Abstract: A compact image projection apparatus comprises a concave spherical mirror, a plano-convex lens, a quarter wave plate and two prisms one of which is a roof prism. The apparatus is such that object and image have the same orientation and are positioned in two parallel planes. The apparatus is located, for example, between a mask and a semiconductor wafer in a scanning projection printing system.

Abstract: A unit magnification optical system having micron resolution capability over a broad frequency spectrum. A spherical concave mirror is used to provide unit magnification at high numerical aperture with respect to object and image planes which are both located at or in the proximity of the center of curvature of the mirror, or the optical equivalent thereof. A first refractory element optically close to the object and image planes corrects longitudinal chromatic aberration of the principal rays while a second refractory element optically close to the mirror corrects residual longitudinal chromatic aberration of the marginal rays. In the preferred embodiment, a double prism arrangement located between the first refractory element and the center of curvature of the mirror optically reflects the object and image planes to parallel opposed positions having a common axis perpendicular to the axis of the mirror.

Abstract: A compact substantially afocal lens comprising two components each including two elements adapted for use as a magnifying attachment for an objective with an internal stop. Compactness in an afocal lens of good performance is obtained by the use of a strongly curved first surface followed by other strongly curved surfaces, by the choice of alternating high and low indices of refraction for the successive negative and positive elements, respectively, and by correcting the lens less well for longitudinal color and distortion than for the other aberrations.

Abstract: An angularly adjustable vehicle mirror with vibration damping. A casing, adapted to be secured in a mirror housing, supports a mirror back member for pivoting by a mechanism within the casing. Two rigid projections from the casing have surfaces extending generally in the direction the back member moves when it pivots relative to the casing. Vibration dampers are carried by the mirror back member remote from the pivot point of the mirror. Each damper extends rearwardly of the mirror into contact with the surface of a projection to inhibit vibration of the mirror. The vibration damping members are rigid in the direction the mirror moves but are flexible or articulated for movement transversely of the direction of mirror movement and are biased against the surfaces in slidable, frictional, engagement.

Abstract: The molecules in a twisted nematic liquid crystal are, in general, skewed relative to the optical axis of the cell (the perpendicular to the plane surfaces defining the boundaries of the crystal cell), and their birefringent effect on plane polarized light varies asymmetrically for such light making varying angles with the optical axis of the cell. When the cell is positioned between crossed polarizers and the cell is energized so that light is supposed to be completely extinguished, some rays are nevertheless transmitted so that the transmitted intensities at different viewing angles vary. To avoid this resulting variation of intensity with viewing angle, the cell is illuminated from behind with collimated light (i.e., all rays parallel to the optical axis of the cell) so that all rays "see" the average molecular director in the same way; a solid catadroptric element is utilized to both collimate the light and achieve essentially constant luminous flux intensity upon the display.

Abstract: A rear view mirror for a vehicle includes a member, providing a reflective surface and mounted so as to be swingable about a vertical axis, and an operating mechanism, which may be powered from the vehicle's battery or by a self-contained power unit, or other suitable electrical, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic means, which operating mechanism serves, under the control of the driver of the vehicle, to swing the member about its vertical axis between two preset positions so as to change the field of view presented by the reflective surface.

Abstract: The reflector support structure includes a plurality of substantially straight rod-like elements which are secured together at their respective ends, forming joints, in such an arrangement so as to describe a generally paraboloidal shape comprised of a plurality of open triangles. Elongated standoff elements extend outwardly from at least the joints of the reflector support structure and have secured thereto positioning elements for supporting the apexes of triangular-shaped relfecting sections. A plurality of reflecting sections are arranged to substantially mate along their respective edges, and are held in place by the supporting elements, to form a large, substantially parabolic, reflector. When the reflector and reflector support structure are used as part of a solar collection system, a tracking support structure supports the reflector support structure off the ground and in a correct orientation relative to the sun.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided comprising a slit illumination system for projecting a slit illumination light along a slit axis, and a recording optical system including a taking lens and an image plane, said taking lens having an optical axis intersecting at an angle with a plane containing said slit illumination light, said taking lens further having a major plane which includes a line of intersection of said plane of slit illumination light with said image plane. Also provided are means for supporting said slit illumination system and said recording optical system as a unit for rotation about said slit axis so that orientation of the slit illumination light can be changed as desired.

Abstract: The combined contact lens is characterized in that it comprises a zone of a hydrophilic material, an aperture in the center of said zone, and a solid body from an optically transparent material fixed in said aperture, said solid body being made in the form of a rod bonded chemically with said zone.In the method for the manufacture of the combined contact lens, a hydroxyl-containing monomer is polymerized in the presence of an agent initiating polymerization, a solvent, and a linking agent, inside a mould provided with a rod located in the center of the mould and made from a polymer that is inactive toward water but swells in the solution of the starting hydroxyl-containing monomer.The invention provides good toleration of the lens with the patient and ensures optimum optical effect with various abnormalties of refraction and in various pathological states of the cornea.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the optical reading of information recorded on a support along a track in the form of diffracting elements. A diffraction pattern comprising a luminous central spot centered on the section of the track to be read and alternately dark and bright adjacent fringes is projected onto the support, the dark fringes adjacent to the central spot coinciding with the track sections in the neighborhood of the track section to be read. To that effect a pupil limited by two edges which are parallel to the direction of travel of the track is utilized, this pupil being placed against the reading objective.

Abstract: A zoom lens system has a zoom lens holder which varies its length as the focal length is varied. The zoom lens holder includes a fixed ring, an axially movable ring disposed within the fixed ring to which a front lens holder is screwed, and a rotatable cam ring disposed around the fixed ring. The axially movable ring is engaged with the rotatable cam ring by means of a pin fixed to the outer face of the movable ring and slidably engaged with a helical cam groove of the cam ring. The pin radially extends through an axially extending key slot provided in the fixed ring and thereby prevents the movable ring from rotating about the optical axis of the zoom lens system. As the movable ring axially moves, the cam ring is rotated. A rear lens holder is axially movable within the movable ring and is engaged with the cam ring by means of an engaging pin fixed to the rear lens holder and a helical cam groove provided in the cam ring.

Abstract: A hand held motion picture viewer includes a housing having a recess formed in one end of the housing for carrying a film cartridge, and a viewing aperture in the opposite end of the housing through which the images on the film in the cartridge may be viewed. The housing carries a film driving mechanism for engaging and advancing the film within the cartridge past the viewing aperture. The film driving mechanism includes a battery operated motor, a claw journaled for rotation within the housing and positioned to engage sprocket holes in the film when the cartridge is carried within the recess of the viewer, and a gear transmission means connected between the motor and the claw for rotating the claw in discrete arcuate steps when the motor is energized to produce intermittent film advance. An actuating lever and movable contact means are provided for selective electrical connection of the motor with the battery for selective energization of the motor and film advance.

Abstract: A light reflective projection system is disclosed. The system includes a combination of a light source, at least one reflective or transparent disc having means for rotation thereof and a lens. In one embodiment, disc rotation is provided by the rotatable turntable of a record player. In this embodiment, the reflective or transparent discs may be carried by a record mounted on the record player, by a pedestal member mounted over the spindle of the record player, or by a differential speed ring having drive wheels which bear upon and are rotated by the label portion of the rotating record. A stationary support provides a location for an additional disc. The light source and lens are so mounted that light rays from the light source are projected downwardly through or onto one or more of the transparent or reflective rotating discs, then upwardly through the lens for projection upon the viewing surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the combination of a projector and television stand proximate thereto which allows the picture from a conventional television set to be magnified and projected upon a suitable surface and includes a stand provided with angular mounts thereon which allows a conventional television set to be mounted thereon at a particular angle from the horizontal in combination with a projector disposed proximate the face of television set which provided an angularly disposed reflected image from the reflective surface and transmit the image through an aperture in the projector to a suitable display surface.

Abstract: An electrically controlled camera device is disclosed which includes a counter for counting the number of pulses representative of the preferentially selected one exposure condition of a shutter speed and a diaphragm aperture level to control the preferentially selected one exposure condition, and a digital operation circuit for calculating the other exposure condition in the form of a number of digital pulses in accordance with the output pulses from the counter and with digital data signals representative of the sensed scene brightness and the film sensitivity used. During automatic exposure, the number of pulses counted by the counter is controlled by the combination of a pulse generator and a single-throw mechanical switch connected between the pulse generator and the counter, and the number of output digital pulses from the digital operation circuit is counted by another counter for controlling the other exposure condition.

Abstract: An automatic focussing apparatus is provided with a contrast sensor which senses the contrast of reflective light from an object being photographed and produces a signal indicative of the incapability of a focussing operation whenever the sensed result represents a low contrast.

Abstract: A camera body has mounted on it a lens mount which is pivotable relative to the camera between an operative and an inoperative position. A mechanism in the camera is activated and transports film from the camera film chamber through the camera during movement of the lens mount from one to the other (or from the other to the one) of the aforementioned positions.

Abstract: A camera is provided with a flash device and a selectively engagable lens adjusting arrangement such as a telescopic conversion lens. A view finder angle adjusting mechanism such as a periphery masking frame is provided and is connected through a linkage to the lens adjusting arrangement, so that a view finder angle corresponding to the angle of the lens being used is provided. The camera includes a beam angle adjusting means such as a Fresnel lens associated with the flash device, so that the beam angle of light from the flash device can be adjusted to correspond to the angle of the lens being used.

Abstract: A Kepler telescope type optical finder system for an SLR camera comprises a simple and compact prism having a generally wedge shape as contrasted with finder optical systems using surface mirrors or pentaprisms. The prism may be shaped so that the angle formed by the incident optical axis thereto and the emitting optical axis therefrom is smaller than 90.degree. in order to further miniaturize the overall size of the camera. In this case, an additional wedge-shaped prism is inserted between the first focal plane of the optical system and the prism in order to reduce the chromatic aberration. The additional wedge-shaped prism may be provided with a surface formed into the surface of the condenser lens.

Abstract: A light meter arrangement for a camera having a zoom objective and a view finder. A beam splitter is arranged between the zoom control lens assembly and the relay lens to split off a fraction of the beam of light coming from the assembly and to direct the fraction of afocal form to the view finder. In order to deflect an integral marginal portion of the view finder light beam to a light-sensitive element, there is provided a single prismatic entity having an entrance face positioned adjacent the exit face of the beam splitter. This entity is constructed to have a number of total reflection surfaces arranged to function as a condenser for the light rays passing therethrough.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reflex rangefinder system for a camera having a pair of li reflecting members mounted to reflect light rays from the scene in the viewfinder system. The members are dichroically coated with different complementary colors such that the dual image formed when the objective lens is out of focus have different colors to enhance the distinction for easy focusing.

Abstract: A bellows camera has a housing movably connected with its lens mount by a scissor linkage including two pairs of intersecting arms on opposite sides of the lens mount, a first arm of each pair having one end pivoted to the housing and the opposite end guided in a slot on the lens mount whereas a second arm of each pair has one end pivoted to the lens mount and the opposite end guided in a slot on the housing. The slot-guided ends of the two second arms are engaged by respective rack members, slidable at right angles to the optical axis, which are in mesh with a pair of pinions on a common shaft traversing the housing and carrying a setting knob. If the knob is rotated beyond a limiting position of an operating range, corresponding to focusing on infinity, the rack members are cammed out of engagement with their respective scissor arms to enable manual collapsing of the camera.

Abstract: In a camera adapted for use with a motor drive unit capable of selectively controlling film winding and rewinding operations, there are provided first and second driving torque input means, the first input means being positioned for continual engagement with a film winding up mechanism, and the second input means being arranged upon setting movement of a manually operated rewinding knob to attain driving engagement with a rewinding shaft and being located outside a film cartridge chamber to insure the protection of the film from fogging. The motor drive unit has a pair of output means connected through respective directionally-responsive clutches to a common motor and arranged upon attachment to the camera to engage the respective input means of the camera and has a single operating member for selectively actuating each of the output means for the film winding and rewinding operation.

Abstract: An electrically driven film rewind apparatus for a camera comprises a film rewind motor, drive gearing driven by the motor for rotating a film rewind shaft, clutch means in the drive gearing for operatively connecting and disconnecting the film rewind shaft with or from the motor, and clutch control means including means for maintaining the clutch means in its operative position during a film rewind operation in which the clutch means is effective to operatively connect the film rewind shaft with the motor and for automatically causing the clutch means to be disconnected from the film rewind shaft from the motor immediately upon termination of a film rewind operation.

Abstract: In a camera including a taking lens which is moved in the direction of its optical axis in response to an adjustment of a distance adjusting member and also including a lens protecting cover which is movable between a first position in which it covers the front of the taking lens and a second position in which the lens is exposed, a mechanism for retracting the taking lens into the camera by rotating the distance adjusting member comprises a linkage which includes a drive member adapted to be angularly driven by the cover as the latter moves to its first position, and a connecting member which couples the drive member with the distance adjusting member.

Abstract: A photographic apparatus wherein the objective is movable by a focusing mechanism in response to manual rotation of a ring from a starting position. A spring biases the ring to the starting position through the medium of a follower which carries a blocking lever for the focusing mechanism. The blocking lever is moved from the path of a reciprocable spring-biased toothed rack of the focusing mechanism prior to unlocking of the rack by a lever which is disengaged from the rack during that stage of movement of the ring from its starting position which follows retraction of the blocking lever from the path of the rack. The focusing mechanism has a certain amount of inertia so that it does not change the position of the objective during movement of the photographic apparatus between different positions in which the objective is or may be trained upon objects located at different distances from the apparatus.

Abstract: In the disclosed camera, an SLR viewfinder displays exposure conditions by means of a translucent indicia carrier adjacent the focusing plate which defines the field of view of the finder. A light source illuminates the translucent indicia carrier and its light is passed by suitable lenses to a viewer. Ghost images of the indicia indications, which might be caused by indicia image light beams being internally reflected by the plate and lenses, are effectively eliminated by an optical deflector that orients light from the source along an optical axis parallel to or away from the light passing through the focusing plate's field of view. According to one embodiment of the invention, the light deflector is a prism. According to another, it is a mirror.

Abstract: An electromagnetically operated shutter mechanism comprising first and second shutter members supported for movement in the opposite directions to each other for selectively closing and opening an exposure aperture. Permanent magnets are respectively mounted on the first and second shutter members. Cooperative with these permanent magnets are first and second solenoid coils for driving at least either one of the first and second shutter members accompanying corresponding movement of the other of the first and second shutter members. For energizing the solenoid coils, some electric drive circuits are also disclosed.

Abstract: A doctoring surface conformation for applicator nozzle structures in photographic film cassette contained processors by which a coating of processing fluid is deposited on exposed film strip moving in a given direction of film advancement. The conformation includes a first doctoring surface extending from adjacent a trailing portion of a nozzle opening, when viewed in the given direction, and converging in the given direction toward the film strip. Terminating by a given distance from the film strip is an edge of the first surface which enables such surface to trap particles of at least a predetermined size carried by such film strip.

Abstract: A transfer apparatus is provided of the type in which a toner image formed on a photosensitive member is transferred onto a transfer or copy sheet. The apparatus is used in a copying machine of a so-called delivery type in which the sheet is conveyed using a sheet gripper. During the transfer of a toner image, the appartus applies a corona discharge to the rear side of the sheet which is of the opposite polarity from that of the toner image. The apparatus comprises a diaphragm member for restricting an opening of a transfer charger and disposed between the transfer charger and the photosensitive member, the diaphragm member being movable away from the photosensitive member as the sheet gripper passes between the transfer charger and the photosensitive member.

Abstract: A xerography type copy machine is disclosed. The machine has a photo conductor and a brush covered with a flexible sheet material for applying powdered material to the photo conductor of said xerography type machine. The flexible material contains particles of a permanently magnetized material, encapsulated in the flexible sheet. A permanent bar magnet is supported adjacent the flexible sheet on the side thereof remote from the photoconductor. The permanent magnet has a pole extending perpendicular to the direction of travel of the sheet so that when the magnetic field from the bar magnet passes through the laterally extending magnetic poles of the sheet, it alternately aids and opposes the field of the magnets on the sheet thereby causing the magnetic particles attracted to the sheet to bristle out and retract back to the sheet thereby causing the powder to form bristles which brush against the photo conductor and allow toner to be attracted to the charged parts of the photo conductor to form an image.

Abstract: A device for controlling advance and return movements of an original table of an electrostatic copying apparatus wherein the table is advanced in timed relationship with the movement of a photosensitive element and returned under the action of a spring to its initial position comprising a first shaft rotatable in timed relationship with the movement of said photosensitive element, a second shaft rotated at a predetermined speed in one direction, a stepped pulley mounted on said first shaft for free rotation relative thereto, a first pulley co-axially mounted on said first shaft through an one-way clutch operable when said first pulley rotates relative to said second shaft in said direction of rotation thereof, a first wire passing around said first pulley and which is connected at its one end to a smaller diameter portion of said stepped pulley and at the other end through a spring to said original table, a second wire passing around a larger diameter portion of said stepped pulley and connected at its opposi

Abstract: An optic axis adjusting mirror device used with a system in which a light beam such as a laser beam or the like is used and modulated by information signals and caused to scan a medium by a scanning optical system. The device includes an adjuster capable of freely adjusting the angle at which the mirror is mounted to vary the direction of reflection of the light beam as it impinges on the mirror, and detecting jigs for detecting the position of the light beam as it impinges on the mirror and for detecting whether or not the optic axis lies at a predetermined position. The device contributes to highly accurate beam scanning.

Abstract: An automatic registration system for four-color image stripping employs in one embodiment a first punching press having a grid pattern die on which a "MYLAR" sheet carrier with desired windows is laid, and, on this, single color images are laid at the respective windows; registration holes are then punched at selectable positions keying the single color images to the carrier by use of a correspondingly-grid-patterned transparent punch holder providing good visual access for selection of positions in the grid pattern at which to mount punches, and a ram which drives the punches against compression-spring bias. Following perforation of the registration holes in the Mylar sheet carrier, each single color image is removed and matched with the remaining single color images of the four-color set to which it belongs, with appropriate locator pins inserted in prepunched holes customarily supplied in each for the color separation stage keying them together.

Abstract: In copying apparatus capable of producing a duplicate from an original by varying the size of the former from that of the latter, a change tends to occur in the exposure of an image forming surface when the rate of magnification or reduction is varied, with a result that the image forming surface is either overexposed or underexposed. To obviate this defect, a mirror is mounted in the vicinity of the original in such a manner that the distance between the mirror and the original and the length of a short side of the effective reflecting surface of the mirror corresponding to the width of a slit for exposing the image forming surface to the original are kept constant. By this arrangement, it is possible to keep constant at all times the exposure of the image forming surface, irrespective of a change in the rate of magnification or reduction.

Abstract: Device for illuminating and adjusting the amount of light in machines for electrostatically preparing printing matrices, wherein at least one pair of light sources are arranged on a driven carriage, also carrying a selectively shaped diaphragm, the aperture of which varies as a function of the carriage position.

Abstract: A device for pressing down a document to be duplicated on a document table of an electrophotographic apparatus comprises a flexible cover which is journaled along its one edge portion and a supporting frame which supports the document cover in an opened or upright position. Near the free end of the document cover there is secured a handle or grip which engages with the supporting frame. In case of duplicating a thick document such as a book the handle can be disengaged from the frame and the thick document can be effectively pressed down on the table by means of the document cover. The document cover and the frame are detachably arranged at positions which are lower than the surface level of the document table. Documents larger than the document table can be easily duplicated by removing the document cover and the supporting frame.

Abstract: A device for measuring distances to a target includes electronic circuits for generating a light which is amplitude modulated by three selectable frequencies. Also included are optics for focusing the amplitude modulated light onto the target, and for receiving reflection of the light therefrom. Additional circuits convert the received light to electrical signals representative thereof, and compute the phase angles between these signals and the amplitude modulating signals. The distance to the target is then calculated based on these phase angles and the wavelength of frequencies equal to the differences between the three selectable frequencies. Another circuit uses an accelerometer to measure vertical angle to the target, and further distance measurements are made based thereon. Still other circuits compensate for a variety of potential error causing conditions, such as signal waveform asymmetry and component tolerance.

Abstract: An automatic two wavelength photoelasticimeter comprising, in succession, a light source for emitting light having at least two wavelengths, .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.2 ; a polarizer rotating at constant speed, an orientable quarter-wave plate of orientation .beta. with respect to a reference axis; a model to be analyzed exhibiting double-refraction and having a fast axis which forms an angle .theta. with respect to the reference axis and which provides a phase shift .phi. (which parameters .theta. and .phi. are to be measured) and three photodetectors 5, 6, and 7 preceded by analyzers 10, 11 and 12 respectively. The photodetectors 6 and 7 are preceded by filters 8 and 9 of wavelengths .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.2 respectively. The difference between the phases of the signals of the frequency 2.omega.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring reflected or transmitted light is described. The apparatus comprises filter type spectrophotometer having a wavelength range of from about 200 nm (nanometers) to about 1,100 nm which includes a sample illuminating light source capable of producing an extremely intense light of short duration; light diffusing means; a light filter for transmission of a selected wave-length; at least two independent light sensing means; and separate means defining light transmission paths for the passage of light from the light source to one light sensing means and from the illuminated sample to the other light sensing means.In a preferred embodiment the apparatus includes a light diffusing integrating sphere. In another embodiment, a replaceable or repositionable module can be used to convert the apparatus from reflectance to transmittance spectrophotomer.

Abstract: A retroreflector evaluation system is disclosed as incorporating a laser and a plurality of laser light processing optical elements associated therewith in such manner as will permit the making of reflectance measurements at any or all points on the surface of retroreflective or other reflective samples or devices, thereby providing an indication of the intensity, uniformity, and other reflectance characteristics which determine the quality thereof.

Abstract: A scanning radiometer in which at least one curved mirror is integral with a drivable optical system. Thermal radiation is directed onto a detector facing the mirror at a distance. An electronic system performs a weighting evaluation corresponding to the position of the detectors, and a threshold value is indicative of the degree of radiation of the observed object shown on a display unit. The optical system together with the detectors is located about axes containing the center of curvature of the curved mirror and is rotatable in steps or continuously. The mirror is, furthermore, shaped in the form of a hollow sphere or a hollow sphere segment. The latter avoids irradiation of detectors by scatter radiation incident via the aperture with boundaries running parallel to the optical axis or with a boundary expanding funnel-like from the entry window towards the mirror.

Abstract: In an element analyzer exploiting a magneto-optic effect, when a concentration of the element in a sample material to be detected is high, two peaks are produced in the wave form of the signal obtained during the measurement. The present invention provides a discriminating technique to indicate whether two peaks appear in the wave form of the signal, with the object of reducing the error produced in the element analysis exploiting a magneto-optic effect.

Abstract: In a scanning spectrophotometer, in which a narrow wavelength band of radiation can be selected from a range of wavelengths for transmission alternately through a sample cell and a reference cell, continuous automatic baseline correction is provided. A pulse train signal is generated, wherein the number of pulses represents the ratio of a parameter (e.g., intensity) of the radiation transmitted, respectively, through the sample and reference cells. A ratio of unity represents the baseline, and deviations from the baseline are indicated by changes in the number of pulses in the pulse train. Digital information indicative of baseline deviations is stored in a memory device when the spectrophotometer is being calibrated, and is retrieved from the memory device during operation of the instrument for sample analysis. The retrieved information generates a correction signal, which provides a continuous baseline correction.

Abstract: Hologram apparatus for testing for defects in welds has a frame with means for supporting the frame. A laser beam is directed towards one end of the frame where it is reflected by a rotatable mirror onto an area of the weld lying in a predetermined direction within an arc of about 90.degree. extending from a point directly below the mirror. A head is mounted for rotation on said one end of the frame coaxially with the mirror. A photosensitive recording medium is mounted on the head for receiving laser light reflected from said weld. A reference beam mirror is mounted on the head for reflecting laser light from the rotatable mirror to the recording medium as a reference beam. The rotatable mirror and the head are interconnected to cause the ratio of the angular movement of the head to the angular movement of the rotatable mirror to be two to one.

Abstract: Index of refraction measurements are made by means of an optical device in which a coherent light beam is divided into an object beam and a reference beam, each of which is directed through a separate path in a common light transmitting medium. The object beam is also transmitted en route through a test volume that accommodates a substance to be tested. It is subsequently recombined with the reference beam to form a single output beam. The output beam is received by a photo detector and its intensity is measured. The intensity of the detected output beam is related to any phase shift between the object and reference beams. The phase shift in turn is a measure of the index of refraction of the test substance. Information relating to density, temperature and pressure of the test substance can be derived from measured index of refraction values by using conventional conversion formulas.

Abstract: A consistency measuring apparatus and a method for determining fiber concentration of a pulp suspension, which utilizes a flow cell having a pair of parallel, light transparent side walls to allow the sample to be monitored to flow therethrough. A plane polarized beam of light is transmitted through the cell and received by a pair of detectors which have overlying plane polarized light analyzers, one having its axis of transmission crossed with and the other having its axis of transmission parallel to the plane of polarization of the transmitted light beam. The detectors provide electrical signals which are processed to give the consistency of the pulp suspension sample.

Abstract: The profile of a surface of an object is determined by scanning the line of intersection of this surface and a given plane transverse to the object. A radiation transmitter provides a transmitting beam, and a radiation receiver provides a receiving beam. Deflection means causes scanning movement of one or both of the beams so that a zone of intersection of the beams scans along a predetermined line and a detector in the receiver receives radiation transmitted from a source in the transmitter and reflected by the surface of the object. The deviation of the actual line of intersection from the predetermined line is determined from data supplied by the detector at a plurality of positions along the line of intersection.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the content of moisture or other substance in a material by measuring its relative reflectance at two infrared wavelengths. A chopped radiation beam is produced by arranging a tuning fork such that an oscillating element alternatively moves first and second spaced optical bandpass filters having first and second passband wavelengths into position to intercept a beam of source radiation. The chopped beam is directed on the material being analyzed, and radiation reflected therefrom is applied to a radiation detector. The relative transmittances of the filters at their passband wavelengths are such that the radiation detector generates alternating pulses of equal amplitude for a material having a specified content of the substance. The tuning fork also includes a third filter of zero transmittance which periodically interrupts the beam of source radiation so that the detector provides a background signal which is used to correct the amplitudes of the alternating pulses.

Abstract: A detachable connection for use in applications where detachment or shear of the connection is desirable or foreseen as a necessity. An improvement in a connection between two structural elements having identical, but oppositely oriented complemental connecting portions which mate, forming an enclosed space through which is inserted a deformable coupling member with cross section different from the cross section of the enclosed space. The improved connection will disconnect when subjected to predetermined forces, leaving the oppositely oriented structural elements undamaged.