Abstract: A washing method has a nonaqueous washing process of washing an object to be washed using a nonaqueous solution, an intermediate washing process of washing the object to be washed using a solution having solubility relative to both an aqueous solution and the nonaqueous solution after said nonaqueous washing process; and an aqueous washing process of washing the object to be washed with the aqueous solution after said intermediate washing process. When an intermediate washing process is performed between the nonaqueous washing process and the aqueous washing process, the nonaqueous solution adhered to the object to be washed in the nonaqueous washing process is removed in the intermediate washing process, and replaced by a solution having solubility relative to both the nonaqueous solution and the aqueous solution, so as to prevent the nonaqueous solution from being introduced into the aqueous solution used in the aqueous washing process.

Abstract: A cleaning and drying apparatus includes a cleaning bath 22 for collecting cleaning liquid and also discharging the liquid, a drying chamber 23 arranged above the cleaning bath 22 and a wafer boat 24 for conveying semiconductor wafers W between the cleaning bath 22 and the drying chamber 23. Dry gas nozzles 37 for ejecting dry gas are provided in the drying chamber 23. A shutter 36 is arranged between the cleaning bath 22 and the drying chamber 23, for insulating the cleaning bath 22 from the drying chamber 23. A central processing unit 60 controls respective operations of the dry gas nozzles 37 and a driving unit 52 for the shutter 36. With the arrangement, after the wafers W have been cleaned in the cleaning bath 22, the cleaning liquid is discharged through a bottom of the bath 22, while the dry gas is supplied from the dry gas nozzles 37 to contact with surfaces of the wafers W and the cleaning liquid in a first drying process.

Abstract: A collapsible shelter/tent, such as for example an umbrella tent, has a collapsible frame with a plurality of legs that are erected by manually moving two clevises toward one another. The shelter/tent includes an improved locking mechanism that very securely maintains the structure in an erected position. The improved locking mechanism includes a generally vertical pin extending from one of the clevises that is received inside a socket supported on the other of said clevises. The socket has an engaging member therein that can engage a groove in the generally vertical pin after said generally vertical pin has been inserted into said socket. Preferably, the engaging member is spring biased into the groove. The shelter/tent also includes a variety of novel frame structures. An erection device for erecting a collapsible tent is also included. The erection device includes an elongated pole and a slide member that can be used to control relative movement of the clevises toward and away from one another.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device for converting radiation energy into electric power, includes a front side exposed to radiation from a radiation source, a backside; and a cooling unit having a liquid medium, e.g. water, arranged between the front side and the radiation source. The liquid medium is surrounded by an envelope, and forms with the envelope a selective filter allowing passage of radiation useful for the photovoltaic effect and converting the longer wave radiation into hear which is immediately dissipated to substantially prevent heating of the photovoltaic module.

Abstract: A plurality of solar batteries are provided between a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate and the second substrate are formed of, for example, a paper or a non-woven cloth, which is a material including a natural fiber, cellulose, as the main component. Papers and silicon have relatively small difference in coefficient of thermal expansion so that warp caused by changes in the temperature is suppressed. Also, papers are light, easy to be processed and spontaneously decomposed so that disposing becomes easy. The first substrate is preferable to be transparent or semitransparent and preferable to be formed of cellophane paper, glassine paper, parchment paper, or Japanese paper. Oil may be included in the material. The second substrate is preferable to be opaque. A waterproof film may be formed on the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A tapping adaptor assembly for direct connection to a gate valve. The assembly includes a tapping adaptor attached to a main pipe. An outlet conduit formed integrally with and extend outwardly from the tapping adaptor terminates in a distal end outlet. A adaptor for mounting on the tapping adaptor includes an integral flange, a shoulder and a spout. The adaptor may be attached to the tapping adaptor by welding or glueing depending upon the material of the tapping adaptor or may be formed integrally with the outlet conduit. The shoulder of the adaptor is positioned to engage the gasket of the gate valve. The spout of the mounting adaptor extends into the socket of the gate valve to help support the tapping sleeve. In an embodiment, a tapping sleeve semi-cylindrical section is formed integrally with the outlet conduit.

Abstract: Flow enhancing restrictors are located within a fluid conduit to provide pressure reduction and flow enhancement. The restrictors may be used in combination with a conventional choke valve or as a stand-alone pressure reduction means. Alternative exemplary embodiments for flow enhancers are described. Each of the flow enhancers has a generally cylindrical base with at least one fluid passage disposed therethrough. Each of the flow enhancers also provides a dome that projects upwardly from the center of the base to assist in directing fluid flow and receiving the abrasive forces associated with the fluid.

Abstract: In the case of a piezoelectrically operable valve (1) with at least one valve channel (4, 5), which can be closed by means of a sealing element (14, 16) held on a piezoelectric bending transducer (7, 8), the bending transducer (7, 8) is held at both ends in the valve housing (2) to increase the sealing effect of the closed valve channel or valve channel to be closed (4, 5). In this case, a first end (7a, 8a) of the bending transducer (7, 8) is fixed in the valve housing (2), while the second end (7b, 8b) is guided movably in the longitudinal direction (12) of the transducer in a housing groove (11) on the opposite housing side (2b).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon comprising the steps of: ejecting a molten Fe-based alloy containing 10 atomic % or less of B onto a cooling roll to solidify the molten Fe-based alloy; and peeling the solidified Fe-based alloy from the cooling roll when the solidified Fe-based alloy has a temperature of 100 to 300° C. A Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon having no crystalline phase is stably, continuously produced without breakage by this method.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the production of hot-rolled steel strip from continuously cast precursor strip in at least two deformation stages, each deformation stage having one or more roll stands, wherein initial rolling is carried out in the first deformation stage at the output speed at which the precursor strip exits from the continuous casting plant and the intermediate strip thus produced is coiled prior to the second deformation stage at the output speed at which it exits from the first deformation stage, wherein the coil is uncoiled after reaching the coil weight and is supplied to the second deformation stage for finish rolling at the initial roll pass speed and is then coiled in the desired finished coil sizes.

Abstract: A tire noise damper to be disposed in an annular tire hollow formed between a wheel rim and a pneumatic tire mounted thereon, the damper made of a flexible material and comprising a base to be secured to the wheel rim and at least one flap extending from the base to be risen radially outwards from the wheel rim by centrifugal force during running to block the annular tire hollow. For example, the damper comprises at least one annular elastic band to be put around the wheel rim, the annular band provided with at least one U-cut for forming a flap, and the base is formed by the remaining annular portion of the band. In another example, the damper is made of a strip of the fixable material having a certain length, the base is formed by one end portion of the strip, and the flap is formed by the remaining portion of the strip.

Abstract: A process for producing a composite structural element, which includes the steps of providing a thin-section wall part, placing the thin-section wall part into a mold, applying reinforcing elements to the thin-section wall part, placing a counter-mold onto the mold for forming a mold cavity, and introducing a binder having a foaming agent into said mold cavity via one of injection cannulas and nozzles, after a set time delay a foaming of the binder occurring for encapsulating the reinforcing elements on all sides.

Abstract: A process for laminating multi-layer pre-forms into laminated glazing assemblies is provided. The pre-forms are first subjected to a vacuum in an inlet lock. Then, the pre-forms are heated to an assembly or bonding temperature in a heating chamber, while still being subjected to vacuum. Next, the pre-forms are pressed using pressing pieces in a pressing chamber, which is also subjected to vacuum. A greater pressure is exerted along the edges of the laminated glazing assemblies so as to bond the edges, preferably by using membranes. In an outlet lock which follows the pressing chamber, the laminated glazing assemblies are again vented to atmospheric pressure. An apparatus suitable for carrying out the process is also provided. The apparatus has chambers which are connected together by conveyors so as to achieve a quasi-continuous flow of material.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for producing a cured tire filling composition and the composition resulting from such a method. A mixture of a polyisocyanate having an average functionality of at least 2.3; a high molecular weight polyol having a hydroxyl number in the range of about 20 to about 31 and having an actual functionality of greater than 2.1; 6 to 65 weight percent of a polar plasticizing extender oil; and no greater than 0.5 weight percent polyamine is cured in the presence of a catalyst to form a polyurethane elastomer having a vertical rebound of greater than about 60% based on ASTM D2632 and a Durometer hardness in the range of about 5 to 60 (Shore A). The mixture is used to fill a tire prior to curing the composition within the tire casing and results in a deflation-proof tire that has considerably longer road testing life than tire filling compositions currently available.

Abstract: A veneer edge jointing apparatus which comprises a plurality of rows of conveyors (chains) for transporting a veneer piece until a trailing edge of the veneer piece in a direction of transportation comes to an abutting position; an adhesive-applying device for applying a hot melt adhesive to a leading edge of the transported veneer piece in the direction of transportation; and a bonding device for abutting the leading edge of the veneer piece transported by means of the conveyors against a trailing edge of a preceding veneer sheet in alignment with the abutting position, and then pushing and feeding the veneer piece to bond the veneer pieces to each other into a continuous veneer sheet. The bonding device is arranged at a position for substantially filling vacant regions in the direction of width orthogonal to the direction of transportation.

Abstract: A film may be sealed to a tray by flattening an upper edge of the tray to produce a planar sealing surface. A film may then be sealed to the planar sealing surface. The flattening may be achieved using a high temperature heat sealing apparatus and may cause closure of the cells of open-cell foam trays. In addition, the heat used in the flattening step may be useful in facilitating the heat sealing of the film to the tray if done in sufficiently quick succession.

Abstract: A surface reforming method capable of efficiently carrying out a sustainable reforming treatment evenly on a prescribed surface part of an element, a surface treatment liquid to be employed for the above described method, and an element having a reformed surface treated by the above described method. The surface of an element to be reformed composing at least a part of the surface of a prescribed element is subjected to the reforming treatment by providing the object surface with a polymer, which is different from a constituent material of the objet surface and comprises a first part having a functional group and a second part having an interfacial energy different from that of the functional group and approximately equal to the surface energy of the object surface and orienting the second part of the above described polymer toward the object surface and orienting the first part in the side different from the object surface.

Abstract: A wafer flattening process and system enables a reduction of the surface roughness of a wafer resulting from local etching. A silicon wafer W is brought into close proximity to a nozzle portion 20 to feed SF6 gas to an alumina discharge tube 2, a plasma generator 1 is used to cause plasma discharge and spray a first activated species gas from the nozzle portion 20 to the silicon wafer W side, an X-Y drive mechanism 4 is used to make the nozzle portion 20 scan to perform a local etching step. Then the silicon wafer W is moved away from the nozzle portion 20 and O2 gas and CF4 gas are fed to the alumina discharge tube. At this time, the O2 gas is set to be greater in amount than the CF4 gas. When this mixed gas is made to discharge to generate plasma, a second activated species gas diffuses from the nozzle portion 20 to the entire surface of the silicon wafer W.

Abstract: A bi-fold door is equipped with door lifting devices operated with a reversible electric motor drive to selectively open and close the door. The door lifting devices have winches operable to wind and unwind elongated webs connected at one end to rotatable members of the winches and anchored at the opposite end of the door. Anchors mounted on the door have adjustable sleeves operable to take up slack of the webs. The door moves at an increasing rate of speed from its closed to open positions and a decreasing rate of speed from its open to closed positions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and composition for the recovery of fibre from waste paper and paper broke which has been treated with wet-strength resins. Specifically the present invention is directed to the removal of such resins from the fibre material, so that such fibre material may be recycled to a paper web forming process, by using selected persulfates such as potassium persulfate. Optionally, the persulfate is used in combination with a surfactant. Improved repulping of the waste paper is achieved.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for making a high quality paper product at improved process efficiency through the use of high steam levels in the Yankee dryer. The product according to the present invention is creped from the Yankee dryer while it is still wet and is then drying is completed using conventional methods. Products made according to the present invention exhibit improved absorbency, softness and bulk.

Abstract: Method to reduce adhesion of a damp fibrous material web, e.g., a paper or material web, to a rotating roll. The method includes producing a steam cushion between the rotating roll and the fibrous material web.

Abstract: The present invention aims to produce a cold-rolled metal coated multi-phase steel, characterized by a tensile strength of at least 500 MPa, a yield ratio (Re/Rm) lower than 0.65 in skinned conditions, lower than 0.60 in unskinned conditions, and with good metal coating adhesion behavior. In the case of the aluminised steel according to the invention, the steel also has superior resistance to temperature corrosion up to 900° C. and excellent mechanical properties at this high temperature.

Abstract: A method and a device for heating and cooling a compartment of a motor vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine are described. During a cooling operation, a medium in the circuit is guided through a compressor, an ambient heat exchanger, a throttle device, and an interior heat exchanger which are connected in series and form an integral closed circuit. On the high-pressure side of the circuit, a supercritical pressure is produced at the same time that a subcritical pressure is produced on the low-pressure side of the circuit. During a heating operation, the high-pressure side of the circuit during the cooling operation becomes the low-pressure side and the low-pressure side of the circuit during the cooling operation becomes the high-pressure side. The medium in the circuit is conducted in the interior heat exchanger at a supercritical pressure, with heat energy being transferred from the medium in the circuit to the compartment air supplied to the compartment.

Abstract: An assembly (oil cooler unit), under the state where first and second plates (130, 140) prevent a heat exchange core (110) from falling from a casing (120), is provisionally assembled, and this oil cooler unit is dipped in a flux to apply the flux. A seal surface plate (150) is then assembled to the second plate (140) and is brazed by heat-brazing in an inert gas atmosphere. Since a flux residue on the seal surface plate (150) can be drastically reduced in this manner after brazing is complete, the seal surface plate (150) can secure predetermined surface texture even after brazing is complete while the number of process steps necessary for applying the flux is reduced.

Abstract: An apparatus and method that uses the local raw water injection equipment to use the minimally processed seawater as the hydraulic power fluid for the downhole turbine/pump arrangement. In one embodiment, the raw water provides the hydraulic power to the downhole equipment via the production well annulus in an open loop arrangement. The raw water is co-mingled with the production fluids. In another embodiment, the raw water provides the hydraulic power to the downhole equipment via the production well annulus in a closed loop arrangement. The raw water is not co-mingled with the production fluids. In another embodiment, the raw water provides hydraulic power to the downhole equipment via the production well annulus in an open loop downhole arrangement. The raw water discharged from the turbine is conveyed to a suitable formation for injection via a dual completion well.

Abstract: Downhole apparatus in the form of a valve (140) comprises a body (148) defining a bore (168) with a curved disc closure member (142) positioned in the bore. First and second retaining members (144, 146) are positioned on respective sides of the disc (142) for retaining the disc in a closed position and to hold pressure from both sides. One of the retaining members (144) is retractable to permit opening of the valve disc (142). The disc (142) may be locked closed by locking the retractable retaining member (144) in position, On release of the member (144), application of fluid pressure to portions of the member (144) will retract the member (144).

Abstract: There is disclosed a resin-sealed semiconductor device in which plural circuit portions integrally having inner and outer terminals are arranged two-dimensionally substantially in a plane and electrically independent of one another, and have leads for integrally interconnecting the inner and outer terminals, surfaces of the circuit portions are semiconductor element mounted faces with the inner and outer terminals and the leads forming one plane, the inner terminals and the leads are thinner than the outer terminals, back surfaces of the circuit portions are provided with terminal faces of the inner and outer terminals, a terminal mounted face of the semiconductor element is mounted via an insulating layer onto the semiconductor element mounted faces of the circuit portions, and the semiconductor element terminals are electrically connected with wires to the terminal faces of the inner terminal, and the whole is sealed with a resin in such a manner that the outer terminals are partially exposed to the outside

Abstract: A line guiding arrangement for supporting one or more energy lines or conduits, which comprises two substantially parallel strands (2,3) of plastic. Each strand (2,3) is subdivided by transverse separations (5) to form the strand into flexibly interconnected segments (4). The transverse separations (5) extend transverse to the longitudinal direction of the strand (2,3), and they are formed at selected intervals between one another. The transverse separations (5) extend in a side wall portion (6) to the vicinity of a support wall portion (7). At selected intervals, the segments (4) are interconnected by crossbars (8,9), with the segments (4) and the crossbars (8,9) defining a guide channel (10) for running at least one energy line.

Abstract: A power electronics module has a metal substrate, a printed circuit card carried on one of the faces of the substrate, and components, at least some of which are power components, mounted on the card. The card also carries electrical interconnection tracks between the components themselves and with external power supply. Conductive bridges of a shape enabling each of them to extend over a power component mutually interconnect short segments of interconnection tracks, that carry power current.

Abstract: A module or assembly is formed by interposing a polymer between a carrier and a semiconductor device to be secured to the carrier. The polymer has ionized metallic particles suspended in it. Before setting or curing the polymer, the module is exposed to an electric field which induces migration of the metallic particles to the opposing pads of the carrier and semiconductor device. Such migration ultimately forms metal dendrites extending between mating pad pairs. The dendrites establish a metallurgical bond and conductive paths between the carrier and the overlying semiconductor device. When the polymer is subsequently set, the carrier and device are not only adhered to each other, but the dendrite connections are fixed and structurally reinforced to provide the needed electrically conductive paths.

Abstract: A method provides for additive plating on a subcomposite having filled plated through holes. Fine-line circuitry is achieved via electroless deposition onto a dielectric substrate after the through hole is plated and filled. Fine-line circuitry may be routed over landless, plated through holes thereby increasing the aspect ratio and the available surface area for additional components and wiring.

Abstract: A rotary cone drill bit is provided with at least one cutter cone assembly having a machined cutting structure which will maintain an effective cutting profile despite abrasion, erosion and/or wear of the associated cutting elements. The machined cutting structure may be formed on a generally cone shaped blank by a series of lathe turns and/or plunge cuts. The cutting elements may be formed with an aggressive cutting profile. For one application, the crest of each cutting element has the general configuration of an ogee curve. A layer of hardfacing material may be applied over all or selected portions of the machined cutting structure.

Abstract: A pass-through transmission for a towing vehicle such as a small tractor or the like is adapted to provide a torque-transmitting connection of a power take-off unit of the towing vehicle to a front-mounting implement such as a sweeper brush. The transmission can be temporarily fixed to the underside of the towing vehicle by latching engagement without involving the use of a tool for fixing purposes so that the transmission can be quickly and easily fitted to and removed from the towing vehicle.

Abstract: An engine cooling air passage for construction equipment, which is capable of reducing noise released from a cooling air exhaust port with back pressure of cooling air remaining low and making an engine room compact, is provided. To this end, in the engine cooling passage, a fan air diversion passage (53) of a predetermined length, which has a fan air diversion opening (53a) located near an outer periphery portion of a cooling fan (16) and taking in a cooling air blown by the cooling fan (16), at one end side, and an opening (53b) located near a lateral end portion of a counterweight (61) and discharging the cooling air taken in to an outside, at the other end side, is formed either in a front portion of or in front of the counterweight (61).

Abstract: A small-sized vehicle such as scooter-type motorcycle includes an engine unit and a power transmission unit coupled to the engine unit to be swingable. The engine unit comprises a power generation section, a speed changing section, a first case into which the power generation unit is accommodated and a second case into which the speed changing section is accommodated. The first and second cases are operatively connected to each other as a unit case constituting the engine unit, which is then mounted to a vehicle body.

Abstract: A steering device for a motor vehicle is proposed, with an actuating member for the introduction of the steering movement and with a steering linkage to transfer the steering movement to the wheels.

Abstract: The invention concerns a steering device with a steering angle transducer, a steering drive having a motor (6) and a first gear, at least one wheel driven by the steering drive and a sensor arrangement (16) for detecting the angle position of the wheel with a detection device (21), which produces a reference signal for at least one reference position of the steering device.

Abstract: A vehicle brake arrangement includes a packet of alternating stator brake disks and rotor brake disks that are parallel and rotatable relative to each other. Each stator brake disk includes a support ring, support arms that are circumferentially distributed about, connected to, and protruding radially from an outer circumference of the support ring, and plate-shaped brake segments respectively removably secured in segment-shaped spaces between neighboring ones of the support arms by pivotable latch bars and spring-biased catches engaging recesses of the brake segments. Each brake segment includes a plate-shaped carrier, and a brake pad adhered onto at least one major surface of the carrier. The pads are made of sintered metal and the rotor brake disks are made of a ceramic or ceramic composite. Selective frictional contact between the sintered metal brake pads and the ceramic rotor brake disks provides effective braking friction, and the brake segments are easily exchangeable.

Abstract: The invention relates to an air-controlled damper which attenuates the motion of movable components. Sealing between the movable components is effected by a separation means which is fixed to the cylinder and the piston in the hollow space of the cylinder.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for conveniently storing and retrieving cords associated with electronic devices or other power devices. The apparatus comprises a rectangular plate having opposed top and bottom edges and opposed left and right edges. In one embodiment, for each of the cords a pair of spaced-apart, opposed hooks is mounted on the plate near opposed edges, with each of the hooks comprising a stem having a first end in contact with the plate and a second, opposite end. An arm extends perpendicularly outwardly from the stem second end facing away from the other hook of its pair so cords can be wrapped around the pair. In one embodiment, a surge suppressor is associated with the cord control system. In another embodiment, the plate is made of a polymer material and the posts are molded into the plate. In another embodiment, the plate comprises grooves along the top and bottom edges, and the posts rotate in the grooves.

Abstract: In order to convey articles in a conveying device incorporated, for example, within an automatic packaging plant, a first conveyor and a second conveyor are used, the first one being arranged upstream of the second one in the direction of feeding of the articles conveyed. The conveyors have respective conveying directions forming between them an angle equal, for example, to 90°. The articles are received on the second conveyor in a positive and unconfined conveying condition.

Abstract: A differential impulse conveyor includes a conveyor base 12 and a tray 16 movable in a forward direction to move goods with the tray and in a backward direction to slide goods along the tray. A pair of tray support members 18, 20, 192, 200, 222 interconnect the conveyor base in the tray. Each tray support member may be pivotally connected at a lower end of the conveyor base and pivotally connected at an upper end of the tray. An electrically powered linear motor 30, 82, 95, 135, 145, 225 moves the tray forward and rearward. A connector support 20 for interconnecting the base and the tray, or for interconnecting any stationary member and a movable member, may include a linear bearing having an end surface with a radius for rolling engagement with a contact surface having a radius twice of that of the end surface to achieve the desired linear motion of the tray or movable member.

Abstract: In a key switch device, a gear portion 31 of a first link member 12 is provided with an upper tooth portion 45 and a lower tooth portion 43 disposed in adjacent relation in a width direction of the first link member 12 and in upper-and-lower relation in a thickness direction of the same. Similarly, a gear portion 31 of a second link member 12 is provided with an upper tooth portion 45 and a lower tooth portion 43 disposed in adjacent relation in a width direction of the second link member 13 and in upper-and-lower relation in a thickness direction of the same.

Abstract: A sputtering hybrid coil for a plasma chamber in a semiconductor fabrication has an enhanced sputtering surface and an internal coolant carrying channel thermally coupled to the sputtering surface to cool the sputtering surface and the coil.

Abstract: A liquid permeable metallic coating is utilized in conjunction with a fluorescence based optical sensor. The metallic coating is deposited directly on, and is in physical contact with, the sensing membrane. The metallic coating does not require an intervening substrate layer or other components. When light from a light source is shone through the substantially light transmissive substrate onto the sensing membrane, the metallic overcoating reflects back the excitation light as well as the fluorescence light generated by the sensor such that substantially no light reaches the sample where the light may be scattered and/or absorbed by the sample. Accordingly, the accuracy and repeatability of the sensor is improved while the cost and production times associated with manufacturing the sensor are minimized.

Abstract: An ozone storage/recovery method comprises a process for supplying an ozone-containing gas, generated by an ozone generator, to an ozone adsorbent tank filled with an ozone adsorbent contained at least one high-silica material selected from the group consisting of a high-silica pentacile zeolite, a dealumination faujasite and a mesoporous silicate, causing the adsorbent to adsorb ozone at a temperature of 0° C. or below, and storing the ozone, and a process for desorbing the ozone adsorbed by the adsorbent in the ozone adsorbent tank and recovering the ozone from the adsorbent tank, whereby ozone can be supplied as required.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for obtaining a preparative-scale, free-fluid electrophoretic separator with high resolution as well as an analytical capability commensurate with capillary zone electrophoresis. The electrophoretic focusing apparatus and method of the present invention combines features of electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing to accomplish large scale purifications and fractionations that have not previously been possible, and features a separation chamber bounded by precision-pore insulated screens, a plurality of purge chambers, a plurality of electrode chambers, and a plurality of pump means. The separation device of the invention is capable of high speed of separation and short residency of sample through the use of high voltage gradients which are produced by relatively low voltages applied across the narrow chamber dimensions.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolytic etching method for etching treating an object to be etched by an electrochemical reaction through an electrolyte between the object to be etched and an etching electrode, wherein the contact angle of the electrolyte to the object to be etched is not more than 70°. Thus provided is an electrolytic etching method that can etch the object in a non-contact manner, that can reduce the cost, the number of steps, and the processing time, and that can enhance the patterning accuracy.

Abstract: An inspection side panel (5) for a container (1) to house a clear plastic film liner bag adapted to hold a liquid, the side panel (5) includes a demountable transparent inspection segment (14) extending for substantially the whole height of the side panel (5).