Abstract: A bracket for mounting an electrical outlet box on vertical metal studs in a building or the like structure. The bracket including a channel shaped sheet metal element adapted to be clamped on and affixed to the vertical metal stud. The clamping element, including a pair of arms spaced apart by means of a web and one of said arms, is doubled back or lapped on itself and spotwelded or otherwise affixed to the arm. Welded or otherwise affixed to the doubled back portion of the arm laterally extends a member provided with an opening therein beyond which extends a solid portion. The opening receives a standard electrical plaster or dry wall ring with is joined to a standard electrical outlet box by screws. The dry wall ring is provided with open-ended slots therein through which the screws extend and are threaded into the outlet box, the position of the outlet box relative to the dry wall ring being adjustable by merely sliding the screws out of the open-ended slots in the dry wall ring.

Abstract: Preformed modular element for forming floor and wall coverings in combination with tiles and the like. The assembled modular elements define an array of regularly shaped cavities, each adapted to receive at least one tile. The cavities are preferably of a lesser depth than the tile thickness, thus resulting in an array of grooves between adjacent tiles, corresponding to the modular elements that separate the tiles and are depressed of the top faces thereof; finishing strips being received in the grooves of such a thickness to be flush with the tile top faces.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a slatted floor system comprises a plurality of elongated, spaced, generally parallel slats. Each slat has a top, load-carrying surface with spaced apart, opposite outer edges; a bottom surface substantially parallel to the top surface; and a pair of side surfaces integral with the top surface and the bottom surface. The side surfaces are joined with the top surface along lines recessed from the outer edges of the top surface. The side surfaces further taper toward each other in first portions, adjacent the top surface, then extend substantially parallel to each other and vertically relative to the bottom surface in second portions, thereby forming with the top and bottom surfaces a generally Y-shaped, enclosed main compartment.

Abstract: A system for erecting elevated floors where a first support floor with a drawworks thereon is connected to one end of a base structure by two pair of parallel spaced pivotable links and a second support floor is coupled to the opposite end of the base structure and by two pair of parallel spaced pivotable links. In accordance with the invention a strong back is erected about midway of the length of the base forming a rigid frame and supporting elevated sheaves at each side of the base structure. A pair of cables are adapted to pass over said sheaves, one on each side of said base structure and connect first to said first floor for erection and then to said second floor for erection.

Abstract: There is provided a roll-on type ceiling material that has a monolithic appearance free from batten strips, rosettes, or plastic inserts. A base surface is applied and this is covered by a flexible, decorative sheet to form the ceiling covering.

Abstract: An insulated roofing and siding system is disclosed. A plurality of elongate insulation bins are located side by side on the roof or wall of a supporting structure. Each bin has a flat base and vertical side walls defining a cavity in which insulation material can be inserted. A plurality of elongate plates are located over the respective bins, and the edges of the plates snap into incurved portions on the associated bins to enclose the cavities which contain the insulation material. Each plate has an upwardly directed flange at each of its lateral edges having an outwardly directed C-shaped section juxtaposed to adjacent such sections on adjoining plates. A plurality of discrete clips attach the insulation bins and plates to the supporting structure. Battens are snapped over adjacent flanges on contiguous lateral edges of the plates to provide weatherproofing for the roofing and siding system.

Abstract: In a method of severing developed photographic film strips into film sections at a severing station and immediately mounting same in slide frames which are spread open ready to receive them and which are conveyed away from the severing station, each severed film section is guided along an edge which is oblique with respect to the conveying direction of the slide frames. An apparatus for performing this method comprises severing means for the strip, a guide path for the slide frames and a guide rail with an oblique guide edge arranged downstream of the severing means to present a leading guide edge portion which extends into the gap between the spread-open slide frame portions.

Abstract: A device to check and discard lengths of wrapping paper (foil) intended to form the wrapper on packets of cigarettes in a very high speed packet cigarette packer; comprises at least one turning wheel in continuous motion on an axis parallel to the vertical feed plane for the lengths of wrapping paper and disposed opposite the front side of the stop check for the single lengths. Apparatus having idlers is placed, in respect to the feed plane, on the opposite side of the turning wheel in continuous motion mounted on an axis parallel to the axis of the wheel and spaced therefrom. An electromagnetic command controls the check for missing or faulty bundles of cigarettes.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatically dispensing stacks of cookies into the pockets of cookie packaging trays. A succession of multi-pocket cookie trays are intermittently advanced along a horizontal tray conveyor. Cookie delivery assemblies located in spaced relation along said tray conveyor each include a cookie delivery line and a cookie dispenser assembly which deposits stacks of cookies in the tray pockets during the dwell phase of the intermittent tray conveyor. Each said cookie delivery line includes a shingler assembly and a separator assembly. The shingler assembly comprises a pair of spaced parallel horizontal feed belts onto which the cookies are manually loaded in edge-supported face-abutting relation and an underlying shingling belt traveling at a faster speed than said feed belts. The feed belts serve to advance the array of cookies toward the separator assembly while the shingling belt engages the lower edges of the cookies and tilts the cookies into an inclined attitude.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling the speed of operation of a machine for packaging objects, such as cookies, in groups, in order to assure a sufficient supply of objects to the machine while preventing an undue accumulation of objects in front of the machine intake. The apparatus includes sensors providing signals indicating the passage of objects past selected points along the input path to the machine. It also includes a signal processor for receiving those signals and producing output signals which act to stop the machine when an insufficient number of objects is present in front of the machine intake and to increase the machine processing speed when the accumulation of objects in front of the machine intake increases above a selected magnitude.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a disposable fluid dispensing tube. The apparatus includes a rotatably mounted turret which is adapted to receive tubes. Tubes mounted in the turret are indexed through stations positioned around the periphery of the turret. At each station an operation is performed on the tube and at the final station a filled and sealed dispenser tube is discharged from the turret.In the practice of the preferred method of the invention, operations performed upon the tube include mounting a nozzle on the end of the tube, securing the nozzle to the tube, sealing the end of the nozzle, filling the tube, positioning a plunger in the other end of the tube and releasably securing the plunger to the tube.

Abstract: A fastening device for releasably or non-releasably fastening free ends of two parts of a neck strap or crown jam of a halter to each other. Each of the two parts has one end fixedly connected to another part of the halter and one end free. A free end of one of the neck strap parts is connected to a buckle. The free end of the other neck strap part is formed of two overlapping straps. Both straps near their free ends contain a plurality of aligned holes, a selected pair of which are engageable by the buckle to non-releasably fasten the ends of the two parts of the neck strap or crown jam to each other. A two-section releasable fastener is attached to one of the surfaces of the two straps near its free end. The two sections are engaged with each other when the strap is passed through the buckle and folded back on itself. The engaged sections resist separation upon application of longitudinal tensile forces of ordinary value, but when the magnitude of any such force exceeds a predetermined value, they separate.

Abstract: An adapter for use with rotary crop shredders and with a vehicle for towing the shredders. The resulting shredder apparatus is described as having a center shredder, directly behind the vehicle and shredders on each side of the center one. A center coupling assembly makes connections to the towing vehicle and to the center shredder. Extending from the center coupling assembly to each side shredder is a beam. A side coupling assembly connects each side shredder to the corresponding beam. The positions of the side shredders along the beams can be adjusted for best alignment with planted crop rows. The coupling assemblies, by providing considerable freedom of motion for the shredders, enable them to run over irregular ground. At the same time, means have been provided which permit the shredders to be raised for transport to and from a field.

Abstract: A reaping maching for parsley with automatic mechanisms for reaping and bundling parsley while it is moving over a parsley field. A pair of rotating cutter blades cut the plants at their lower stems. The plants are then moved rearward between endless elastic belts and the lower withered leaves removed by comb-like rotating mechanisms. At the end of the belts the parsley plants are bunched by a movable arm and moved to a position where each bunch is tied automatically with string.

Abstract: A rotary lawn mower grass mulcher assembly having a mower housing with a discharge opening over which two plates are disposed with each plate having airholes extending therethrough and with the holes being aligned offset between the two plates. Air is permitted to escape through the holes, but grass and like debris does not have free passage through the holes, and thus the mulcher assembly causes the grass clippings to remain in the mower housing for mulching or recutting action. The two plates are assembled together, and the plates are spaced apart with one thereof toward the outer end of the housing opening being angled downwardly and outwardly, all for permitting the passage of air but deflecting any debris downward to the ground.

Abstract: Semicontinuous formation of round bales is permitted by positively capturing material introduced into the bale-forming chamber of a round baler after ejection of the last-formed bale and while the web normally defining the chamber remains displaced from its forming position. In one embodiment, the crop-capturing function is performed by a grid comprising a plurality of parallel, upwardly arcuate, elongate bars forwardly mounted on the baler for swinging movement about a transverse axis toward and away from the lower apron of the chamber. Another embodiment employs a rearwardly mounted, vertically swingable grid of parallel, substantially rectilinear, elongate bars to positively retain crop material in the chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the entanglement of a first strand and a moving second strand are disclosed. A member having a passageway therethrough for the passage of the second strand is adapted for the circumferential positioning of the first strand. Means are provided for repositioning the first strand from the member into circumferential entanglement with the second strand by reducing the circumference of the member.

Abstract: A movable cleaning device is provided for cleaning the individual rotors on spinning assemblies of an open-end spinning machine. In order to accommodate cleaning of the rotors, with the rotor shafts being out of driving contact with their operational drives, the cleaning device is equipped with braking and/or driving means for controlling the rotational speed of the spinning rotor during cleaning operations. In this manner, cleaning elements such as rotary brushes, can be held in one position, while the relative rotational movement of the spinning rotor and the brush effects cleaning of the rotor. In certain preferred embodiments, the cleaning brush itself serves to impart rotational movement to the spinning rotor, with the drive for the brush being controllable so as to assure differential velocity of the brush and spinning rotor rotation.

Abstract: An opening roller for an open-end spinning machine carries an array of pins on its external surface. The pins are arranged in repeating patterns, each pattern comprising from 7 to 12 axially extending rows of equally-spaced pins, the relative dispositions of the pins in adjacent rows being such that the pins lie on lines parallel to a helix which passes through points in the first lines of two adjacent patterns, which points are axially off-set by three times the axial spacing of the pins in 7- or 8-row patterns, four times the axial spacing of the pins in 9- or 10-row patterns or five times the axial spacing of the pins in 11- or 12-row patterns. This arrangement reduces the risk of entanglement of fibres combed by one pin with fibres combed by an adjacent pin in the next row and reduces the tendency of the pins to direct fibres axially along the roller. An open-end spinning machine incorporating the roller is also disclosed.

Abstract: An improved rotatable twist tube device is disclosed for false twist texturing a continuous filament thermoplastic yarn being passed through the twist tube. The twist tube comprises a hollow shaft rotor constituted as the rotor of an electric motor. Two bell housings, one attached to each end of the motor body, house ball bearings which support the hollow shaft rotor near each of its ends. A friction bushing is positioned in each end of the hollow shaft rotor. The friction bushings each have a rounded front friction surface and have a back surface extending outwards from the hollow shaft rotor. The improvement comprises an annular extension of each bell housing which projects beyond the end of the hollow shaft rotor and encompass a portion of the adjacent bushing. The annular extension of each bell housing is adapted to prevent yarn wraps on the outside of the hollow shaft rotor by deflecting such wraps onto the surface of the friction bushing.

Abstract: A solar chronometer in which a style is aligned with the celestial pole and an equatorial member, preferably in the shape of a ring, is aligned with the equator. The style and equatorial member cast shadows upon a chart and the point where the shadows intersect indicates the hour and the date.

Abstract: An attachment for an electronic watch worn on a wrist has a plate linked to an electric switch and moving about a support secured at such a location on the watch system that the wrist can be brought about to press said plate against a firm surface for a duration and a number of times to select and cause the displaying of a set of watch data. This firm surface can be anything around the watch wearer's body or parts thereof, but not absolutely a finger on the side of the wrist not wearing the watch.

Abstract: Switching functions of an electronic timepiece including switching for time amendment, are controlled by a stem which is rotatable and axially movable. When in neutral axial position, the stem is rotatable to display alternatively hours, minutes and seconds or month and date. When pulled out to its outer axial position, the stem is rotatable in one direction to select the time function (hours, minutes, month or date) to be amended and is rotatable in the opposite direction to supply pulses from a dividing circuit to the counter of the selected time function to effect the desired amendment. When pushed in to an inner axial position, the stem actuates which means to illuminate the time display.

Abstract: A positioning apparatus initially positions a track chain link and automatically repositions the link in response to forces subjected upon the link by a track assembly machine when forcibly connecting the pin and links to form a track chain.

Abstract: A closed cycle-high energy density heat generating system. In the heat generating system hydrogen peroxide is fed from a vessel at a controlled rate through a catalytic converter to produce water vapor and oxygen. A first reaction heat transfer vessel receives the water vapor and oxygen mixture from the converter and combines hydrogen provided by a second reaction heat transfer with the received oxygen in a combustion reaction which produces water and heat. The water produced by the first reaction heat transfer vessel is applied to the second reaction heat transfer vessel in which it reacts with an active metal to produce a metal hydroxide, hydrogen which is recycled to the first reaction heat transfer vessel, and further heat. The flow of gases and liquids in the system is controlled by diverse temperature and pressure sensors placed throughout the system to control heat generation and system stability.

Abstract: A variable area turbine nozzle vane is supported from stationary housing structure and disposed in a confined fluid flow path between the gas generator and the power turbine of a split shaft gas turbine engine. The radially innermost structure defining the flow path for the working fluid is supported by a strut passing through, and also supporting, a hollow variable vane so that no external support struts are present in the flow path of the working fluid.

Abstract: Jet noise generation occasioned from the gaseous streams in the coaxial streams of a turbofan engine when they as well as the ambient stream encounter is reduced by designing the engine so that the value of the true velocity of the outer stream is substantially higher than the value of the true velocity of the inner stream. It is contemplated that for a turbofan engine the fan stream and primary or engine core streams are inverted so that the higher velocity stream would be in the outer coaxial passage immediately upstream of the point where the streams discharge to ambient. A modified conventional lobe mixer is utilized to invert flow streams.

Abstract: This apparatus has a plurality of vertical lift tubes immersed in water and arranged to discharge water into a hood at their upper ends for driving a turbine-like fluid motor. Each lift tube receives a much shorter, smaller diameter inner tube at its lower end. A horizontal partition extends between the inside of each lift tube and the corresponding inner tube. Compressed air is introduced periodically into the annular space between the lift tube and its inner tube below this partition. The lift tube has a water inlet opening located above the partition and below the top of its inner tube.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention is directed to a novel apparatus for pumping water up through a tube by a succession of coherent air bubbles, each of which extends completely across the interior of the tube as it rises up the tube. The upwardly flowing water operates a fluid motor device, preferably a turbine or the like, whose water-driven rotation may be used for generating electricity or for other purposes.

Abstract: A load responsive fluid power control system using servo type flow control valves and fluid motors supplied by a variable displacement pump. The pump displacement is regulated by a control valve in response to the motor load pressure to vary the pump displacement to maintain a constant preselectable ratio between the pump outlet pressure and motor load pressure and to vary the pressure differential between pump outlet pressure and motor load pressure with variation in magnitude of the load. The pump control also limits maximum and minimum system pressures.

Abstract: The invention describes a valveless and practically frictionless differential temperature engine. The engine consists of a relatively warm evaporator chamber and a relatively cold condensor chamber containing a low boiling point fluid. The temperature differential between the chambers results in a corresponding vapor pressure differential between the chambers. Changes in the vapor pressure differential between the chambers causes liquid to rise and fill in a tube communicating between the liquid phase of the evaporator chamber and the vapor phase of the condensor chamber. The movement of the liquid is transmitted to a float and to a force receiving component outside of the chambers. The changes in the vapor differential between the chambers are automatically cyclically regulated by the level of liquid in the evaporator chamber which alternately submerges and uncovers the lower open end of a slanted tube communicating between the vapor phases of the chambers.

Abstract: For use in combination with a heat engine, a thermal energy transformer comprising a flux receiver having a first wall defining therein a radiation absorption cavity for converting solar flux to thermal energy characterized by a first wall defining a radiation absorption cavity having a solar flux entry aperture, and a second wall defining an energy transfer wall for the heat engine, and a heat pipe chamber interposed between the first and second walls having a working fluid disposed within the chamber and a wick lining the chamber for conducting the working fluid from the second wall to the first wall, whereby thermal energy is transferred from the radiation absorption cavity to the heat engine.

Abstract: A motor vehicle air-conditioning system includes a compressor driven by the motor vehicle engine through a clutch and means for disengaging the clutch, thereby decoupling the compressor from the engine, when the vehicle is accelerating. According to the invention, means are provided for automatically reengaging the clutch after an adjustable period of delay from the time that the clutch is disengaged.

Abstract: A dual temperature merchandiser incorporating both upper and lower communicating compartments, the upper compartment for chilling food products, with the lower compartment disposed for holding frozen food products, a single refrigeration unit incorporating the condenser and compressor are provided for maintaining the chilled and freezing temperatures within their respective compartments, and evaporators operatively associated and rendered functional by the aforesaid condenser and compressor being provided within each of the compartments, thermostatic controls responsive to the temperatures maintained within each compartment a valve operatively associated with the thermostatic control maintained in the upper chilling compartment and providing for the flow, or curtailment thereof, of refrigerant through the evaporator maintained within said compartment for independently maintaining the chilling temperature therein, regardless of the continued transfer of refrigerant through the lower compartment and sustaining

Abstract: A humidity control apparatus characterized in that a dehumidifying mechanism, which comprises a refrigeration circuit composed of a compressor, a condenser, a decompression device, and an evaporator, a fan for drawing in air past the circuit, and a tank for collecting and storing the moisture in the condensed form, is combined with a humidifying mechanism comprising an intake duct into which part of the air current is bypassed, taking advantage of the dynamic pressure exerted by the fan, ultrasonic humidifying-vapor generator means wherein the air from the intake duct is mixed with water vapor, and a discharge duct through which the air-vapor mixture is discharged to the outside, said generator means being supplied with water from said tank.

Abstract: This invention relates to a storage element for a sorption heat storage system comprising a hermetically sealed tubular vessel having a length which is a multiple of its cross section containing a sorbate. The vessel is divided into two regions by an interspace. A first region contains a solid sorption medium and a second region contains an accumulator to collect condense and hold back sorbate driven out of the sorption medium.The invention also relates to a heat storage system consisting of a tank, a plurality of heat storage elements arranged in a parallel array with their interspaces in a plane, a means to divide the tank into two regions outside the elements, lying in the plane of the interspaces and at least one heat transfer media contained in the tank outside the storage elements.

Abstract: A pre-loading structure between the driving member and the driven member removes torsional backlash from a universal joint by pre-loading a pair of blocks against and substantially encompassing the driving member. The blocks are dimensioned so that the inside of each block has surfaces which face one another in spaced relationship to provide a clearance between them to allow the blocks to be moved toward each other as wear occurs to continually maintain the pre-load between driving and driven member.

Abstract: A full-width scouring station particularly for delicate printed fabrics is described which comprises, within an outer housing, a tank containing a scouring liquid, at least one rotating drum, and a plurality of spray nozzles located above said drum and adapted to direct scouring liquid jets on a fabric resting on the drum, pumping means for supplying the scouring liquid to the spray nozzles and a drive means for rotating the drum.

Abstract: A two piece locking device for a bicycle or the like is constructed from a clevis and a link, wherein the clevis has a pair of mutually orthogonal eyelets at its open end and the link is adapted to be placed first over the eyelet out of the plane of the clevis and then over the eyelet in that plane. A padlock may be positioned with its shackle through the second eyelet to secure the clevis and link in locked engagement with one another.

Abstract: A locking mechanism for a cabinet enclosure is comprised of a locking member in reciprocable, captured engagement with a first of a plurality of side walls defining the enclosure, a latch support disposed within the enclosure, and a latching member borne upon that support for operative engagement with the locking member. Also provided is a panel support member in pivotal, depending engagement from the latch support for supporting a side wall of the enclosure when the same is raised to an access position.

Abstract: A patio door or sliding window security bar which is of the type that is normally stored parallel to a frame member of the opening and movable to a horizontal position braced against the sliding panel frame or jamb so that the sliding panel cannot be moved to give access through the opening. A bolt is fully contained within the hollow bar end and capable of being reciprocated through the medium of a barrel or cylinder that is installed into the lateral wall of the bar to enable the bolt to be moved into a socket formed in the sliding panel frame to lock the bar against being swung upward or downward. A locking arrangement including a keyway enables the bar to be locked in horizontal position by means of a removable key to prevent unauthorized opening of the patio door even from the interior of the building having the opening.

Abstract: A system for locking the doors of a vehicle by central command includes a reversible motor driving a worm gear. A traveling nut operated by the worm gear engages a lock-actuating lever through an overload clutch. The overload clutch includes a cam and a cam follower. The cam has a normal central stable position bounded on either side by regions of neutral stability which permit override by small manually applied forces in case the motor or worm gear malfunctions. The system further includes a spring powered mechanism for unlocking the doors in the event of an accident. The spring powered mechanism is tripped electrically by an acceleration-sensing switch, and can be recocked by applying a relatively large force to a plunger located on the window sill.

Abstract: Feeding apparatus for feeding material for a predetermined distance past a predetermined point on a feed-path comprises a pair of feed rollers, one of which is coupled to a stepping motor. A sensing means in the form of a light beam is provided on the feeding path at the predetermined point and when the material being fed intersects and interrupts this light beam, a control means for the stepping motor commences to count pulses transmitted to the motor. After a number of pulses have been counted which causes the motor to feed the material precisely to the predetermined location, the motor is stopped. The control means also has means for actuating a further apparatus (such as a crimping press) which performs an operation on the material. This control means is effective to delay energization of the crimping press is the press is not in a state of readiness for performing the crimping operation.

Abstract: An adjustable regulator and a cycle initiating firing pin are mounted in the handle of a casing which contains a flux concentrator. The adjustable regulator sets the amplitude of current from a control panel to the flux concentrator through a flexible multi-conductor cable. The flux concentrator is separately encased and detachably mounted to the casing.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing elongated curved tubular elements sequentially clamps longitudinally spaced end portions of a straight elongated tubular section, confines a central portion of the tubular section intermediate the clamped end portions between two dies, applies forces to at least one of the dies to displace the same and thus also the central portion of the tubular section in a predetermined direction and to a given extent with respect to the clamped end portions so that substantially S-shaped transitory portions of deformed cross-sectional shapes develop between the clamped end portions and the central portion of the tubular section, and restores the cross-sectional shapes of the transitory portions preparatory to sequential retraction of the dies and unclamping of the end portions of the tubular section by means of at least one mandrel which is introducible into the tubular section through at least one of the end portions thereof for passage into and through at least one of the transitory portio

Abstract: A vehicle engine includes an exhaust monitoring system with an exhaust mounted oxygen sensor and apparatus for processing the sensor output voltage into an exhaust constituent signal which may, for example, be used to control the air-fuel ratio of the engine fuel supply to a substantially stoichiometric ratio, the apparatus including a low pass filter which suppresses components of the signal greater in frequency than a predetermined cutoff frequency. An alternating voltage generator effective to generate a square wave of at least the cutoff frequency is connected through a reference impedance, a capacitor and the oxygen sensor in series to ground, thus creating a voltage divider with an output between the reference impedance and the sensor internal impedance, the voltage at the output having a peak-to-peak amplitude which varies inversely with sensor temperature. The voltage at the output is provided to a peak detector, which generates therefrom a signal representing the temperature of the oxygen sensor.

Abstract: An eductive flow loop has an inlet leg conduit projecting into an exhaust stack and an outlet leg conduit. A sample of gaseous combustion by-products is withdrawn from the exhaust stack into the inlet leg conduit and flows to the outlet leg conduit. A portion of the sample is drawn through a convective flow loop conduit and a gas sensing device and back to the outlet leg conduit and therefrom back into the exhaust stack. A counterflow device is positioned in the outlet leg conduit between the exhaust stack and the convective flow loop conduit. The counterflow device includes a portion of the outlet leg conduit that communicates with the exhaust stack and a blowback conduit connected to the outlet leg conduit. A stop member is movably positioned in the blowback conduit. When the fluid pressure in the blowback conduit is greater than the pressure of the gas sample flow, the stop member moves into the outlet leg conduit to block flow to the exhaust stack.

Abstract: A welded vibration densitometer probe to obviate frequency shifts due to temperature changes.

Abstract: Hermetically sealed electrochemical cells are checked for electrolyte leakage by immersing the completed cell in a liquid medium such as chemically pure deionized water and monitoring the medium for electrical and/or chemical changes that would be caused therein if the electrolyte were leaking from the cell. Such changes could be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity of the liquid medium, the ion concentration, or the pH.

Abstract: A method for determining the location of underwater pipeline leaks comprising first measuring the resulting pressure within the pipeline, calculating depth of pipeline at the site of the leak and then determining the location of the leak by reference to a graph of the profile of the pipeline which plots the depth of the pipeline against the distance of the pipeline from shore.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for monitoring early formation of cracks in permeable or porous materials which comprises affixing a frangible fluid impermeable enclosure to the permeable or porous surface to be monitored such that a crack forming in the permeable material will destroy the integrity of the frangible fluid impermeable enclosure and provide a passage for a fluid to flow between the environment and the enclosed space, then sealing a fluid passageway in fluid communication from the enclosed space to a source of pressure different than ambient at the permeable material and to a pressure sensor; then imparting a pressure different than ambient to the enclosed space through the fluid passageway and thereafter monitoring the internal pressure in the enclosed space and fluid passageway with a pressure sensor such that a crack in the permeable material will destroy the integrity of the enclosed space and allow passage of fluid between the environment and the enclosed space which is detected by the pre