Electro-chemical deposition system and method of electroplating on substrates
The invention provides an apparatus and a method for achieving reliable, consistent metal electroplating or electrochemical deposition onto semiconductor substrates. More particularly, the invention provides uniform and void-free deposition of metal onto metal seeded semiconductor substrates having sub-micron, high aspect ratio features. The invention provides an electrochemical deposition cell comprising a substrate holder, a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface, an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface and an anode electrically connect to an electrolyte. Preferably, a vibrator is attached to the substrate holder to vibrate the substrate in at least one direction, and an auxiliary electrode is disposed adjacent the electrolyte outlet to provide uniform deposition across the substrate surface. Preferably, a periodic reverse current is applied during the plating period to provide a void-free metal layer within high aspect ratio features on the substrate.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/082,521, entitled “Electroplating on Substrates,” filed on Apr. 21, 1998.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to deposition of a metal layer onto a substrate. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for electroplating a metal layer onto a substrate.
2. Background of the Related Art
Sub-micron multi-level metallization is one of the key technologies for the next generation of ultra large scale integration (ULSI). The multilevel interconnects that lie at the heart of this technology require planarization of interconnect features formed in high aspect ratio apertures, including contacts, vias, lines and other features. Reliable formation of these interconnect features is very important to the success of ULSI and to the continued effort to increase circuit density and quality on individual substrates and die.
As circuit densities increases, the widths of vias, contacts and other features, as well as the dielectric materials between them, decrease to sub-micron dimensions, whereas the thickness of the dielectric layers remains substantially constant, with the result that the aspect ratios for the features, i.e., their height divided by width, increases. Many traditional deposition processes have difficulty filling sub-micron structures where the aspect ratio exceed 2:1, and particularly where it exceeds 4:1. Therefore, there is a great amount of ongoing effort being directed at the formation of void-free, sub-micron features having high aspect ratios.
Elemental aluminum (Al) and its alloys have been the traditional metals used to form lines and plugs in semiconductor processing because of aluminum's low electrical resistivity, its superior adhesion to silicon dioxide (SiO2), its ease of patterning, and the ability to obtain it in a highly pure form. However, aluminum has a higher electrical resistivity than other more conductive metals such as copper and silver, and aluminum also can suffer from electromigration phenomena. Electromigration is considered as the motion of atoms of a metal conductor in response to the passage of high current density through it, and it is a phenomenon that occurs in a metal circuit while the circuit is in operation, as opposed to a failure occurring during fabrication. Electromigration can lead to the formation of voids in the conductor. A void may accumulate and/or grow to a size where the immediate cross-section of the conductor is insufficient to support the quantity of current passing through the conductor, and may also lead to an open circuit. The area of conductor available to conduct heat therealong likewise decreases where the void forms, increasing the risk of conductor failure. This problem is sometimes overcome by doping aluminum with copper and with tight texture or crystalline structure control of the material. However, electromigration in aluminum becomes increasingly problematic as the current density increases.
Copper and its alloys have lower resistivity than aluminum and higher electromigration resistance as compared to aluminum. These characteristics are important for supporting the higher current densities experienced at high levels of integration and increased device speed. Copper also has good thermal conductivity and is available in a highly pure state. Therefore, copper is becoming a choice metal for filling sub-micron, high aspect ratio interconnect features on semiconductor substrates.
Despite the desirability of using copper for semiconductor device fabrication, choices of fabrication methods for depositing copper into high aspect ratio features are limited. Precursors for CVD deposition of copper are ill-developed and involve complex and costly chemistry. Physical vapor deposition into such features produces unsatisfactory results because of limitations in ‘step coverage’ and voids formed in the features.
As a result of these process limitations, electroplating, which had previously been limited to the fabrication of patterns on circuit boards, is just now emerging as a method to fill vias and contacts on semiconductor devices.
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Metal electroplating in general is a well-known art and can be achieved by a variety of techniques. Common designs of cells for electroplating a metal on wafer-based substrates involve a fountain configuration. The substrate is positioned with the plating surface at a fixed distance above a cylindrical electrolyte container, and the electrolyte impinges perpendicularly on the substrate plating surface. The substrate is the cathode of the plating system, such that ions in the plating solution deposit on the conductive exposed surface of the substrate and the micro-sites on the substrate. However, a number of obstacles impair consistent reliable electroplating of copper onto substrates having a sub-micron scale, high aspect ratio features. Generally, these obstacles involve difficulty with providing uniform current density distribution across the substrate plating surface, which is needed to form a metal layer having uniform thickness. A primary obstacle is how to get current to the substrate and how to ensure that the current is uniformly distributed thereon.
One current method for providing power to the plating surface uses contacts (e.g., pins, ‘fingers’, or springs) which contact the substrate seed layer. The contacts touch the seed layer as close as practically possible to the edge of the substrate, to minimize the wasted area on the wafer due to the presence of the contacts. The ‘excluded’ area can no longer be used to ultimately form devices on the substrate. However, the contact resistance of the contacts to the seed layer may vary from contact to contact, resulting in a non-uniform distribution of current densities across the substrate. Also, the contact resistance at the contract to seed layer interface may vary from substrate to substrate, resulting in inconsistent plating distribution between different substrates using the same equipment. Furthermore, the plating rate tends to be higher near the region of the contacts and be lower at regions remote from the contacts due to the resistivity of the thin seed layer that has been deposited on the substrate. A fringing effect of the electrical field also occurs at the edge of the substrate due to the highly localized electrical field formed at the edge of the plated region, causing a higher deposition rate near the edge of the substrate.
A resistive substrate effect is usually pronounced during the initial phase of the electroplating process and reduces the deposition uniformity because the seed layer and the electroplated layers on the substrate deposition surface are typically thin. The metal plating tends to concentrate near the current feed contacts, i.e., the plating rate is greatest adjacent the contacts, because the current density across the substrate decreases as the distance from the current feed contacts increases due to insufficient conductive material on the seed layer to provide a uniform current density across the substrate plating surface. As the deposition film layer becomes thicker due to the plating, the resistive substrate effect diminishes because a sufficient thickness of deposited material becomes available across the substrate plating surface to provide uniform current densities across the substrate. It is desirable to reduce the resistive substrate effect during electroplating.
Traditional fountain plater designs also provide non-uniform flow of the electrolyte across the substrate plating surface, which compounds the effects of the non-uniform current distribution on the plating surface by providing non-uniform replenishment of plating ions and where applicable, plating additives, across the substrate, resulting in non-uniform plating. The electrolyte flow uniformity across the substrate can be improved by rotating the substrate at a high rate during the plating process. Such rotation introduces complexity into the plating cell design due to the need to furnish current across and revolving interface. However, the plating uniformity still deteriorates at the boundaries or edges of the substrate because of the fringing effects of the electrical field near the edge of the substrate, the seed layer resistance and the potentially variable contact resistance.
There is also a problem in maintaining an electroplating solution to the system having consistent properties over the duration of a plating cycle and/or over a run of multiple wafers being plated. Traditional fountain plater designs generally require continual replenishing of the metal being deposited into the electrolyte. The metal electrolyte replenishing scheme is difficult to control and causes build-up of co-ions in the electrolyte, resulting in difficult to control variations in the ions concentration in the electrolyte. Thus, the electroplating process produces inconsistent results because of inconsistent ion concentration in the electrolyte.
Additionally, operation of a plating cell incorporating a non-consumable anode may cause bubble-related problems because oxygen evolves on the anode during the electroplating process. Bubble-related problems include plating defects caused by bubbles that reach the substrate plating surface and prevent adequate electrolyte contact with the plating surface. It is desirable to eliminate or reduce bubble formation from the system and to remove formed bubbles from the system.
Therefore, there remains a need for a reliable, consistent metal electroplating apparatus and method to deposit uniform, high quality metal layers on substrates to form sub-micron features. There is also a need to form metal layers on substrates having micron-sized, high aspect ratio features to fill the features without voids in the features.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an apparatus and a method for achieving reliable, consistent metal electroplating or electrochemical deposition onto substrates. More particularly, the invention provides uniform and void-free deposition of metal onto substrates having sub-micron features formed thereon and a metal seed layer formed thereover. The invention provides an electro-chemical deposition cell comprising a substrate holder, a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface, an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate and an anode electrically connect to an electrolyte. The configuration and dimensions of the deposition cell and its components are designed to provide uniform current distribution across the substrate. The cell is equipped with a flow-through anode and a diaphragm unit that provide a combination of relatively uniform flow of particular-free electrolyte in an easy to maintain configuration. Additionally, an agitation device may be mounted to the substrate holder to vibrate the substrate in one or more directions, ie., x, y and/or z directions. Still further, an auxiliary electrode can be disposed adjacent the electrolyte outlet to provide uniform deposition across the substrate surface and to shape as necessary the electrical field at the edge of the substrate and at the contacts. Still further, time variable current waveforms including periodic reverse and pulsed current can be applied during the plating period to provide a void-free metal layer within sub-micron features on the substrate.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The present invention generally provides several embodiments of a new electrochemical cell and a method of operation of the cells to deposit high quality metal layers on substrates. The invention also provides new electrolyte solutions which can be used to advantage in the deposition of metals, and copper in particular, into very small features, i.e., micron sized features and smaller. The invention will be described below first in reference to the hardware, then operation of the hardware and then chemistry of the electrolyte solutions.
Electrochemical Cell Hardware
An electroplating solution inlet 50 is disposed at the bottom portion of the container body 42. The electroplating solution is pumped into the container body 42 by a suitable pump 51 connected to the inlet 50 and flows upwardly inside the container body 42 toward the substrate 48 to contact the exposed substrate surface 54.
The substrate 48 is secured on the substrate supporting surface 46 of the substrate holder 44, preferably by a plurality of passages in the surface 46 maintainable at vacuum to form a vacuum chuck (not shown). A cathode contact member 52 is disposed on the lower surface of the substrate holder 44 and supports a substrate over the container. The cathode contact member 52 includes one or more contacts which provide electrical connection between a power supply 49 and a substrate 48. The cathode contact member 52 may comprise a continuous conductive ring or wire or a plurality of conductive contact fingers or wires 56 (Shown in
The cathode contact member 52 provides electrical current to the substrate plating surface 54 to enable the electroplating process and therefore is preferably comprised of a metallic or semi-metallic conductor. The contact member 52 may also include a non-plating or insulative coating to prevent plating on surfaces that are exposed to the electrolyte on the contact member. Plating on the cathode contact member may change the current and potential distributions adjacent to the contact member and is likely to lead to defects on the wafer. The non-plating or insulation coating material can comprise of a polymeric coating, such as Teflon®, PVDF, PVC, rubber or an appropriate elastomer. Alternatively, the contact member may be made of a metal that resists being coated by copper, such as tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium (Ti), or aluminum. The coating material prevents plating onto the contact and ensures predictable conduction characteristics through the contact to the surface of the substrate. If the contact members are made of metals that are stable in the chemical environment of the cell but may be coated with copper throughout the plating process, such as platinum, gold, and/or their alloys, the contact member is preferably protected by an insulative sheet, an elastomer gasket or coating. The contacts preferably provide low contact resistance to the substrate surface or are coated, particularly in the contact region with a material that provides low contact resistance to the substrate surface. Examples include copper or platinum. Plating on the contact region of the cathode contact member 52 may change the physical and chemical characteristics of the conductor and may eventually deteriorate the contact performance, resulting in plating variations or defects. Hence, the contact region is preferably insulated from the electrolyte by a surrounding insulating ring, sleeve, gasket or coating disposed on the contact member outside the region where the contact physically contacts the substrate. Examples of such coatings include PVDF, PVC, Teflon®, rubbers or other appropriate elastomer. If the contact member becomes plated, an anodic current may be passed through the contacts periodically for a brief time to deplate the contact member. The cathode for this rejuvenation process may be either the regular anode (reverse biased) or the auxiliary electrodes described later.
Typically, one power supply is connected to all of the contact pins of the cathode contact member, resulting in parallel circuits through the contact pins. As the pin-to-substrate interface resistance varies, between pin locations, more current will flow, and thus more plating will occur, at the site of lowest resistance. However, by placing an external resistor in series with each contact pin, the value or quantity of electrical current passed through each contact pin becomes controlled mainly by the value of the external resistor, because the overall resistance of each contact pin-substrate contact plus the control resistor branch of the power supply to substrate circuit is substantially equal to that of the control resistor. As a result, the variations in the electrical properties between each contact pin do not affect the current distribution on the substrate, and a uniform current density results across the plating surface which contributes to uniform plating thickness. To provide, a uniform current distribution between each of the contact pins 56 of the radial array configuration of cathode contact member 52, both during the plating cycle on a single substrate and between substrates in a plating run of multiple substrates, an external resistor 58 is connected in series with each contact pin 56.
As each substrate is plated, and over multiple substrate plating cycles, the contact-pin-substrate interface resistance still may vary, eventually reaching an unacceptable value. An electronic sensor/alarm 60 can be connected across the external resistor 58 to monitor the voltage/current across the external resistor to address this problem. If the voltage/current across any external resistor 58 falls outside of a preset operating range that is indicative of a high pin-substrate resistance, the sensor/alarm 60 triggers corrective measures such as shutting down the plating process until the problems are corrected by an operator. Alternatively, a separate power supply can be connected to each contact pin and can be separately controlled and monitored to provide a uniform current distribution across the substrate.
An alternative to the contact pin arrangement is a cathode contact member 52 comprising a continuous ring that contacts the peripheral edge of the substrate.
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Optionally, the substrate holder 44 may include a gas inflated bladder 64 disposed adjacent the elastomer ring 62 to enhance the seal created by the elastomer ring 62 and improve the electrical contact between the cathode contact member 52 and the substrate plating surface 54. The gas inflated bladder 64 is disposed in an annular cavity adjacent the elastomer ring 62 and can be inflated by a gas to exert pressure on the elastomer ring 62 and urge the substrate to exert pressure on the elastomer ring 62 and urge the substrate into contact with the contact member 52. To relieve the contact pressure between the elastomer ring 62 and the backside of the substrate 48, a relief valve deflates the gas inflated bladder 64 to allow the elastomer ring 62 to retract into the substrate holder 44.
The substrate holder 44 is positioned above the container body 42 so that the substrate plating surface 54 of a substrate faces the opening of the container body 42. The substrate holder 44 is disposed on an outer ring 66 that is connected to the top portion of container body 42. An insulating O-ring 68 is disposed between the substrate holder 44 and an outer ring shoulder 66. Preferably, the substrate holder 44 includes a beveled lower portion 70 that corresponds to a beveled upper edge 72 of the container body 42 which together form at least a partial circumferential outlet 74, from about 1 mm to about 30 mm, between the substrate holder 44 and the container body 42 for electrolyte flow therethrough. The outlet 74 preferably extends around the perimeter of the container body and cover, but it may alternatively be segmented as shown in
A ring or sleeve insert 80 disposed in the upper portion of the container body 42 can be used to precisely define the plating area of the substrate. The insert 80 is modularly changeable to adapt an electroplating cell for various substrate sizes, including 200 mm and 300 mm sizes, and shapes, including circular, rectangular, square, etc. The size and the shape of the container body 42 are preferably changed correspondingly for each size and shape of substrate to approximate the size and shape of the substrate. The insert 80 also insulates and protects the edge of the substrate 48 from non-uniform plating by limiting the current flow to the circumference of the plating surface, thereby reducing the fringing effects encountered when the cell size is larger than the plating surface.
As plating occurs on the substrate, ions in solution plate (deposit) from the solution onto the substrate. To provide additional plating material, ions must diffuse through a diffusion boundary layer adjacent the plating surface. Typically, in the prior art, replenishment is provided through hydrodynamic means by the flow of solution past the substrate and by substrate rotation. However, hydrodynamic replenishment schemes still provide inadequate replenishment because of the no slip condition at the boundary layer where the electrolyte immediately adjacent the plating surface has zero velocity and is stagnant. To address these limitation and increase replenishment, a vibrational agitation member 82 is provided to control the mass transport rates (boundary layer thickness) at the surface of the substrate. The vibrational agitation member 82 is preferably mounted to the substrate holder 44 to vibrate the substrate 48. The vibrational agitation member 82 usually comprises a motor or a vibrational transducer that moves the substrate holder 44 back and forth on one or more axes at a frequency from about 10 Hz to about 20,000 Hz. The amplitude of the vibration is preferably between about 0.5 micron and about 100,000 micron. The vibrational agitation member 82 may also provide additional vibration in a second direction that is parallel to the substrate plating surface 54, such as vibrating the substrate in the x-y directions, or in a direction orthogonal to the substrate plating surface 54, such as in the x-z directions. Alternatively, the vibrational agitation member 82 may vibrate the substrate in multiple directions, such as the x-y-z directions.
The frequency of the vibration can be synchronized to the plating cycles (discussed in detail below) to tailor-fit the mass transport rates to the deposition process needs. Conventional electroplating systems cannot incorporate this feature because high frequency interruptions or reversals cannot be made in pumped induced electrolyte flow due to the fluid's inertia in conventional electroplating systems. The vibration also enhances removal of residual plating and rinse solution from the substrate surface after completion of the plating cycle.
The substrate holder 44 can also be rotated, either fully or partially, in addition to the vibrational agitation to further enhance uniform plating thickness. A rotational actuator (not shown) can be attached to the substrate holder 44 and spin, or partially rotate in an oscillatory manner, the substrate holder about a central axis through the center of the substrate holder. The rotational movement of the plating surface against the electrolyte enhances the exposure of fresh electrolyte across the plating surface to improve deposition uniformity.
Another advantage of vibrating the substrate 48 is that the vibration exposes the vias and trenches to fresh electroplating solutions. As the solution adjacent to the substrate becomes depleted of the deposition metal, the reciprocation of the substrate replenishes the areas adjacent to the vias and trenches with fresh electroplating solution preferably having a high concentration of copper or other deposition metal. This is achieved by translating the mouth of the trench or the via on a substrate plating surface to a region of the solution that has not been facing the trench or via and is therefore less depleted of the reactant. An alternative to vibrating the substrate holder 44 and the substrate 48 is vibrating the electrolyte. A vibrational transducer (not shown) can be placed within the container body to directly agitate the electrolyte, or the vibrational transducer can be placed outside of the container body and indirectly agitate the electrolyte by vibrating the container body. The vibrational agitation member 82 also helps to eliminate bubble related defects by encouraging bubbles to move from the plating surface 54 and be evacuated from the cell 40.
Gas bubbles may be trapped with the substrate installation into the cell, carried by the electrolyte flow through the system, or generated by the electrochemical reaction at the anode or the cathode. The gas bubbles are preferably exhausted from the cell to prevent defects in the plating process. A plurality of gas diverting vanes may be disposed above the anode to divert evolved gases toward the sidewall of the electrolyte container. Generally, gas bubbles will move to a higher elevation because of their lower specific gravity, and the gas bubbles flows along with the electrolyte that flows generally upward and outward with respect to the substrate. The vibration is applied to the electrolyte or the substrate support member detaches the bubbles from the substrate surface and enhances the movement of the gas bubbles out of the cell. Preferably, a plurality of gas release ports 81 (as shown in
In addition to the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, an auxiliary electrode can be disposed in contact with the electrolyte to change the shape of the electrical field over the substrate plating surface. An auxiliary electrode 84 is preferably disposed outside the container body to control the deposition thickness, current density and potential distribution in the electroplating cell to achieve the desired electroplating results on the substrate. As shown in
The auxiliary electrode 84 may comprise a ring, a series of concentric rings, a series of segmented rings, or an array of spaced electrodes to match a corresponding array of cathode contact pins 56. The auxiliary electrode 84 may be positioned on the same plane as the substrate plating surface 54 or on varying planes to tailor fit the current and potential distribution on the substrate 48. Alternatively, a plurality of concentric ring auxiliary electrodes can be configured to activate at different potentials or to activate potentials in sequence according to the desired process.
Alternatively, the auxiliary electrode comprises a segmented resistive material having multiple contact points such that the voltage of the auxiliary electrode varies at different distances from the contact points. This configuration provides corresponding variations of potential for a discrete cathode contacting member configuration. Another variation of the auxiliary electrode provides a variable width electrode that corresponds to a configuration of discrete cathode contacting pins so that an effective higher voltage (and current) is provided at the substrate contacting points of the cathode contact member while an effective lower voltage (and current) is provided in the region between the substrate/cathode contacting points. Because the effective voltage provided by the variable width auxiliary electrode decreases as the distance increases between the auxiliary electrode and the edge of the substrate, the variable width auxiliary electrode provides a closer distance between the auxiliary electrode and the edge of the substrate where the cathode contact member are located.
Preferably, a consumable anode 90 is disposed in the container body 42 to provide a metal source in the electrolyte. As shown in
Preferably, the anode 90 is a modular unit that can be replaced easily to minimize interruptions and to allow easy maintenance. Preferably, the anode 90 is positioned a distance greater than one (1) inch, and more preferably, greater than 4 inches, away from the substrate plating surface 54 (for a 200 mm substrate) to assure that the effects of level variations in the anode copper caused by anode dissolution, particulate fluidization and assembly tolerances become negligible once the electrolyte flow reaches the substrate surface.
A flow adjuster 110 comprising a variable thickness conical profile porous barrier can be disposed in the container body between the anode and the substrate to enhance flow uniformity across the substrate plating surface. Preferably, the flow adjuster 110 comprises a porous material such as a ceramic or a polymer which is used to provide a selected variation in electrolyte flow at discrete locations across the face of the substrate.
A broken substrate catcher (not shown) can be placed within the container body to catch broken substrate pieces. Preferably, the broken substrate catcher comprises a mesh, a porous plate or membrane. The porous wedge or the perforated plate described above may also serve for this purpose.
A refining electrode (not shown) can be placed in the sump (not shown) for pre-electrolysis of the electrolyte and for removal of metal and other chemical deposit buildup in the sump. The refining electrode can be continuously activated or periodically activated according to the needs of the system. The refining electrode when made of copper and polarized anodically can be used to replenish copper in the bath. This external electrode can thus be used to precisely adjust the copper concentration in the bath.
A reference electrode (not shown) can be employed to determine precisely the polarization of the anode, the cathode and the auxiliary electrode.
Once the electroplating process is completed, the electrolyte can be drained from the container body to an electrolyte reservoir or sump, and a gas knife can be incorporated to remove the film of electrolyte remaining on the substrate plating surface. The gas knife comprises a gas inlet, such as a retractable tube or an extension air tube connected to a hollow anode electrode, which supplies a gas stream or a gas/liquid dispersion that pushes the electrolyte off the substrate surface. The gas can also be supplied through the gap between the substrate holder 44 and the container body 42 to blow on the substrate surface.
A deionized water rinse system (not shown) can also be incorporated into the electroplating system to rinse the substrate free of electrolyte. A supply of deionized water or other rinsing solutions can be connected to the inlet 50 and selectively accessed through a inlet valve. After the electrolyte has been drained from the container body, the deionized water or other rinsing solution can be pumped into the system through inlet 50 and circulated through the container body to rinse the substrate surface. While the processed substrate is being rinsed, the cathode and anode power supply is preferably inactivated in the cell. The deionized water fills the cell and flows across the surface of the substrate to rinse the remaining electrolyte off the surface. The vibrational member may be activated to enhance rinsing of the plated surface. A number of separate deionized water tanks can be utilized sequentially to increase the degree of purity of the rinse water. To utilize more than one rinsing solution supply, a rinsing cycle is preferably completed and the rinsing solution completely drained from the cell before the next rinsing solution is introduced into the cell for the next rinsing cycle. The used deionized water rinse can also be purified by plating out the metal traces acquired during the rinse cycle by the rinsing solution or by circulating the used deionized water through an ion exchange system.
A plurality of auxiliary electrodes 216 can be placed in the cell at the corners of the polygon. Alternatively, ring shaped or segmented ring auxiliary electrodes 218 can be placed around each substrate 48 to match the cathode contact members 212 similarly to the arrangement of the auxiliary electrodes shown in FIG. 3. Preferably, the auxiliary electrodes dynamically adjust to compensate current distribution over the substrate by gradually decreasing the current of the auxiliary electrodes as the resistive substrate effect tapers off after the initial deposition period. A porous separator/filter (not shown) can be placed between the anode and the cathode to trap particulates.
A vibrational agitation member (not shown) can be connected to the container body to vibrate the substrates. However, substrate vibration may be unnecessary when the polygonal anode drum is rotated sufficient fast, preferably between about 5 revolutions per minute (RPM) and about 100 RPM, to provide a high degree of agitation to the electrolyte. The rotating polygonal anode also provides a pulsed or transient electrical power (voltage/current combination) due to the varying distance between the active anode surfaces and the substrate because of the rotation. Because the anode is polygonal in shape, as the anode rotates, the distance between cathode and the anode varies from a maximum when the anode polygon faces are aligned with the cathode polygon faces in parallel planes and a minimum when the anode polygon corners are aligned with the centers of the cathode polygon faces. As the distance between the anode and the cathode varies, the electrical current between the anode and the cathode varies correspondingly.
Another variation provides a horizontally positioned polygonal drum. The container body is rotated around the horizontal axis to position one polygon face on top to allow loading and unloading of a substrate while the other substrates are still being processed.
Yet another variation provides the substrates to be mounted on the outer surfaces of the inner polygon drum which now is the cathode, and the container body becomes the anode. This configuration allows the cathode drum to be lifted from the electrolyte for easy loading and unloading of the substrates.
Operating Conditions
In one embodiment of the invention, a periodic reverse potential and/or current pulse or an intermittent pulse current is delivered to the substrate to control the mass transfer boundary layer thickness and the grain size of the deposited material. The periodic reverse and pulse current/potential also enhances deposit thickness uniformity. The process conditions for both the deposition stage and the dissolution stage can be adjusted to provide the desired deposit profile, usually a uniform, flat surface. In general, plating/deposition is accomplished with a relatively low current density for a relatively long interval because low current density promotes deposition uniformity, and dissolution is accomplished with a relatively high current density for a relatively short interval because high current density leads to highly non-uniform distribution that preferentially shaves or dissolves deposited peaks.
For a pre-determined grain size, a current pulse comprising a higher negative current density for a short time (between about 50 mA/cm2 and about 180 mA/cm2 for about 0.1 to 100 ms) is applied to nucleate an initial layer of copper deposits followed by a constant current density applied for a long interval (between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 80 mA/cm2 for up to a few minutes) to continue deposition. The length of the deposition interval can be adjusted according to the deposition rate to achieve the desired deposition thickness over the substrate surface.
To completely fill high aspect ratio trenches, vias or other interconnect features, a current reversal or dissolution interval may be applied to achieve some dissolution of the deposited metal. The dissolution interval is preferably applied at a current density much higher than the current density of the deposition current but for a short time interval to ensure a net deposit. The dissolution interval can be applied once or periodically during a deposition process to achieve the desired results. The deposition interval can be divided into a number of short intervals followed by a corresponding number of even shorter dissolution intervals to completely fill high aspect ratio interconnect features. Then, a constant deposition current density is applied to achieve a uniform deposition thickness across the field. Typically, a deposition cycle comprises a deposition current density of between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 40 mA/cm2 followed by a dissolution current density between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 80 mA/cm2. The deposition cycle is repeated to achieve complete, void-free filling of high aspect ratio features, and optionally, a final application of the deposition current density is applied to form a uniform field deposition thickness across the substrate plating surface. Alternatively, the current reversal/dissolution cycle can be achieved by providing a constant reverse voltage instead of a constant reverse current density.
Because the resistive substrate effect is dominant during the beginning of the plating cycle, a relatively low current density, preferably about 5 mA/cm2, is applied during the initial plating. The low current density provides very conformal plating substantially uniformly over the plating surface, and the current density is gradually increased as the deposition thickness increases. Also, no current reversal for dissolution is applied during the initial stage of the plating process so that the metal seed layer is not at risk of being dissolved. However, if a current reversal is introduced for striking or nucleation purposes, the reverse current density is applied at a low magnitude to ensure that no appreciable metal seed layer is dissolved.
Optionally, a relaxation interval between the deposition interval and the dissolution interval allows recovery of depleted concentration profiles and also provides improved deposition properties. For example, a relaxation interval where no current/voltage is applied between the deposition interval and the dissolution interval, allows the electrolyte to return to optimal conditions for the processes.
Preferably, the vibration frequency, the pulse and/or periodic reverse plating, the auxiliary electrode current/voltage and the electrolyte flow are all synchronized for optimal deposition properties. One example of synchronization is to provide vibration only during the deposition interval so that the boundary diffusion layer is minimized during deposition and to eliminate vibration during the dissolution interval so that the dissolution proceeds under mass transport control.
To improve adhesion of the metal to the seed layer during plating, a very short, high current density strike is applied at the beginning of the plating cycle. To minimize bubble related defects, the strike must be short, and the current density must not exceed values at which hydrogen evolves. This current density, preferably between about 100 mA/cm2 to about 1000 mA/cm2, corresponds to an overpotential not exceeding −0.34 V (cathodic) versus for the reference electrode. A separate striking process using a different electrolyte may be required for adhesion of the metal plating material. Separate striking can be accomplished in a separate cell with different electrolytes or in the same cell by introducing and evacuating different electrolytes. The electrolytes used for separate striking is typically more dilute in metal concentration and may even be a cyanide based formulation.
The metal seed layer is susceptible to dissolution in the electrolyte by the exchange current density of the electrolyte (about 1 mA/cm2 for copper). For example, 1500 Å of copper can be dissolved in about 6 minutes in an electrolyte with no current applied. To minimize the risk of the seed layer being dissolved in the electrolyte, a voltage is applied to the substrate before the substrate is introduced to the electrolyte. Alternatively, the current is applied instantaneously as the substrate comes in contact with the electrolyte. When a deposition current is applied to the substrate plating surface, the metal seed layer is protected from dissolution in the electrolyte because the deposition current dominates over the equilibrium exchange current density of the electrolyte.
The invention also provides for in situ electroplanarization during periodic reverse plating. Preferably, both deposition and dissolution steps are incorporated during a single pulse or a sequence of rapid pulses such that at the end of the process the trenches, vias and other interconnect features are completely filled and planarized. The electrochemical planarization step comprises applying a high current density during dissolution. For example, a dissolution reverse current density of about 300 mA/cm2 is applied for about 45 seconds as an electrochemical planarization step that leads to a substantially flat surface with just a residual dimple of about 0.03 μm. This electrochemical planarization substantially reduces the need for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and may even eliminate the need for CMP in some applications.
Chemistry
An electrolyte having a high copper concentration (e.g., >0.5M and preferably between 0.8M to 1.2M) is beneficial to overcome mass transport limitations that are encountered with plating of sub-micron features. In particular, because sub-micron features with high aspect ratios typical allow only minimal or no electrolyte flow therein, the ionic transport relies solely on diffusion to deposit metal into these small features. A high copper concentration preferably about 0.8M or greater, in the electrolyte enhances the diffusion process and eliminates the mass transport limitations because the diffusion flux is proportional in magnitude to the bulk electrolyte concentration. A preferred metal concentration is between about 0.8 and about 1.2 M. Generally, the higher the metal concentration the better; however, one must be careful not to approach the solubility limit where the metal salt will precipitate.
The conventional copper plating electrolyte includes a high sulfuric acid concentration (about 1 M) to provide high conductivity to the electrolyte. The high conductivity is necessary to reduce the non-uniformity in the deposit thickness caused by the cell configuration of conventional copper electroplating cells. However, the present invention (including the cell configuration) provides a more uniform current distribution. In this situation a high acid concentration is detrimental to deposition uniformity because the resistive substrate effects are amplified by a highly conductive electrolyte. Furthermore, the dissolution step during periodic reverse cycle requires a relatively low electrolyte conductivity because a highly conductive electrolyte may promote non-uniformity as a result of the high reverse current density. Also, the presence of a supporting electrolyte, e.g. acid or base, will lower the ionic mass transport rates, which, as explained above, are essential for good quality plating. Also, a lower sulfuric acid concentration provides a higher copper sulfate concentration due to elimination of the common ion effect. Furthermore, particularly for the soluble copper anode, a lower acidic concentration minimizes harmful corrosion and material stability problems. Thus, the invention contemplates an electroplating solution having no acid or very low acid concentrations. Preferably, the sulfuric acid concentration is in the range of 0 (absence) to about 0.2M. Additionally, a pure or relatively pure copper anode can be used in this arrangement.
In addition to copper sulfate, the invention contemplates copper salts other than copper sulfate such as copper gluconate and copper sulfamate that offer high solubility and other benefits, as well as salts such as copper nitrate, copper phosphate, copper chloride and the like.
The invention also contemplates the addition of acids other than sulfuric acid into the electrolyte to provide for better complexation and/or solubility for the copper ions and the copper metal which results in improved deposition properties. These compounds include anthranilic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, sulfamic acid, ascorbic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, benzenedisulfonic acid, tartaric acid and/or malic acid.
The invention also contemplates additives to produce asymmetrical anodic transfer coefficient (α) and cathodic transfer coefficient (β) to enhance filling of the high aspect ratio features during reverse plating cycle.
Ultra pure water can be introduced to the substrate plating surface to ensure complete wetting of the substrate plating surface which enhances the electroplating process into the small features. Steam can also be used to pre-wet the substrate plating surface.
Surfactants improve wetting by reducing surface tension of the solution. Surfactants contemplated by the present invention include: sodium xylene sulfonate, polyethers (polyethylene oxide), carbowax, sodium benzoate, ADMA8 amine, Adogen, Alamine, Amaizo, Brij, Crodesta, Dapral, Darnyl, didodecylmethyl propane sultaine, Dowex, Empol, Ethomeen, Ethomid, Enordet, Generol, Grilloten, Heloxy, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Hyamine, Hysoft, Igepal, Neodol, Octadecylbenzyl propane sultaine, Olcyl betaine, Peganate, Pluronic, Polystep, Span Surfynol, Tamol, Tergitol, Triton, Trilon, Trylox, Unithox, Varonic, Varamide, Zonyl, Benzylmethyl propane sultaine, alkyl or aryl betaine, alkyl or aryl sultaine.
Levellers improve deposition thickness uniformity. Brighteners improves the the reflectivity of the deposition surface by enhancing uniformity of the crystalline structure. Grain refiners produce smaller grains to be deposited. Levellers, brighteners and grain refiners can be specially formulated and optimized for the low acid, high copper electrolyte provided by the invention. In optimizing these compounds for use with the invention, the effects of the periodic reverse current need to also be considered. Levellers, brighteners and grain refiners contemplated by the present invention include:
inorganic minor components from: Salts of Se, As, In, Ga, Bi, Sb, TI, or Te; and/or
organic minor components selected from (singly or in combination): acetyl-coenzyme, aminothiols; acrylamine; azo dyes; alkane thiols, Alloxazine; 2-Aminopyrimidine; 2-Amino-1,3,4, thiadiazole; Amino methyl thiadiazole; 2-Aminothiadiazole; 3-amino 1,2,4, triazole; benzal acetone, Benzopurpurin; benzophnon, Behzotriazole, hydroxylbenzotriazole, Betizyldene acetone, Benzoic acid, Benzoil acetic acid ethyl ester, Boric acid, cacodylic acid, Corcumin Pyonin Y; Carminic Acid; Cinamic aldehyde, cocobetaine or decyl betaine, cetyl betaine, cysteine; DETAPAC; 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein; dextrose, dicarboxilic amino acids; dipeptide diaminoacid (camsine=beta alanyl hystadine), 5-p-dimethylamine benzyldene Rhodamine, 5(p-Dimethylamino-benzylidene)-2-thio barbituric, dithizone, 4-(p-Ethoxyphnylazo)-m-phenylendi-amine, ethoxilated tetramethyl decynediol, ethoxilated quarternary amonium salts, ethyl benzoil acetate, ethoxylated beta-naphtol, EDTA, Evan Blue; di ethylene triamine penta acetic acid or salts, diethylenetriamine pentacetate, penta sodium salt, glucamine, glycerol compounds, di-glycine, d-glucamine, triglycine, glycogen, gluter aldehyde, glutamic acid, its salts and esters (MSG), sodium glucoheptonate, hydroxylbenzotriazole, hydroxysuccinimide, hydantoin, 4-(8-Hydroxy-5-quinolylazo)-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid, p-(p-hydroxyphenylazo) benzene sulfonic, insulin, hydroxybenzaldehyde, imidazoline; lignosulfonates; methionine; mercaptobenzi-imidazoles; Martius Yellow; 2-methyl-1-p-tolyltriazene, 3-(p-Nitrophenyl)-1-(p-phenylazophnyl)triazene; 4-(p-Nitrophenylazo) resorcinol, 4-(p-Nitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol, OCBA-orthochloro benzaldehyde, Phenyl propiolic acid, polyoxyethylene alcohols, quarternary amonium ethoxilated alcohols, and their fullyacid esters, polyethyleneimine, phosphalipides, sulfasalicilic acid, linear alkyl sulfonate, sulfacetamide, Solochrome cyanin; sugars; sorbitol, sodium glucoheptonate, sodium glycerophosphate, sodium mercaptobenzotriazole, tetrahydropyranyl amides, thiocarboxylic amides, thiocarbonyl-di-imidazole; thiocarbamid, thiohydantoin; thionine acetate, thiosalicilic acid, 2-thiolhistadine, thionine, thiodicarb, thioglycolic acid, thiodiglycols, thiodiglycolic acid, thiodipropionic acid, thioglycerol, dithiobenzoic acid, tetrabutylamonium, thiosulfone, thiosulfonic acid, thionicotineamide, thionyl chloride or bromide; thiourea; TIPA; tolyltriazole, triethanolamine; tri-benzylamine; 4,5,6, triaminopyrimidine; xylene cyanole.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. The scope of the invention is determined by the claims which follow.
Claims
1. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container; wherein the substrate holder comprises: i) a vacuum chuck having a substrate support surface; and ii) an elastomer ring disposed around the substrate support surface, the elastomer ring contacting a peripheral portion of the substrate;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface; and
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the substrate holder further comprises:
- iii) one or more bubble release ports having one or more openings adjacent an edge of the substrate supporting surface.
3. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container; wherein the substrate holder comprises: i) a vacuum chuck having a substrate support surface; and ii) a gas bladder disposed around the substrate support surface, the gas bladder adapted to contact a peripheral portion of the substrate;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface; and
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte.
4. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode contact member disposed at a peripheral portion of the substrate plating surface, the cathode contact member having a contact surface adapted to electrically contact the substrate surface, wherein the cathode contact member comprises a radial array of contact pins and a resistor connected in series with each contact pin;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface; and
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the cathode further comprises a sensor connected across each resistor to monitor the current flowing through the resistor.
6. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface, wherein the electrolyte outlet is defined by a gap between a first surface on the substrate holder extending radially outward from the substrate plating surface and a surface of the electrolyte container; and
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the gap has a gap width between about 1 mm and about 30 mm.
8. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a control electrode disposed in electrical contact with the electrolyte, the control electrode adapted to provide an adjustable electrical power.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the control electrode is disposed outside of the electrolyte container and in electrical contact with an outflowing electrolyte in the electrolyte outlet.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the control electrode comprises an array of electrode segments.
11. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a vibrator attached to the substrate holder, the vibrator transferring a vibration to the substrate holder.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the vibrator is adapted to vibrate the substrate holder in one or more direction.
13. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a sleeve insert disposed at a top portion of the electrolyte container, the sleeve insert defining the opening of the electrolyte container.
14. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a flow adjuster wedge disposed at a top portion within the electrolyte container.
15. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a gas knife to supply a gas flow across the wafer plating surface to remove residual electrolyte.
16. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a wafer catcher disposed at a top portion within the electrolyte container.
17. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a reference electrode adapted to monitor the cathode and the anode.
18. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) a rinsing solution supply selectively connected to the electrolyte inlet.
19. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate having a substrate plating surface, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder adapted to hold the substrate in a position wherein the substrate plating surface is exposed to an electrolyte in an electrolyte container;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting the substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive the substrate plating surface;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte; and
- e) gas bubble diverting vanes disposed within the electrolyte container to divert gas bubbles toward an electrolyte container sidewall.
20. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; and
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface, wherein the electrolyte flows between about 0.25 gallons per minute (gpm) to about 15 gpm.
21. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; and
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface;
- wherein the step of applying an electrical power to the cathode and the anode comprises:
- 1) applying a cathodic current density between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 40 mA/cm2 for about 1 second to about 240 seconds.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of applying an electrical power to the cathode and the anode further comprises:
- 2) applying a dissolution reverse current between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 80 mA/cm2 for about 0.1 seconds to about 100 seconds.
23. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; and
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface;
- wherein the step of applying an electrical power to the cathode and the anode comprises:
- 1) applying a cathode current density between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 40 mA/cm2 for about 1 second to about 240 seconds;
- 2) applying a dissolution reverse current between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 80 mA/cm2 for about 0.1 seconds to about 100 seconds;
- 3) applying a cathodic current density between about 5 mA/cm2 and about 40 mA/cm2 for about 1 seconds to about 240 seconds; and
- 4) repeating step 2 and step 3.
24. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode;
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface;
- d) providing a control electrode in electrical contact with an electrolyte of an electrochemical deposition cell; and
- e) adjusting the electrical power provided by the control electrode during deposition.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the electrical power provided by the control electrode is adjusted synchronously with a deposition/dissolution cycle of an electrochemical deposition process.
26. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode;
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface; and
- d) vibrating a component of the electrochemical deposition cell in one or more directions.
27. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode;
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface; and
- d) vibrating a component of the electrochemical deposition cell at a vibrational frequency between about 10 Hz and about 20,000 Hz and a vibrational amplitude between about 0.5 micron and about 100,000 micron.
28. A method for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) providing an electrochemical deposition cell comprising: 1) a substrate holder; 2) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface; 3) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface; and 4) an anode electrically connected to an electrolyte;
- b) applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode;
- c) flowing an electrolyte to contact the substrate plating surface;
- d) rotating the substrate holder about a central axis through the substrate.
29. An apparatus for electrochemical deposition of a metal onto a substrate, comprising:
- a) a substrate holder comprising: i) a vacuum chuck having a substrate support surface; and ii) an elastomer ring disposed around the substrate support surface, the elastomer ring contacting a peripheral portion of the substrate;
- b) a cathode electrically contacting a substrate plating surface;
- c) an electrolyte container having an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet and an opening adapted to receive a substrate plating surface, wherein the electrolyte outlet is defined by a gap between a first surface extending radially outward from the substrate plating surface and a surface of the electrolyte container;
- d) an anode electrically connected to the electrolyte, the anode comprising: i) a porous enclosure for flow of an electrolyte therethrough; ii) a metal disposed within the enclosure; and iii) an electrode disposed within the enclosure;
- e) a control electrode in electrical contact with an electrolyte, the control electrode adapted to provide an adjustable electrical power; and
- f) a vibrator attached to the substrate holder, the vibrator adapted to transfer a vibration in one or more directions in the substrate holder.
30. An apparatus for electrochemically depositing a metal onto a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
- a container having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and an open portion, the container being configured to contain an electrochemical plating solution therein;
- a substrate holder assembly configured to electrically contact a substrate plating surface and support the plating surface in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution via the open portion;
- an anode in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution; and
- a porous fluid flow adjustment member positioned across the container between the anode and the open portion, wherein the porous fluid flow adjustment member comprises a ceramic member.
31. An apparatus for electrochemically depositing a metal onto a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
- a container having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and an open portion, the container being configured to contain an electrochemical plating solution therein;
- a substrate holder assembly configured to electrically contact a substrate plating surface and support the plating surface in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution via the open portion, wherein the substrate holder assembly comprises a cathode contact member and a backside substrate engaging member configured to urge the substrate plating surface against the cathode contact member;
- an anode in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution; and
- a porous fluid flow adjustment member positioned across the container between the anode and the open portion.
32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the cathode contact member comprises:
- an annular member; and
- at least one substrate contact element positioned on the annular member.
33. The apparatus of claim 32, comprising an insulative coating positioned on an outer surface of the annular member.
34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the at least one substrate contact element comprises a continuous ring configured to electrically contact a perimeter of the plating surface.
35. The apparatus of claim 34, comprising an O-ring seal member positioned radially inward of the continuous ring.
36. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the at least one substrate contact element comprises a plurality of substrate contact pins radially positioned on the annular member to electrically contact a perimeter of the plating surface.
37. The apparatus of claim 36, comprising an annular seal member positioned on the annular member radially inward of the plurality of substrate contact pins, the annular seal member being configured to sealable engage the plating surface to prevent the electrochemical plating solution from passing therebetween.
38. The apparatus of claim 32, comprising at least one bubble release port positioned adjacent an edge of the annular member.
39. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the backside substrate engaging member comprises an elastomer seal positioned to sealably engage a backside perimeter of the substrate.
40. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the backside substrate engaging member comprises an inflatable bladder assembly positioned to engage a backside perimeter of the substrate.
41. An apparatus for electrochemically depositing a metal onto a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
- a container having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and an open portion, the container being configured to contain an electrochemical plating solution therein;
- a substrate holder assembly configured to electrically contact a substrate plating surface and support the plating surface in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution via the open portion;
- an anode in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution;
- a porous fluid flow adjustment member positioned across the container between the anode and the open portion; and
- an egress gap of between about 1 mm and about 30 mm between an outer surface of the substrate holder assembly and an inner surface of the container, wherein the egress gap is between about 2 mm and about 6 mm.
42. An apparatus for electrochemically depositing a metal onto a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
- a container having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and an open portion, the container being configured to contain an electrochemical plating solution therein;
- a substrate holder assembly configured to electrically contact a substrate plating surface and support the plating surface in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution via the open portion;
- an anode in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution;
- a porous fluid flow adjustment member positioned across the container between the anode and the open portion; and
- at least one auxiliary electrode positioned in fluid communication with the electrochemical plating solution.
43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the at least one auxiliary electrode comprises at least one electrode member positioned below the substrate plating surface, the at least one auxiliary electrode being in electrical communication with a source of electrical power.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Jul 17, 2003
Date of Patent: Apr 8, 2008
Inventor: Uziel Landau (Shaker Heights, OH)
Primary Examiner: Bruce F. Bell
Attorney: Patterson & Sheridan, LLP
Application Number: 10/622,001
International Classification: C25D 5/00 (20060101);