Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering energy from light, such as sunlight, wherein a luminescent fluid is employed in conjunction with photovoltaic means, heat is recovered from the luminescent fluid, and electricity is recovered from the photovoltaic means.

Abstract: The thermocouple protecting tube of this invention is characterized by having a heat-insulating layer in an annular space formed by and between an inner ceramic tube and an outer silica glass tube which are concentrically disposed within each other. Due to the above construction, the protecting tube can withstand the thermal shock which it receives when immersed in a molten body of high temperature and accordingly the thermocouple enclosed in the protecting tube can continuously measure the temperature of molten steel for a considerable length of time.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating a center pivot irrigation system including a plurality of span units, each having a drive carriage having a hydraulically driven motor means for operating associated carriage wheels in response to hydraulic fluid supplied thereto under pressure through hydraulic fluid lines from a source thereof, is operated by supplying hydraulic fluid at a selectable value of constant volume fluid flow to the system to drive the system at a selectable average speed about its center pivot, the flow rate of fluid to individual motor means of individual span units which are ahead or behind of a predetermined relative alignment with the other span units being varied in response to changes in angularity sensed between adjacent span units in both forward and backward directions relative to the direction of travel of the system about its center pivot while the constant volume fluid flow through the system is being maintained at a selectable constant flow rate.

Abstract: Externally discharging downspouts normally dump water adjacent the building foundation where it accumulates and, if rainfall is heavy, it drains through the weeping tiles with the possibility of overflow inside the building leading to flooded basements. Various methods have been provided to lead downspout drainage water to a point remote from the building such as permanent pipes or automatically unrolling plastic tubes. The present device includes an adaptor secured to the downspout from which the usual elbow is removed, and a hinged trough or conduit section pivotally secured to the adaptor. The trough can be held vertically against the downspout and manually hinged downwardly when desired or can be electrically operated from one position to the other and vice-versa. If electrically operated, the operation can be automatically controlled by humidity or by switch operation from inside the building.

Abstract: A valve assembly has a housing, a spool positioned in the housing, and a sleeve positioned about the spool. The housing has an inlet and first and second outlets. The spool is movable between a first position at which communication between the inlet and second outlet is blocked and a second position at which the inlet and second outlet are in communication. The spool is movable to the second position in response to the inlet fluid pressure exceeding a preselected value. The sleeve is movable between a first position at which communication between the first outlet and inlet is blocked and a second position at which the inlet communicates with the first outlet. The sleeve substantially maintains the pressurized fluid in the first outlet while in the first position.

Abstract: A drain device that removes oil, water, sludge and other contaminants from compressed air systems comprising a cylindrical housing for attachment between diametrically opposed compressed air and drain lines, a cylindrical rotor rotatably journalled within the housing, a single port, at least as large as the inside diameter of the air line, through the wall of the rotor, the port being positioned for sequential alignment with the air and drain lines, when the rotor is actuated and a pair of bleeder valves between the interior chamber of the rotor and the atmosphere including respective cam tracks positioned on end walls of the rotor and housing to open the valves when the rotor port is aligned with the discharge line.

Abstract: A hose storage and supply apparatus comprising a hose guide track having front and rear ends, the guide track having means on which a hose can move as it is paid out or is retracted, a hose on the guide track, a fluid coupling means joined to each end of the hose on the guide track for joining a fluid supply conduit thereto, and means operably connected to the hose to move it along the guide track from a retracted position to a paid out position and back to a retracted position.

Abstract: A tapered plug valve comprises a casing having a passageway therethrough for the flow of fluid and a tapered bore intersecting the passageway. A tapered plug is rotatably mounted in the tapered bore and is adapted to block the passageway when the valve is in a closed position. The plug has a bore which is adapted to connect and be in communication with the passageway when the valve is in an open position. The plug and the casing define an apex chamber at the small end of the tapered plug and a base chamber at the large end of the plug. A seal is provided at the large end of the tapered plug to sealingly divide the base chamber into a first and second cavity. A pressurized medium is ported into the apex chamber and the second cavity and the first cavity is vented to atmosphere.

Abstract: A ball valve seat assembly includes a seat ring for mounting in a ball valve seat pocket and an annular face seal mounts on one end of the seat ring. The resilient annular face seal member is mounted in a groove in the seat member with one end portion exposed to seal against a ball valve member. The annular seal member has an enlarged end portion located in the closed end of the annular groove. An inner wall portion of the seat ring is permanently deformed radially outwardly over the enlarged portion of the seal ring to anchor it in place in the seat ring. Deforming of the inner wall portion is done by swaging the seat ring.

Abstract: A packing assembly is arranged between a gate valve stem connected to an actuator and a bonnet secured to the valve body. An externally threaded packing sleeve is threaded within the bonnet and has the packing assembly removably connected thereto for movement with the sleeve. The packing sleeve has an outer end portion which extends into an easily disassembled actuator body where it is easily accessible to a removal tool for replacing the packing. The valve stem has a beveled shoulder thereon which engages a flexible inner flange on the bonnet in the closed position of the gate valve to provide a tight metal-to-metal surface contact between the shoulder and flange.

Abstract: An actuator is provided which is respondable to control fluid pressure for moving an operative means of a valve between open and closed positions. The actuator comprises a housing defining a cylindrical bore therewithin. In one form, a shaft is carried in the housing and is engagable with the operative means. Means define first and second effective piston areas and are carried by one of the shaft and the housing and are sealingly slidable along the other of the shaft and the housing, being longitudinally movable within the cylindrical bore. The apparatus has first and second fluid chambers companionly associated with the means defining the first and second effective piston areas within the bore for yielding a differential force across the means defining the first and second effective piston areas upon increase of fluid control pressure within the actuator.

Abstract: The liquid nitrogen level in a flask is controlled by the degree of immersion of two sensing coils of copper wire in the liquid nitrogen activating a solid state switching circuit which controls a liquid nitrogen inlet flow valve. Manual override and sensor fault indication is provided.

Abstract: A main fluid pipe within a box-like housing has four auxiliary pipes connected thereto. Each auxiliary pipe extends to the outside of the housing. The first auxiliary pipe is connected to the drain of a swimming pool; the second is connected to the swimming pool pump; the third is connected to the skimmer and the fourth which extends upwardly is normally unconnected but closed by a valve. An adapter allows a standard garden hose to be connected to the fourth pipe for priming the pump and the swimming pool skimmer and drain lines. Chemicals may also be introduced into the fluid system through the fourth pipe. A thermometer, visible from the outside of the housing measures the temperature of the water within the pipe connected to the pump. The thermometer also measures the outside air temperature for comparison with the water temperature.

Abstract: A control circuit is disclosed for a sleeve-type pinch valve and which control circuit utilizes an internal vacuum condition in a main supply line in which the valve is disposed to retain the elastomeric sleeve of the valve open. A check valve is provided in the control circuit to prevent backflow of material from the main supply line into the control circuit and pinch valve. A unique check valve disclosed for this purpose includes an expandable tubular diaphragm of elastomeric material normally closed at one end and which opens cylindrically so as to impose no restriction to one-way flow of material therethrough. The one end collapses when flow is interrupted, thus to prevent backflow through the valve.

Abstract: A dry-break coupler attaches to an adapter for loading fluid into the bottom of a tank. The coupler and the adapter can be connected or separated without the loss of fluid, while both fittings are subjected to internal fluid pressure. The coupler is of the type used on a gasoline tank truck loading arm, and the adapter is in accordance with the standards of the American Petroleum Institute. The coupler has a tubular body that defines a central flow passage and a movable valve closure element that opens and closes the coupler flow passage. This valve closure element also actuates a central valve of an adjacent adapter. An adapter latch is mounted upon a first rotatable shaft that is pivotally mounted on the coupler tubular body. A second rotatable shaft that operates the valve closure element is mounted within the tubular body. Portions of both the first and second rotatable shafts extend in substantially parallel relationship.

Abstract: A pressurizer for a pressurized water nuclear reactor power plant having a plurality of straight immersion heaters with pointed ends.

Abstract: A recoverable tubular article comprising an elastomeric sleeve held in a radially expanded or extended condition and capable of recovering to its pre-expanded condition of smaller diameter upon the removal of an outer restraint, an outer restraint, essentially tubular in configuration, bonded to said elastomeric sleeve, said bond between the sleeve and the restraint being sufficiently strong to retain the elastomeric sleeve in its expanded condition under ordinary conditions of storage and susceptible to attack by solvents weakening the bond sufficiently to allow the elastomeric sleeve to peel away from the restraint and recover to its original state.

Abstract: At least one elongate electrode is positioned on the upper surface of an upper heddle bar of each heddle frame of a loom for constituting a switch with loops loosely coupled to the upper heddle bar, each loop being spaced from the upper surface of the upper heddle bar at the lower position of the heddle bar due to upward force along the heddle produced by the tension of a warp, the switch being closed when a loop hangs over the electrode by its self weight due to loss of tension along the warp at the lower position of the heddle bar, the lower position of each heddle bar being detected by a heddle bar position detector, a corresponding LED being illuminated by a display circuitry connected to the switch and the heddle bar position detector, the circuitry including holding circuits for maintaining the illumination of the LED from the first glowing until the holding circuit is reset.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a fabric tape for use in making sliding-clasp fasteners in which, during manufacture of the tape on a shuttleless loom, a spiral element which forms the teeth of the fastener is fed on to a marginal part of the tape opposite a selvedge. At least one warp thread in the marginal part of the tape is controlled by a heald and associated cam to form loops which project through and above the spiral element, and the loops, possibly together with a locking thread, are connected by an auxiliary lock stitch needle located above the spiral into a chain binding fastening the spiral element to the tape.

Abstract: A method of and a device for stopping the movement of a weft-carrier or shuttle when an obstruction is in the shed of a loom without damaging the loom or fabric being woven. The device includes a power operated shuttle drive mechanism adapted to engage the shuttle to move the shuttle through a shed, and a sensitive section adapted to be responsive to forces produced by an obstruction in the shed. When such forces exceed a predetermined value, the sensitive section actuates a transducer to stop the supply of power to shuttle drive mechanism and reduces to zero the forces being applied to the shuttle by its drive mechanism.

Abstract: The leads on a Semiconductor Package of the type having a generally round configuration and generally termed a header, are crimped into a conducting relationship for plating by means of an apparatus comprising a track type of conveyer for conveying the headers along a specific path, and a pair of rollers disposed on opposite sides of the track for engaging the leads as the header passes therebetween for crimping the leads together in a conducting relationship. The rollers comprise wheels mounted for rotation in opposite directions at different speeds, such that the header is rotated between the wheels but simultaneously moved in a linear direction along the conveyer.

Abstract: An electronic component lead cutting and clinching mechanism having means for operating substantially simultaneously on a plurality of aligned leads. The cutting edges are angularly oriented to align with the component leads and raised to a position adjacent the undersurface of the wiring board into which the component leads have been inserted. Pneumatic cylinders actuate the mechanism.

Abstract: A water squirt toy apparatus including a combination of a water squirt toy and a special filling valve which function together cooperatively.The water squirt toy includes a resiliently expansible tubular member serving as a water reservoir and encased within a rigid tubular support member, and a manually operated, lever-type normally closed valve mechanism operatively associated with the expansible member for permitting or preventing fluid discharge therefrom by compressing or pinching the same. The forward end of the expansible member is fixedly, but removably, secured to a discharge opening. The filling valve is particularly structured for fluidically mating with a conventional hose bib or hose as well as with the discharge opening in order to permit easy and rapid filling and refilling of the expansible member with water. The discharge opening may also mate directly with the hose bib or hose without the special valve.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for feeding and distributing, in a container of varying configuration, bulk materials comprising: inlet positioned near the top of said container; at least partially radially-compartmented rotor positioned below; and material-deflecting stator fixedly positioned around the periphery of said rotor and mounted for permitting preselected orientation of said stator with respect to said rotor.

Abstract: A generally vertical frame has a pair of columns on which an upper support and a lower support are slidably mounted, the lower support carrying the barrels of a row of syringes whose plungers are fastened to the upper support. The latter support can be alternately lowered and raised, manually by a lever or automatically by a cam, and is connected with the lower support by a lost-motion linkage allowing the two supports to be separated to an extent sufficient for a partial withdrawal of the plungers from their barrels when the syringes are dipped into one or more supply containers on a base onto which the lower support is held by a strong magnetic coupling until entrained by the rising upper support.

Abstract: An arrangement for filling and venting a safety fuel tank of the type characterized by two elastomer sheets joined at their peripheries, for use in automobiles, wherein a venting tube is disposed in the upper region of the tank with one of its ends inserted in a spout situated at the top of the tank where gases tend to accumulate and the other end opening into the upper part of the filler pipe of the tank just below an auto-blocking valve having an orifice therein for receiving a pump nozzle for filling the tank, and wherein a movable plate is provided for normally blocking the valve orifice.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing fiber material to chip form including an anvil assembly defining an anvil bearing surface of generally U-shaped configuration having leg portions joined by a connecting portion, at least one knife blade and carrier means for moving the knife blade in surface-to-surface bearing engagement with the anvil bearing surface in a direction extending from adjacent the ends of the leg portions towards the connecting portion to effect cutting or severing of the material into chip form.

Abstract: A skid protecting device for use in combination with vehicle tires, according to which in distribution over the tire circumference there are provided holders with a plurality of gripping profiles which are arranged transverse to and in covering engagement with gripping profiles which are adapted by way of tensioning members to be connected to the outsides of the holder. The arrangement comprises at least one chain net of interengaging chain links which is located on one lateral surface of the tire. This at least one chain net has one rim portion provided with serially arranged connecting links arranged in spaced relationship to each other for connection to the holders, whereas an oppositely located other rim portion is provided with a tensioning or tightening strand extending along the last mentioned other rim portion.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire having a radial carcass and at least two plies of steel cord belts as constituents of the reusable tire body has recap components that include an unvulcanized reinforcement belt having rubberized textile cord elements oriented parallel with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. The textile cord reinforcement belt is wound around the tire under tension and an unvulcanized tread strip is applied thereover. Subsequent vulcanization assures a firm bond between the recap components and the used tire body.

Abstract: Belted pneumatic tire having a reinforcing textile layer disposed between the tread and the carcass. The reinforcing textile layer can be transversely continuous or discontinuous across the crown region of the tire and extends into the shoulder areas. In the shoulder areas the reinforcement is a plural layer formed by a folding over of the textile. The tire may include a metallic breaker located above or below the textile reinforcement. The folded portion of the textile extends beyond the marginal edges by the metal breaker. The cords of either the textile or metal layers can be oriented at zero degrees to the equatorial plane of the tire.

Abstract: A method of concentrating or evaporating water from water-containing liquids in a falling-stream or falling-film evaporator through which the liquid is caused to pass downwardly through ribbed tubes which are heated externally. The material to be evaporated is distributed uniformly to the evaporator tubes and driving steam is simultaneously introduced into the latter at a velocity so controlled with respect to the pressure that turbulence develops at the inlet to the tubes. The mixture of the material to be evaporated and drive steam is caused to rotate about the longitudinal axis of the evaporator tubes as the mixture traverses same and the concentrated product is separated from the steam and product vapors at the outlet end of the tubes.

Abstract: A shield to be used in an electromagnetic continuous casting system comprises segmental strips forming a segmented, tubularly-shaped shield encircling a casting station and being positioned between molten metal being cast and an electromagnetic inductor.

Abstract: A molding machine for use with quick setting and cold setting sticky mold material, a mixture of sand and self-setting adhesive, is provided with a device to clean out the machine during each cycle and after the blow operation is completed. The sand and adhesive is mixed with the catalyst to a condition so that it will set up in a matter of seconds, e.g. ten to sixty seconds, and as it is mixed, a predetermined quantity is immediately deposited in a magazine. The magazine is closed by a valve and air pressure is applied to blow the sticky mold mixture from the magazine through a blow head into a mold cavity wherein it immediately starts to set. A diverter is provided with a diverter passage just outboard of the blow apertures of the mold box and this diverter passage is next enabled and air pressure is again applied through the magazine and blow head to blow any small amount of excess sticky mold mixture out the diverter passage into a receptacle.

Abstract: A foundry molding installation for producing boxless (or flaskless) sand molds comprises a molding machine having a pattern plate (or match plate) for simultaneous molding of upper and lower bodies (or mold halves) and a shifting device for transporting a molded lower body to a transfer station and simultaneously returning to the molding station, for assembly with the upper body therein, a lower body which has been provided with cores. The cores are inserted at core insertion stations along the sides of a rectangular, closed circulation, roller track which is mainly disposed outside the molding machine. At the molding-machine end the track comprises a tandem shifting apparatus having a transfer station in common with that of the shifting device of the molding machine and being movable back and forth, over the shifting device, so as to return a cored lower body from one side of the track to the transfer station while feeding a fresh lower body to the other side of the track.

Abstract: Disclosed are suitably structured storage tanks which substantially eliminate blending problems in thermal storage systems. More particularly is disclosed floatable baffle and flexible diaphragm means for preventing blending of different temperatures of water in a storage tank. Also disclosed is a thermal storage system wherein the tanks are at the base of a building and which includes the use of energy conserving turbines to further enhance the benefits of thermal storage. Direct pumping entry of the storage water at a low pressure is permitted into the load circuit which is at a substantially higher pressure and the turbine conserves energy required in the pumping.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of alternately heating and cooling a heat exchanger of a heating and cooling system having a boiler and a cooler, is disclosed, in which quantities of liquid of different temperature are passed from the heat exchanger into at least two reservoirs, respectively during the warm-up phase and cool-down phases of the exchanger. Upon the change from cooling to heating, the quantity of liquid in the reservoir having the lowest temperature, is passed to the heat exchanger for preheating the latter, and upon the change from heating to cooling, the quantity of liquid in the reservoir having the highest temperature is passed to the heat exchanger for the preliminary cooling thereof.

Abstract: A heat shielding tool is disclosed, having a pair of opposed pivotally connected handles terminating in a pair of opposed jaws. The jaws have interiorly relieved arcuate areas so that, when closed, they will form a circle so that the circular opening formed thereby can be clamped about a pipe or tube. The jaws also have external heat dissipating members taking a variety of forms but which can be generally broadly termed fins. In this manner heat generated by soldering a pipe joint will travel along the pipe or tube to the tool and be dissipated into the atmosphere. The handles also have tension means carried thereon which will serve to normally urge the jaws toward mating or closed position so that the tool may be readily clamped about the pipe or tubing.

Abstract: A device for recovering cleaning elements, such as form-rubber balls or other particles, from a heat-exchanger stream traversing a tube-bundle heat exchanger comprises a vertically oriented cylindrical housing or duct traversed axially by the main stream of heat-exchanger fluid and at least one separating sieve built into the housing for intercepting particles entrained in the stream and recovering them therefrom. The separating sieve is inclined to the axis of the housing and has, at least partially, an ellipsoidal boundary where it meets the inner wall of the housing. At the lower part of the sieve a collecting tube is provided, along the ellipsoidal boundary, and is formed with a laterally open longitudinally extending slit constituted a mouth through which the particles pass into this tube. A fitting at the low point of the tube conducts the collected particles from the collecting tube.

Abstract: A tube wall made of tubes extending parallel to one another and horizontally to inclined, which are provided with opposite fins on the longitudinal edges of which adjacent tubes are welded gas-tight to one another. The fins are formed as a continuous band exceeding in width the outer diameter of the tube. The band is arranged tangentially on the outside of the tube and the bands, which are welded with each other, are suspendable on a supporting structure for assuming the forces resulting from the dead weight of the tube wall and from additional loads.

Abstract: A multiple pocket mandrel for use in a well tubing having fluid bypass passageways in parallel with the pockets for increasing the fluid flow area through the mandrel. Preferably, the pockets are equally spaced about a central open bore of the mandrel and a fluid passageway is positioned between adjacent pockets. The mandrel may include an orienting sleeve about the open bore above the pockets with a second set of fluid passageways offset from the open bore for providing fluid bypass passageways around the orienting sleeve.

Abstract: A centralizer apparatus for guiding, within a well bore, a tool having a radially outwardly extending member thereon includes a sleeve concentrically disposed about the tool. The sleeve has a downwardly opening, substantially J-shaped groove therein sized to receive the radially outwardly extending member on the tool about which the sleeve is disposed. The J-groove has a first, closed, axially-extending slot portion and a second, axially-extending slot portion opening at the downstring end of the sleeve. The first and second axially extending slot portions of the J-groove are spaced circumferentially apart and communicate through a substantially transverse slot portion. An outer protective jacket is provided about the sleeve. A centralizer guide depends from the lower end of the jacket to contact the walls of the bore and maintain the tool centrally with respect thereto.

Abstract: A water bearing underground coal seam is prepared for production by in situ techniques by drilling a series of wells into the seam. Paths of maximum permeability are determined by taking oriented cores in selected wells. The coal seam is partially dewatered by removing water from the seam in selected wells. Reaction zones are established in the coal, first along the paths of maximum permeability, then reaction zones are established substantially perpendicular to the original paths of maximum permeability.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for fracturing and/or heating subsurface formations wherein an alternating current electric field is produced in the frequency range between 100 kilohertz and 100 meghertz between electrodes spaced apart in the formation and a radio frequency generator supplying a voltage between said lines with suitable loading structures tuned to the frequency of the generator to resonate the electrodes as a parallel wire transmission line which is terminated in an open circuit and produces a standing wave having a voltage node at the end of the line.

Abstract: A travelling machine for pulling off green plants or stalks from subterraneous potatoes and like tuberous crops. The machine has a pair of endless belts of which two contacting runs together move in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the machine, engage the plants and extract them at a constant rate of pull relative to the ground with varying speeds of the machine.

Abstract: A weeding rod unit arranged in combination with a plow which embodies a plowshare and a shank upstanding from the plowshare for attachment to a tractor-drawn tool bar; the weeding rod unit comprising an arm secured to and projecting rearwardly from the shank adjacent but above the plowshare, individual spring rods projecting laterally and oppositely outwardly from the arm in a plane to run in weeding relation at or slightly below ground level when the plowshare is at working depth, and said oppositely projecting rods being integral with and emanating from a vertical-axis spring coil fixedly secured to said arm.

Abstract: This invention is a plough consisting of at least two booms pivotally connected together about a joint which can be locked to enable the booms to extend in line with each other, each carrying plough shares extending to one and the other side of the tractor so that a very large number of shares can be pulled by a single tractor. The pivot joint can be released to enable one boom to swing in relation to the other when not ploughing so that the total width of the tractor and plough is not too great to be driven along roads and through narrow openings into fields and so on. There may be boom at the other end of the fixed boom capable of pivoting about a similar joint towards the tractor. The one boom is arranged to be mounted on the tractor three point linkages so that it can be lifted by that linkage when not ploughing, and the other, or other booms can have wheels associated with jacks for lifting the shares clear of the ground enabling the wheels to run over the ground when not ploughing.

Abstract: A blade for a bulldozer. The blade comprises a post of variable, substantially circular cross section varying from a maximum at the top and the bottom uniformly to a minimum at the middle. The post is attachable to a bulldozer. A blade member is pivotally mounted to each side of the post. Each blade member is shaped at its inner end to correspond to the shape of the surface of the post. The blade is adapted to attach to, for example, hydraulic rams to pivot each blade member independently about the post. Thus, upon pivoting, each blade moves around the post while at least maintaining a uniform, small distance from said post.

Abstract: A bulldozer including a vehicle frame, a dozer blade forwardly of the frame, a lift linkage movably secured to the frame and including two spaced arms extending longitudinally of the frame and connected to the blade, at least one motor connected to the frame and to one of the blade and the lift linkage for selectively elevating the blade relative to the frame, and a stabilizing linkage interconnecting the frame and one of the blade and the lift linkage including a first link mounted intermediate its ends on the frame for rotation about an axis extending longitudinally of the frame, and second and third elongated links each having an end pivoted to the first link on opposite sides of the axis and extending in opposite directions therefrom, the other ends of the second and third links being pivoted to one of a corresponding arm and blade.

Abstract: An improved drill rig having an auger and casing driver assembly, in combination, wherein a weight assembly is provided in combination with the drill rig assembly to be sequentially impacted upon a casing to be driven simultaneously with operation of the auger which is defining the well hole so that a casing is inserted into the well hole at the same time the well hole is being defined.

Abstract: An inclined drill rig is disclosed with attached rotatable power tongs for use in practicing a process for the installation of underground casing. The underground casing is usually installed coaxially to a pilot string disposed about an invert arcuate underground path underneath an obstacle, such as a river. The underground casing is installed in discrete segments from a slanted drill rig unit including a car traveling on an inclined ramp. The traveling car on the inclined drill rig ramp crowds and rotates each pipe segment sequentially into the ground from a rotating table. When the last pipe segment attached is fully advanced into the ground, it is clamped at power tongs located at the front of the ramp. These power tongs apply torque to rotate all the casing in the ground without crowding the casing.