Abstract: A method for manufacturing a langasite single crystal substrate comprises the steps of polishing at least one of the main surfaces of a raw material substrate; and wet-etching said polished main surface of the substrate with a solution including H3PO4, HNO3 and CH3COOH.

Abstract: An electronic device and a fabricating method for fabricating the electronic device, the electronic device comprising; a surface acoustic wave device 3 having a main surface thereon having a transducer portion 4 and wiring patterns 5 connected electrically to the transducer portion; a printed circuit board 1 having wiring patterns 2 formed at least on one main surface thereof; a plurality of conductive bumps 6 which connect electrically both of the mutually opposed wiring patterns and form a space portion 10 between the surface acoustic wave device 3 and a printed circuit board 1; and resin portion 11 which, by heating/melting and hardening, makes an intimate contact with other main surface of the device and coats the device 3 and seals the device 3 together with the printed circuit board 1, wherein, by employing a highly thixotropic and viscous thermo-setting resin compared with a conventional one, an electronic device having a simple structure can be provided and fabricating process for fabricating the elec

Abstract: An energy-trap type piezoelectric resonator utilizes a fundamental wave of a thickness shear vibration mode and includes resonance electrodes provided on both main surfaces of a substantially rectangular piezoelectric plate so as to face each other with the piezoelectric plate disposed therebetween. An energy trap vibration portion including a portion of the piezoelectric plate where the resonance electrodes overlap each other is asymmetrical with respect to the center in the longitudinal direction of the piezoelectric plate.

Abstract: An electronic part comprises a main part, a terminal electrode, and a film. The main part includes a sintered piezoelectric ceramic element, wherein a plurality of internal electrode layers and piezoelectric layers are alternately stacked. The terminal electrode is provided at an edge of the sintered piezoelectric ceramic element and electrically conducting to the internal electrodes. The film is provided on a surface of the sintered piezoelectric ceramic element and the exposed internal electrodes, and is made of a glass insulating material.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator and a method for fabricating the actuator are disclosed. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator includes a vibrating plate made of metal, ceramic or resin. The actuator also optionally include a lower electrode formed on the vibrating plate. The actuator further includes a piezoelectric/electrostrictive thin or thick film formed on the vibrating plate or lower electrode by use of ceramic paste. The ceramic paste is produced by preparing ceramic oxide powder having a grain size of 5 &mgr;m or less and containing lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti) as basic elements thereof, said ceramic oxide powder being produced by a non-explosive oxidative-reductive combustion reaction carried out at a temperature of 100 to 500° C., preparing an organic solvent or water-based ceramic sol solution containing constituent ceramic elements identical or similar to those of said ceramic oxide powder, and mixing said ceramic oxide powder with said ceramic sol solution.

Abstract: The informative kiosk structure is used to house information distribution means and, for example, a screen (4) connected to a central unit (3). This structure comprises a main element made up of three panels, namely a central panel and two side panels (10), the central panel being made up of two portions, namely a lower portion (9) and an upper portion (11) with a central recess (11a) forming a display window. The side panels (10) form, at least with the lower portion (9) of the central portion, a single foldable element, the side panels (10) being joined with respect to the lower portion (9) of the central panel or consisting of separate panels designed to be nested transversally, at least on the lower portion (9) of the central panel so that, once the structure has been assembled, the two side panels (10) approximately form a U with the central panel. The structure preferably also includes a closing cap (8).

Abstract: The in-flight meal service cart 1 is equipped with a box-shaped main body 10 composed of a special fireproof material, a plurality of connecting means 110 provided to at least both outer side wall surfaces of the main body, and a cover body 50 composed of cloth for covering at least both side wall surfaces and an upper surface of the box-shaped main body, and the cover body 50 is constituted detachably from said main body 10. And, the cover body 50 is detached from said main body 10 of the meal server at least during takeoff and landing of an aircraft, so that a special fireproof material is exposed as outer wall surfaces 11A, 11B and 13 of the box-shaped main body. The cover body 50 is a cloth provided at the surface thereof with an advertising function portion for indicating advertising graphics, or advertising phrases 60.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cathode material for an electron beam device. The cathode material is characterized by the fact that it includes 0.5-9.0% by weight of a rare earth metal of the cerium group, 0.5-15.0% by weight of tungsten or rhenium or both tungsten and rhenium, 0.5-10% by weight of carbon and the remainder of iridium. The cathode material according to the invention has excellent plasticity, can be easily used for manufacturing an emitter of a small size, has high electron emission power, and has a low operation temperature, thereby having a long lifetime, and it is therefore useful for a cathode material for an electron beam device.

Abstract: A shadow mask assembly includes a mask frame and a shadow mask supported by the mask frame for extension. The mask frame is of a rectangular shape having a pair of longer side members and a pair of shorter side members. Both the edges of the shadow mask is bonded onto the longer side members while the shorter side members are bent by an external force within the elasticity thereof. After the external force is removed, the shorter side members are slightly deformed within the elasticity thereof whereas the deformation of the longer side members is substantially removed. Suitable tension can be applied to the shadow mask in a wider temperature range.

Abstract: In an organic electroluminescent apparatus according to the present invention, in arranging organic electroluminescent devices each having an organic layer having luminescent properties provided between a first electrode and a second electrode in a separated state, and a barrier having electrical insulating properties with a predetermined pattern is provided on the organic layer, to separate the organic electroluminescent devices from each other by the barrier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element and the manufacturing method thereof comprising an anode, semiconductor layer, organic light-emitting medium, and a cathode, an organic light-emitting medium is located between the first electrode and the semiconductor layer comprising the non-monocrystal material and the second electrode is electrically connected to the edge section of the semiconductor layer when either one of the anode or cathode is designated to the first electrode and the other electrode to the second electrode.

Abstract: A reflective display is formed using two orthogonal fiber arrays and an electro-optic material. The bottom fibers contain plasma channels, used to address the electro-optic material. Wire electrodes built into the fibers address both the plasma and the electro-optic material. The fibers are composed of glass, plastic or a combination of glass and plastic. Color is imparted into the display using colored fibers, adding a color coating to the surface of the fibers, or adding the color to the electro-optic material. The electro-optic material consists of a liquid crystal material, electrophoretic material, bichromal sphere material, electrochromic material, or any electro-optic material that can serve to create a reflective display. Another possible reflective displays is formed using an array of hollow tubes filled with an electrophoretic material sandwiched between two plates.

Abstract: The design and manufacturing processes for Hollow Cathode Assemblies (HCA's) that operate over a broad range of emission currents up to 30 Amperes, at low potentials, with lifetimes in excess of 17,500 hours. The processes include contamination control procedures which cover hollow cathode component cleaning procedures, gas feed system designs and specifications, and hollow cathode activation and operating procedures to thereby produce cathode assemblies that have demonstrated stable and repeatable operating conditions, for both the discharge current and voltage. The HCA of this invention provides lifetimes of greater than 10,000 hours, and expected lifetimes of greater than 17,500 hours, whereas the present state-of-the-art is less than 500 hours at emission currents in excess of 1 Ampere.

Abstract: There are provided a method of evaluating a basic curved surface for a reflecting mirror, an evaluation system for evaluating a basic curved surface for a reflecting mirror, and a computer-readable storage medium on which a program is recorded. There are provided a step (105a) of entering light source information on a light source and design information representative of a basic curved surface, and a step (105e) of displaying closed curved lines on a display device. The closed curved line data represents one or more closed curved lines which are included in one or more planes intersecting an axis Ax as well as in the basic curved surface. The axis Ax is determined to extend in a direction in which light from a light source is to be reflected by a reflecting mirror and to pass through a light source position defined by the light source information. The closed curved line data can be generated by obtaining lines of intersections of the plains and the basic curved surface.

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube has G1-G5 electrodes and an anode. The G5 electrode is divided into sub-electrodes supplied alternately with a first fixed focus voltage and a second focus voltage which is a second fixed voltage superposed with a dynamic voltage, at least one electrostatic quadrupole lens is formed between adjacent ones of the sub-electrodes, and two of the sub-electrodes are supplied with the second focus voltage. The following inequalities are satisfied: 0.0625×L (mm)≦B−20A/(3&phgr;)≦22.0 mm, L (mm)≦352 mm, where A is an axial length of the G4 electrode, &phgr; (mm) is an average diameter of a center aperture in the G4 electrode, B (mm) is a length from a cathode side end to a phosphor screen side end of said G5 electrode to the phosphor screen.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and method for monitoring and controlling the operation of a motorized convertible top such that it may be extended and retracted automatically. The system and method of the present invention monitors the movement of the various components to provide fluid, simultaneous motion. It further detects and corrects improper alignments that may result in damage to the top due to overlapping elements or binding elements, and stores error information useful in diagnosing and repairing unrecoverable errors.

Abstract: A method and a circuit for switching a motor controller from pulse width modulation to linear control for a brush-less, sensor-less, poly-phase DC motor. The method includes steps of operating a drive circuit for a poly-phase direct current motor in a pulse width modulation mode and determining that a zero crossing will occur within a predetermined interval. The method also includes steps of enabling a bias current to a transconductance operational amplifier and changing an operating state of the drive circuit from the pulse width modulation mode to a linear mode. The method further includes steps of determining that the zero crossing has occurred, disabling the bias current to the transconductance operational amplifier and changing the operating state of the drive circuit from the linear mode to the pulse width modulation mode.

Abstract: An oscillation apparatus includes an oscillation mechanism for reciprocating an oscillating roller which can be rotated in the circumferential direction and can be reciprocated along the axial direction; an oscillation-width adjustment mechanism for adjusting the oscillation width of the oscillating roller; an oscillation-mechanism drive motor for operating the oscillation mechanism; an oscillation-width adjustment motor for operating the oscillation-width adjustment mechanism; oscillation-width controller for controlling operation of the oscillation-width adjustment motor such that the oscillation width of the oscillating roller attains a designated value; and oscillation-number controller for controlling operation of the oscillation-mechanism drive motor, on the basis of the number of revolutions of the plate cylinder, such that the number of oscillations of the oscillating roller per unit number of revolutions of the plate cylinder attains a designated value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a magnetic-pole position detecting apparatus for a synchronous motor. An arithmetic section outputs six kinds of voltage vectors having equal amplitudes and equal-interval phases to a circuit section as a voltage vector command. The circuit section makes the voltage vectors to be applied to a synchronous motor, outputs a trigger signal to a detection section each time after finishing the application of each voltage vector, and makes a detection current of each phase to be detected. Thereafter, the arithmetic section calculates and outputs magnetic-pole positions at every 60/(2{circumflex over ()}k) degrees (where k is a natural number) based on the detection current. Each voltage vector is applied for a time period sufficient enough for each phase winding to be magnetically saturated in the order that the phases of each voltage vector either increase monotonously or decrease monotonously.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a current limit circuit of an inverter refrigerator. The present invention comprises a current limit unit for outputting a current limit signal by comparing an excess current generation due to load change with a limit current level set in advance. Accordingly, the present invention can extend life span of a compressor by protecting a BLDC motor from the excess current and reducing permanent magnet demagnetization due to the excess current. In addition, the present invention can improve a mobility of a motor by maintaining uniform torque with stable current in the operation, and can operate a compressor stably without turning off by a momentary excess current in the compressor operation.

Abstract: A method for monitoring various parameters and conditions of a rechargeable battery to accurately determine the remaining charge level of the rechargeable battery, and includes using a temperature sensor to monitor the temperature of the rechargeable battery. The potential level of the rechargeable battery is monitored with a voltage meter coupled to the rechargeable battery. The current flow into and out of the rechargeable battery is monitored with current meter coupled to the rechargeable battery. A current accumulator coupled to the current meter is used to accumulate the net total of current flow, and an oscillatory circuit is used to generate a timing signal to time selected functions.

Abstract: A battery charger and a charging method capable of charging a battery for a short period of time while suppressing battery temperature from rising. The current temperature of the battery is detected (in step S12) and a temperature rise is calculated from the detected temperature (in step S14). An allowable current map is then retrieved from the detected temperature and the obtained temperature rise, an allowable current with which the battery can be charged while suppressing battery temperature from rising is obtained (in step S16) and the battery is charged with the allowable current (in step S20). Since the allowable current which the battery can be charged with, while suppressing battery temperature from rising is retrieved using the map which the allowable current is mapped, based on battery temperature and battery temperature rise, and charging current is controlled, it is possible to charge the battery for a short period of time while suppressing battery temperature from rising.

Abstract: A controller for a starter.generator used with an aircraft engine, includes means for monitoring field return current in a generator field winding; means for monitoring generator voltage; and microprocessor control means for adjusting generator field current as a function of the field current and voltage and field return current. The field return current and output voltage monitoring functions allow for open field, field integrity, over voltage, field weakening and torque limiting functions to be realized in an integrated programmable system configuration.

Abstract: A method of determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current which comprises measuring the angle of rotation of polarized light in a magnetic field created by the current with a glass fiber sensor composed of a fluoride glass having a low Verdet constant and a photoelastic coefficient not over about 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2).

Abstract: Monitoring method and monitoring device for a filter mounted upstream from a electric circuit which has at least one filter component with a filter characteristic. With these method and device, a time characteristic of at least one filter current flowing in the filter and a time characteristic of at least one filter voltage present in the filter are recorded during the operation of the electric circuit. At least one filter characteristic is then determined from the time characteristics.

Abstract: A compact and high-accuracy angular position measuring device is provided which has magnets installed in a rotor core and a magnetic sensor installed in a stator core. The magnetic sensor produces an output indicative of an angular position of the rotor core as a function of a change in density of magnetic flux produced by the magnets. The magnets are so arranged in the rotor core that the same poles are opposed magnetically to produce a repellent force in magnetic fields of the magnets, thereby causing the magnetic flux to go to the magnetic sensor through the rotor core. This eliminates the need for an air gap between the stator core and the poles of the magnets which is formed in a conventional device, thus allowing the device to be reduced in size and an error in output of the device to be decreased.

Abstract: A sensor device to record the speed and motion direction of an object, especially rotational speed and direction of a rotating object, based on the magnetoresistive effect, is provided with a magnetic field generator (2, 15) coupled to object (1), which generates a locally and time-defined varying reference magnetic field (H), with two magnetic field sensors (SE1, SE2) made of a magnetoresistive material, which are positioned at a stipulated spacing (&Dgr;y) from each other relative to magnetic field generator (2, 15) so that they are traversed by magnetic field components (H1, H2) of the reference field (H) that are phase shifted relative to each other, in which the phase shift &Dgr;&PHgr; is not equal to an integer multiple of 90°, and with a signal processing circuit (5), which records the magnetoresistive resistance (R_MR1, R_MR2) of the magnetic field sensors (SE1, SE2) dependent on the magnetic field components (H1, H2) in the magnetic field sensors (SE1, SE2) and generates from it electrical signal

Abstract: A nondestructive method for determining the thickness of a metallic protective layer (2) on a metallic base material (1), characterized in that the thickness of the metallic protective layer (2) is determined by detection of a different type of layer (3) which is situated between the metallic protective layer (2) and the metallic base material (1), by ultrasound, eddy-current or (pulsed) thermography. Consideration may be given to a nonmetallic layer (3) of oxides or carbides, a metallic layer (3) of pure nickel or a layer (3) with depleted Al and Ti content in that region of the base material which is close to the surface. This method can be used for turbine blades which are provided with MCrAlY in order to determine the layer thickness, for example during the test phase of coating, and to avoid the known destruction of the turbine blade, which is labor- and cost-intensive.

Abstract: In order to acquire MR data with respect to a wider area of the subject to be examined at a higher SNR by positioning RF coil for once, an MRI apparatus is provided, which comprises a stage for mounting a subject to be examined, a magnetostatic coil for generating a magnetostatic field, partial each having narrower sensitivity area than a uniform static field and juxtaposed along with the direction of body axis of the subject, a stage movement controller unit for moving the stage so as to include the sensitivity area of one of partial coils in the uniform magnetostatic field to receive NMR signals and for thereafter repeating moving the stage again so as to include another one of partial coils into the uniform magnetostatic field, a coil switching controller unit selectively connecting one among partial coils of which the sensitivity area is included in the uniform magnetostatic field, a computer for generating an MR image based on the MR data, and for synthesize each of MR image by corresponding to the locat

Abstract: Rapid determination of the condition or charge parameters of a battery, such as the present charge of the battery and the maximum charge capacity of the battery. A plurality of discharge pulses (210) and a plurality of rest periods (220) are applied to the battery. The battery voltage is then measured to provide voltages (225) during the rest periods, and/or voltages (230) during the discharge pulses. The voltage difference among selected one of the voltages are used to provide a difference voltage DELTA-L. The difference voltage DELTA-L is then used to determine a charge parameter of the battery, such as the maximum charge capacity or condition of the battery and the present charge in the battery. This information is then displayed to a user so that the user will know the present capacity and the present charge of the battery and can make an informed decision as to whether the battery is adequate for the project that the user has in mind, or to a subsequent process, such as a charging process.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting anomalies such as corrosion or other defects in or on conductive containers such as pipes, pipelines, separator containers, and storage tanks. An electromagnetic pulse is introduced onto the surface of the container itself, if not insulated or shielded, or the surface of the very outer layer of the shield or insulation, if the container is insulated and shielded, of the conductive container at a first test location such that a plurality of electromagnetic signals propagate from the first test location to a second test location. The electromagnetic signals are detected at the second location and analyzed for differences in electromagnetic characteristics that indicate the presence or absence of electromagnetic anomalies related to corrosion and/or defects. Each electromagnetic signal propagates along a unique path, and the corrosion is likely to lie on some but not all of these paths.

Abstract: Both a sensor portion and a signal processing portion are provided on a glass board. The sensor portion is formed by subjecting a conductive layer to the patterning process. A gold coupling layer is provided on the conductive layer and the signal processing portion is formed by the flip chip method on the coupling layer. The sensor portion and the signal processing portion may be formed on the major surface and the rear surface of the glass board and these portions may be coupled by means of through holes. Since the signal processing portion as well as the sensor portion is formed on the glass board, the wiring distance can be made shorter and the entire size of the sensor can be miniaturized.

Abstract: A ratio meter and apparatus for measuring electrical components with high stability and no effect on the circuit under test. Two input signals are switched by a switching means and the inputs to two measuring means are measured while keeping the switches in a first state and a second state to find the ratio of the measurements. The ratio to be measured, which is related to the above-mentioned input signals, and which forms a bilinear equation with the two ratios, one each obtained under the first and second state, are obtained from said ratios. Accurate calibration is performed and measurement of electrical and electronic components with high stability is accomplished by connecting a front-end circuit with the ratio meter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for measuring the position of an object that can be moved forward and backward along a fixed path, such as a closure element of an open roof construction for a vehicle. The device includes a driving unit for said object and a pulse generator, which is driven by said driving unit, for delivering pulses during the movement of the object along said path. The device further includes a slow potentiometer, which potentiometer is likewise driven by the driving unit and which is connected to the driving unit via a transmission, such that the potentiometer passes through its range of values maximally once during a complete movement of the object along its fixed path. The slow potentiometer provides a monitoring function with respect to the position signal that is based on the number of registered pulses.

Abstract: Disclosed is a probe arrangement assembly comprising a conductive foil, a plurality of supporting body-corresponding sections formed in the conductive foil, and contact terminal-corresponding members each fixed to one end of each of the supporting body-corresponding sections. Also disclosed are a method of manufacturing the probe arrangement assembly, as well as a method and an apparatus for mounting a probe to a contactor substrate by using the probe arrangement assembly.

Abstract: A probe station includes a fully guarded chuck assembly and connector mechanism for increasing sensitivity to low-level currents while reducing settling times. The chuck assembly includes a wafer-supporting first chuck element surrounded by a second chuck element having a lower component, skirting component and upper component each with a surface portion extending opposite the first element for guarding thereof. The connector mechanism is so connected to the second chuck element as to enable, during low-level current measurements, the potential on each component to follow that on the first chuck element as measured relative to an outer shielding enclosure surrounding each element. Leakage current from the first chuck element is thus reduced to virtually zero, hence enabling increased current sensitivity, and the reduced capacitance thus provided by the second chuck element decreases charging periods, hence reducing settling times.

Abstract: A system for low-current testing of a test device includes a probing device for probing a probing site on the test device. The probing device includes a dielectric substrate having first and second sides, an elongate conductive path on the first side of the substrate, an elongate probing element connected to the elongate conductive path so as to extend in a cantilevered manner beyond the substrate, and a conductive area on the second side of the substrate. The probe housing is matingly detachably engageable with the probing device.

Abstract: A programmable input/output cell (I/O cell) for use with integrated circuits, and in particular programmable logic devices, is presented comprising input receiver circuitry, output driver circuitry and programmable elements. The input receiver and output driver circuitry each include multiple receivers/drivers that provide an interface between the signaling level of the integrated circuit and at least two other signaling standards. The programmable elements may be programmed to select a different signaling standard for each I/O cell to operate at, if desired. For instance, adjacent I/O cells may be connected to two different bus structures that utilize different signaling levels. The invention enables one I/O cell to translate between the PLD signaling level and the first bus signaling level, while the second I/O cell translates between the integrated circuit signaling level and the second bus signaling level.

Abstract: A driver circuit is provided comprising a detection circuit, configured to sense a plurality of different variable operating condition signals, and in accordance therewith, provide a plurality of operating condition dependent output signals; a selection circuit, having a plurality of output signals, configured to receive said plurality of operating condition dependent output signals, and in accordance therewith, discretely enable, during a non-transmission state, an N number of enabled output signals; and an output circuit, having a plurality of identical segmented output modules, each of the output modules associated with a respective one of the plurality of output signals and configured to provide a respective output driving signal, wherein the output modules associated with the N number of enabled output signals each provide the output driving signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit is provided with logic circuits having transistors. The semiconductor integrated circuit is also provide with a clock tree including clock drivers which have transistors to distribute a clock signal to the logic circuits. Gate lengths of the transistors provided in the clock drivers are longer than that of the transistors provided in the logic circuits.

Abstract: A circuit is designed with a decode circuit (313-315) having a first output terminal (319). The decode circuit is coupled to receive an address signal (81, 82, 85) having a first voltage range for producing a first output signal having one of a first and second logic levels. An output circuit (307, 309) is coupled to receive the first output signal and a power supply signal. The output circuit produces a second output signal having a second voltage range. A first latch transistor (301) is coupled to receive the second output signal. The first latch transistor is arranged to couple the first output terminal to a voltage terminal (209) in response to one of a first and second logic state of the second output signal. A second latch transistor (317) is coupled to receive the second output signal. The second latch transistor is arranged to couple the first output terminal to a reference terminal (318) in response to another of the first and second logic state of the second output signal.

Abstract: An integrated circuit having a CMOS circuit constituted by electrically connecting an n-type well 2, in which p-channel transistor Tp of the CMOS circuit is set, with a supply line Vdd through switching transistor Tps, and electrically connecting a p-type well 3, in which n-channel transistor Tn of the CMOS circuit is set, with supply line Vss through switching transistor Tns. Thermal runaway due to leakage current can be controlled by turning off switching transistors Tps and Tns and supplying potentials suitable for a test to the n-type well 2 and the p-type well 3 from an external unit when the integrated circuit is being tested. Fluctuations of the latch-up phenomenon and operation speed can be prevented by turning on switching transistors Tps and Tns and setting the n-type well 2 and the p-type well 3 to the voltages Vdd and Vss, respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed is a clock period sensing circuit in which it is possible to broaden the operating range of phase adjustment and frequency multiplier circuits, etc., by performing coarse period adjustment in advance. A plurality of delay sensing circuits having slightly overlapping operating ranges and different centers of operation are connected in parallel with respect to a an input clock signal, which is passed through the delay sensing circuits. The period of the clock is sensed coarsely in short periods using a signal which identifies delay sensing circuits through which the clock signal has passed and delay sensing circuits through which the clock signal has not passed.

Abstract: A signal delay device having an internal delay lock loop for calibrating the delay interval. The signal delay device receives an input signal and then outputs the signal after a pre-defined delay period. The input signal varies according to a reference clock signal, and the required delay period is a quarter cycle of the clock signal. The delay device includes a multiplexer, an inverter, a phase detector, a counter and a delay element. During calibration, the phase detector, the counter and the delay element form a delay lock loop that can set up the delay time automatically.

Abstract: A signal transmission apparatus is disclosed for setting delay amounts based on an operational speed. At least some of a plurality of rectangular wave signals transmitted in parallel are individually delayed by a plurality of signal delaying means for different time periods from one another in order to prevent the occurrence of noise. At this point, the delay time in the plurality of signal delaying means are set by time varying means based on the operational speed of a digital circuit which outputs digital data as the rectangular wave signals.

Abstract: A high frequency switch, has

Abstract: A reference stage is provided in order to compensate for manufacturing tolerances, for example relating to the threshold voltage of a transistor. This reference stage has a transistor which is a physical equivalent of the transistor to be trimmed in a radio-frequency amplifier stage. In particular, this reference transistor has the same electrical direct current characteristics as the amplifier transistor. A reference voltage can be tapped off across a resistor on the reference stage and can be supplied to a control amplifier which uses this reference voltage to set the operating point of the radio-frequency amplifier transistor such that manufacturing tolerances are compensated for. Such radio-frequency power amplifiers are used, for example, as transmit amplifiers in mobile radios.

Abstract: An operational amplifier is provided which includes a first and a second output transistor which are selectively activated as a function of a potential difference between input signals to an inverting input and a non-inverting input of the operational amplifier to establish a connection between an output terminal of the operational amplifier and a positive voltage side of a dc power supply or a connection between the output terminal and a negative voltage side of the dc power supply, thereby outputting a signal from the output terminal as a function of the potential difference between the input signals in a wider voltage range.

Abstract: A low current amplifier circuit which stably operates at a low current and has a reduced tendency to cause static breakdown includes first and second field-effect transistors. The first field-effect transistor has a gate with a small width for passing a small current when a bias voltage is applied to the gate to compensate for variations in threshold voltage. The second field-effect transistor has a gate with a larger width than that of the first field-effect transistor and a source connected to a drain of the first field-effect transistor. The second field-effect transistor reduces a current flowing through the first field-effect transistor due to static electricity.