially connected oxidized regions formed from an oxide of a material having through-holes or grooves.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electromechanical transducer capable of arbitrarily varying the amount of deflection of a vibrating membrane for every element. The electromechanical transducer includes a plurality of elements including at least one cell that includes a first electrode and a second electrode opposed to the first electrode with a gap sandwiched therebetween and a direct-current voltage applying unit configured to be provided for each element and to separately apply a direct-current voltage to the first electrodes in each element. The first electrodes and the second electrodes are electrically separated for every element.

Abstract: A recent inkjet printing apparatus includes a large-capacitance capacitor to stabilize a heater power supply. The presence of this capacitor requires a long time to drop the heater voltage at the time of power shutdown or the like. For this reason, an unwanted heater current may flow during the drop. To solve this problem, in this embodiment, a high voltage logic circuit is provided near a printing element, and a terminal is provided so that a signal can directly be input to this circuit. Heater driving control is performed via the terminal. This makes it possible to reliably control the heater regardless of the logic power supply state even if the logic voltage abruptly drops at the time of power shutdown or the like.

Abstract: A capacitive detection type electro-mechanical transducer comprises; a cell formed by a first electrode arranged on a substrate and a second electrode arranged on a vibration film, and a detection circuit for detecting a displacement of the vibration film, based on a capacity change between the first and second electrodes, wherein a plurality of the cells are classified into a plurality of groups, each one includes at least two cells, and the first electrodes or the second electrodes of the cells of the same one group are commonly connected to the same one detection circuit, and an addition circuit for adding, into single information, signals from the plurality of detection circuits corresponding to the plurality of groups, and for outputting the information, and a capacitive load for each one of the detectors are formulated to be dispersedly arranged.

Abstract: A constant current source has a first current source circuit for outputting a first current; a second current source circuit for outputting a second current according to a reference voltage; a current comparison circuit for comparing magnitudes of the first and second currents; and a current adjustment unit for adjusting a current value of the first current output from the first current source circuit in accordance with a comparison result of the current comparison circuit.

Abstract: A capacitive detection type electro-mechanical transducer comprises; a cell formed by a first electrode arranged on a substrate and a second electrode arranged on a vibration film, and a detection circuit for detecting a displacement of the vibration film, based on a capacity change between the first and second electrodes, wherein a plurality of the cells are classified into a plurality of groups, each one includes at least two cells, and the first electrodes or the second electrodes of the cells of the same one group are commonly connected to the same one detection circuit, and an addition circuit for adding, into single information, signals from the plurality of detection circuits corresponding to the plurality of groups, and for outputting the information, and a capacitive load for each one of the detectors are formulated to be dispersedly arranged.