Abstract: A shaving foil for a shaving system comprises a foil support section and a hair-receiving section. The foil support section is provided for support of the foil over a cutting member of the shaving system. The hair-receiving section of the foil includes a plurality of hair-entrance apertures that define at least one amorphous arrangement of apertures and a plurality of foil surface members that form a network of surface area adjacent to the plurality of hair-entrance apertures.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an inner cutter for a reciprocating electric shaver, including the steps of: press-stamping a thin metal plate to obtain a thin metal plate element that has an outer contour of an unfolded inner cutter and elongated openings that extend substantially perpendicular to the direction of the reciprocating motion the inner cutter makes and further has bridging-portions formed between the elongated openings; pressing the bridging-portions so that each bridging-portion has a final sectional shape of each cutter blade of the inner cutter; twisting the bridging-portions so that the cutter surfaces of the cutter blades are aligned substantially to the surface of the thin metal plate element; forming the thin metal plate element into substantially an arch shape with the cutter surface sides of the cutter blades facing outward; and executing finishing-work on the outer circumferential surface of the arch-shaped thin metal plate element.

Abstract: A plastic tube cutter comprises a housing, a blade holder and a blade, the blade is fixed to the connecting portion of the blade holder and is clamped between the clamping block and the locking piece. And then the blade, the clamping block and the locking piece are fastened together by screwing fasteners through the holes of the blade holder and the clamping block and into the threaded holes of the locking pieces. By pressing the lever, the blade holder will be moved to a predetermined position at which the fasteners are aligned to the through holes of the housing, so that the blade is reassembled easily by unscrewing the fasteners through the through holes, without dismantling the housing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a portable slicer for food products comprising a base having an upper surface defined by an elongate seat and a circumferential edge, the upper surface being selectively, longitudinally recessed to form the elongate seat lowered from and surrounded by the edge, the upper surface being vertically spaced apart to form a plurality of channels in lengthwise columns and widthwise rows. A frame is foldably connected to the base, the frame having one or more blades aligned to fit in the channels.

Abstract: The invention concerns an assembly having a first piece and a hollow second piece, the first piece having upper and lower parts which are connected by a hinge-forming part and form a space; a part of the second piece being accommodated in said space; the hollow second piece being provided in part of its cavity, at the level of its part accommodated in the first piece, with a bushing. This assembly further comprises clamping means which bring together said upper and lower parts of the first piece. The invention relates in particular to the manufacture of tools for cutting, shearing, clamping or gripping, such as pruning shears. The invention also concerns an assembly kit and a method for achieving an assembly.

Abstract: An interchangeable blade scissors assembly is provided. The interchangeable blade scissors assembly has a pair of scissors frame members each having a blade receiving portion and a handle, a pivot connection of the pair of scissors frame members, and a plurality of pairs of cutting blades. Each of the cutting blades has a mounting plate and a latch. Each of the blade receiving portions has a channel for receiving the cutting blade mounting plate and a latch receiving area for securing the cutting blade to the blade receiving portions. The cutting blades are easily removed from the blade receiving portions by telescopic movement along the channel.

Abstract: A protective shield (2) is provided for a free-cutting tool (1). The free-cutting tool has a cutterhead (4) rotatable about a rotational axis (3) and carries a cutting filament (5). For a rotating cutterhead (4), the cutting filament (5) rotates in a rotational direction (10), aligns itself approximately radially to the rotational axis (3) and defines a cutting circle (6) having a constructively pregiven nominal radius (R). The cutting radius (6) is at least partially covered by the protective shield (2). A cut-to-length knife (7) having a cutting edge (8) for cutting the cutting filament (5) to length is mounted on the protective shield (2) in the peripheral region thereof. The cut-to-length knife (7) is mounted on the protective shield (2) to be moveable back and forth between a cutting position (11) and a rest position (12).

Abstract: A circular cutter comprises a circular blade mounted to a front end of a handle via a shaft assembly, in the handle is disposed a slide member for controlling a hood having a T-shaped hole, the T-shaped hole is located correspondingly to a center of the circular blade and arranged outside of the shaft assembly, when the hood draws back under the control of the slide member, a surface of an object to be cut will press against the hood, so as to make the shaft assembly deviate left or right freely within the T-shaped hole, and therefore, both a left hand user and a right hand user can use the same circular cutter.

Abstract: A tool for measuring and marking material, the tool is formed of an elongated sheet of rigid material such as wood, plastic or metal. Having on one edge of the sheet of rigid material, a series of equally spaced notches (6) that are sized to fit the point of a marking instrument or pencil (10). Also on the body of the sheet of rigid material is a series of equally spaced through-holes (8) that are also sized to fit the point of a marking instrument or pencil (10). The equally spaced notches (6) and through-holes (8) are in inches or millimeters or a combination of both. The elongated sheet of rigid material with the inclusion of notches (6) and through-holes (8) enable a person to measure and mark accurately and quickly.

Abstract: A measuring device for obtaining inlet invert measurements, pipe invert measurements, and pipe diameter measurements includes an invert measuring rod having a plurality of rod segments, each a threaded bore at a first end and an axially extending threaded stud at a second end, a foot assembly comprising a guide rod removably connected to and extending perpendicularly from the bottom of the lower segment of the continuous rod, when connected having a free end opposite the connecting with the invert measuring rod with a bottom conical foot connected to and extending downwardly from the free end of the guide rod and parallel to the invert measuring rod, the bottom conical foot having an axial length the same as axial length of the conical rod tip, and extending from the free end of the guide rod parallel to the invert measuring rod and a diameter measuring sleeve, having a tubular portion positionable concentrically about the invert measuring rod and having an inner diameter just greater than the outer diameter

Abstract: An apparatus comprises one or more pairs of mutually coaxial and opposing linear measuring devices including movable, biased fingers for simultaneously determining the thickness and warpage of a substrate such as a circuit board passing between the fingers. Each measuring device is calibrated to a zero point by bringing the ends of the movable fingers together and recording the distance or position thereof. Data for computation of substrate thickness and warpage measurements is obtained by recording displacement distances or positions of the movable fingers in contact with opposing surfaces of the substrate with respect to the zero point, the thickness and warpage then being calculated. The apparatus may be integrated with an assembly line, including incorporation with an existing piece of equipment, so that substrates exhibiting out-of-specification thickness or excessive warpage may be reworked, discarded or downgraded during the manufacturing process.

Abstract: A tool damage detection device includes a contact rod for abutting against a side face of a rotating tool piece at a right angle. The contact rod is a beltlike hardening leaf spring with a width capable of spanning a spiral flute in the rotating tool piece. In view of the contact rod width, the device can detect tool piece damage without falling into the rotating spiral flute. Thus, the contact rod is not scraped or bent, and consequently, the tool piece being monitored can continue to rotate. Therefore, the tool damage detection device can improve the operating rate of the tool.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring step height or depth against another surface with a measuring arm mounted horizontally beside the scale which has a beveled end allowing precise readings regardless if the apparatus is being held perpendicular, the apparatus has exchangeable measuring arms with various reaching capabilities, and a handle mounted to the top of the scale allowing the apparatus to be operated with one hand. A preferred embodiment includes the apparatus at four to five inches in length whereas an operator is able to measure height and depth in difficult to reach places. In one embodiment, the measuring arm is stainless steel and has longer measuring arms, the handle is made of any resilient material which allows the apparatus to be carried securely in one hand, pocket and or stored easily due to its small size, the apparatus disassembles for cleaning.

Abstract: The body hair and feet drying chair is a seat comprising an upright base having a top portion, a middle portion, and a bottom portion, and a hollow interior. A seat is disposed on top of the base. At least one air outlet is defined in the seat in communication with the base's hollow interior. At least one air channel is defined in the bottom portion of the base in communication with the base's hollow interior. A motorized fan contained within the hollow interior of the base draws air into the hollow interior through the air channels and expels air from the hollow interior through the air outlets. Air expelled from the air outlets dries genital and posterior areas of a user seated on the body hair and feet drying chair, while air drawn into the air channels dries the user's feet and toes when the user's feet and toes are positioned over the air channels.

Abstract: Freeze drying apparatus is described, the freeze drying apparatus comprising freezing apparatus for freezing a liquid component of a sample into a solid, a mobile drying chamber for receiving samples from the freezing apparatus, a condensation chamber comprising a condenser, a condenser conduit system comprising an outlet connected to the condensation chamber, an inlet for connection to the drying chamber, and an isolation valve for selectively isolating the inlet from the outlet, an evacuation system for evacuating the drying chamber, and a thermal control system for controlling the temperature of the samples located within the drying chamber. The drying chamber is moveable between a first location at which samples are transferred from the freezing apparatus to the chamber, and a second location at which the chamber is connected to the inlet of the condenser conduit system.

Abstract: The description provided herein relates to using an excimer laser to dry the surface of a semiconductor wafer. The excimer laser is configured to produce a laser beam. The fluence of the laser beam can be varied by a power attenuator. The number of pulses delivered to the surface is controlled by a shutter, which can block the laser beam or allow it to pass. The laser beam is directed onto the surface through a series of mirrors. A measurement device monitors the liquids on the wafer to determine whether the liquid has been evaporated.

Abstract: A paint-drying system suitable for drying paint applied to a surface of a work piece, the system comprises at least one NIR generating device, at least one holding device for holding one or more work pieces, and a controller for controlling operation of the system. In use, either one or both of the or each NIR generating device and holding device is/are moved relative to the or each other such that the spatial-distance between the or each NIR generating device and a surface of a work piece held by the or each holding device is maintained substantially constant by the controller during actuation of the or each NIR generating device.

Abstract: A light curing structure and related methods are disclosed wherein a framework defining an interior space for containing an object having applied thereon a light-cured material is provided, and means associated with the framework for exposing the object to UV radiation from natural sunlight is used to cure the light-cured material. Preferred embodiments include a booth for applying and curing light-cured materials comprising a housing having a ceiling and walls that define an enclosed interior space for holding an object, means for applying a light-cured material to the object; means for preventing the exposure of the light-cured material to UV radiation during application of the light-cured material to the object, and means for exposing the light-cured material to UV radiation from natural sunlight after application of the light-cured material to the object. Apparatus and methods according to the invention are particularly suited for use with UV-cured paints in the automotive industry.

Abstract: A reduced-pressure drying apparatus for drying a solvent in a liquid under a reduced pressure by evaporation of the solvent, includes a chamber including a first chamber and a second chamber, the first chamber accommodating work to which a liquid containing a film forming material is applied, the second chamber being coupled to the first chamber through a communicating part; a depressurizing unit depressurizing at least the second chamber; a communicating valve opening and closing the communicating part; and a control unit controlling a reduced pressure state at least of the second chamber by driving the depressurizing unit, the control unit also controlling an opening and closing state of the communicating part by driving the communicating valve.

Abstract: Articles of footwear include a textile upper member with an exterior constructed from knitted textile material, the exterior including a region with stability ribs and a second unribbed region. The region(s) having stability ribs may be located, for example: along a lateral midfoot side of the upper member; along a forefoot portion of the upper member; and/or along a medial midfoot side of the upper member. Other articles of footwear include an upper member having exterior and interior textile elements joined together in a stitchless manner at the foot-receiving opening of the upper member. The exterior surface of this upper member also may include one or more regions with stability structures. The stitchless textile engagement techniques can provide a smooth, non-bulky, and breathable joint that does not require thick layers of textile material in contact with or adjacent the wearer's foot.

Abstract: A ventilated shoe sole is disclosed. This unique shoe sole is constructed with an elastic mid sole containing multiple cylindrical air spaces and multiple air vents arranged in parallel lines pattern across the sole, where the air vents communicates with their respective cylindrical air spaces underneath to allow air circulation around the bottom of the shoes. Therefore, heat and unpleasant foot odors can be rapidly expelled to the outside. In addition, the elastic mid sole provides an extra cushioning for the body weight. This shoe sole aids the design of comfortable and healthful footwear suitable for long time wearing.

Abstract: A sandal for receiving a foot of a wearer, the foot having a heel and a forefoot including toes. The sandal includes an upper, a midsole assembly and an outsole component. The midsole assembly includes a main body and a support component that may include a slightly curved forefoot plate positioned at least partially adjacent to a bottom surface of the main body. When fitted with the curved forefoot plate, the sandal is capable of facilitating a rolling action in the direction of a stride of the wearer. The upper may form a sandal strap system, with an inner or fixed strap layer and an outer or adjustment strap layer. The outer or adjustment strap layer can be used to adjust the sandal upper so the foot of the wearer can be secured to the sandal.

Abstract: An insole for insertion into footwear, comprising a mid-foot portion and a heel portion; the mid-foot portion and heel portion being formed by a cushioning layer of a resilient material having a first hardness and which provides a cushioning function; and a cushioning insert comprised within a recess in said cushioning layer and extending down from said cushioning layer; said cushioning insert comprising a resilient material having a second hardness that is less than the hardness of the hardness of the cushioning layer.

Abstract: A cushioning device for a footwear sole has multiple vertically directed columns. One column is located on a medial side and another is located on a lateral side, and are adjacent and spaced apart from each other. The medial column has the relatively larger volumetric property relative to the volumetric property of the lateral column. In another sense at least one of the columns has different elastomeric and/or compression properties relative to other columns. The device is located between an upper support plate and a lower support plate, and the support plates have more rigid characteristics than the cushioning device. Each column includes an upper larger area and a lower smaller area, and downwardly directed walls taper inwardly towards a lower location. The lower portion is where the bases of the columns are spaced apart.

Abstract: Footbeds that are deformable, resilient, capable of exerting a massaging effect on the human foot sole and useful in various kinds of footwear have an upper sole configurated in the form of a continuous pattern of undulating waves produced by the action of a machine that is constructed with (a) two identical rollers positioned one above the other and each covered with closely spaced, evenly aligned, rounded steel protrusions extending around its entire periphery, said rollers being adapted to rotate in countercurrent directions to move a foamed plastic mass of EVA polymer forward from a point at which said mass is fed between them and (b) knife means positioned just behind and between the two rollers, which knife means acts to rapidly slice longitudinally into two separate sheets each plastic mass immediately as it begins emerging from between the rollers. The combined action of the counter currently rotating rollers exerts a pressure in order of about 1200 kg per sq. cm.

Abstract: Disclosed is a shoe including an upper for receiving a foot and a sole unit with a heel region and forefoot region, wherein an additional weight is arranged in at least one of the forefoot region and the heel region of the sole unit to stabilize the foot against at least one torque acting on a wearer's foot.

Abstract: A walk-behind self-propelled snow-removing machine includes a snow-removing-unit posture control member disposed on an operating section at one side thereof, a travel ready lever comprised of a deadman's lever mounted on one operation handlebar at the other side of the operating section, and a mode selector switch disposed on the operating section and located forwardly of the travel ready lever for selecting one of plural alternative snow removing operation modes that are set in advance in a control unit on the basis of a travel speed of a machine body, a revolving speed of an engine, and an opening of a throttle valve.

Abstract: A self-propelled snow remover having a snow-removing implement mounted to the front of a machine body so as to be capable of lifting, lowering, and rolling. The self-propelled snow remover includes an alignment operating member and a return operating member mounted to an operating unit. The alignment operating member is provided for both rolling and vertically moving the snow-removing implement and is disposed towards a left or right side with respect to a widthwise center of the machine body. The return operating member is operated as the snow-removing implement is returned automatically to a predetermined reference position and is disposed in the vicinity of the alignment operating member.

Abstract: A self-propelled work machine, in which the load of the work unit increases according to an increase in the travel speed. The self-propelled work machine includes electric motors for driving the travel units, an engine for driving the work unit, a work drive instruction unit for instructing the work unit to turn on, and a control unit for controlling the electric motors. The control unit reduces the actual speed of the electric motors by using PID control so that the actual rotational speed of the engine returns to a reference rotational speed when the actual rotational speed of the engine falls below the reference rotational speed in the state in which the work unit is turned on by the work drive instruction unit. The reference rotational speed is a reference value used when the work unit is driven by the engine.

Abstract: A self-propelled snow remover is disclosed which includes travel units capable of turning and moving straight forward, at least one steering member operable to turn the travel units, a snow-removing implement, a lift drive mechanism and a control unit. The control unit controls the lift drive mechanism such that it lifts the snow-removing implement when the steering member is turned and lowers the snow-removing implement when turning of the steering member is stopped.

Abstract: A shooter for a snow remover comprising a shooter main body and a shooter guide swingably mounted on the top end of the shooter main body by means of a hinge. The hinge has an interlocking member for preventing a pin member from falling out from the hinge. The interlocking member is formed from a wire material so as to have elasticity. The interlocking member has pressure parts for applying pressure to both ends of the pin member.

Abstract: A shooter for a snow remover comprising a shooter main body and a shooter guide that is swingably mounted on the top end of the shooter main body. A torsion spring that urges the shooter guide to return to its initial state is located between the shooter main body and the shooter guide. Vibration-reducing members for reducing vibration in the torsion spring are fitted into a coil of the torsion spring.

Abstract: A wear assembly for protecting a structure, such as an excavating bucket, from wear includes a lock for securing the wear member in place. The lock includes a take-up element for tightening the fit of the wear member, a latch to retain the lock in the assembly during use, and an arrangement for resisting loosening of the lock. With the assembly, the lock is able to effectively tighten the fit of the wear member on the lip, resist loosening of the fit, and facilitate easy removal of the lock without a concomitant increased risk of lock ejection.

Abstract: The claimed design combines a traditionally printed, scored and perforated carrier sheet that can be over-printed with a point-of-sale advertising or marketing message using a microcomputer-driven printer or copier prior to the Insert's placement into a plastic holder with matching perimeter shape. The Insert consists of an individual sheet of paper of sufficient grade and weight to provide tension to hold all parts of the Insert in proper alignment using its “bowed” bottom section that is a feature of its design. The bowed bottom section provides a constant and continuing pressure to hold the separate folds of the Insert snuggly against the lower inside walls of the plastic holder as it simultaneously maintains its proper vertical alignment within the upper segment of the holder.

Abstract: A gesturing inflatable doll has a body and an inflator. The body has a primary portion and a secondary portion. A membrane with vent holes is mounted between the primary portion and the secondary portion. The inflator has a first air blower to draft external air into the body, and a second air blower is provided on the membrane to pump the air from the secondary portion to the primary portion. Hence, with the alternating operation of the second air blower, the secondary portion can be lowered or raised to achieve a dynamic waving effect with the doll.

Abstract: A method of public service includes placing electronic display devices at various product retailers, displaying advertising on the devices and issuing public service messages such as “Amber Alert” messages on the devices.

Abstract: Merchandise display systems and methods of displaying merchandise are disclosed. The merchandise display systems may draw consumers' attention to products with reduced impact on the space available to display the product. The merchandise display systems may illuminate products and/or portions thereof, evenly, or without casting shadows. The merchandise display systems may be attached to retail displays.

Abstract: The present invention serves as a display device that is set on the top edge of magnet-attracting furniture or appliances, and that utilizes a plurality of sheet or strip magnets placed vertically and horizontally at an approximate 90 degree angle on the interior of the device base to secure said display device onto the top edge of the furniture or appliance. Said devices include display components that are ornamental or functional, interchangeable, animated, and/or user-programmable.

Abstract: A warning sign for a utility pole includes a layer manufactured in curved or tubular form. The warning sign returns to such form when flattened having acquired a memory of that form through manufacture. A tool for installing the warning sign about a utility pole is also described.

Abstract: A card is provided including a plurality of layers connected together at portions thereof to form a pocket. In one embodiment the card has a first plastic substrate, a second plastic substrate, and two overlay layers. A portion of a first surface of the first plastic substrate is connected to a portion of a first surface of the second plastic substrate to define a cavity therebetween. An opening to the cavity extends from a side of the first and second substrates and provides access to the cavity. In another embodiment, one of the substrates has a generally clear portion and a generally opaque portion. The generally opaque portion is generally adjacent a perimeter of the substrate and defines a frame, and the generally clear portion is interior of the frame and defines a window.

Abstract: A first embodiment card-holding device containing a clip, an intermediate piece, and a carrier. A second embodiment contains a first clip, an intermediate piece, and a second clip. A third embodiment contains a clip and a carrier. The intermediate part or the carrier is attached to the clip by a connector piece having a first piece secured to the inner surface of the clip and a second piece secured to the first piece, the outer surface of the clip, and the intermediate piece or the carrier.

Abstract: This invention refers to a new safety, incorporated toward the end of the mechanism chamber of a double-shot rifle, located slightly behind the trigger, whose safety has a movement toward the back which occurs automatically upon moving the bolt handle to remove the shell or the cartridge and prepare the rifle, leaving the safety in place for its shot, and where the safety is removed manually upon moving the safety toward the front of the gun when the arm is ready for shooting. The safety is formed by a trigger safety to prevent accidental firing of the weapon and is fit to the combination of a rectangular plate in whose base there is a mechanism release window corresponding to the track of the trigger having in addition some bores in its corners in eyelet form that serve as guides for the course and movement of the trigger safety.

Abstract: A device for holding a plurality of firearm magazines is disclosed. The device includes an upper plate, a lower plate, and a securing member. The upper plate is rotationally positioned about the securing member, and the lower plate is rotationally mounted to the securing member below the upper plate. Firearm magazines are placed between the upper plate and the lower plate, which together securely engage the magazines when tightened with the securing member. Multidirectional movements of the upper plate and the lower plate facilitate placement and securing of the magazines.

Abstract: The present invention is a reticule featuring both rapid close-quarters target acquisition and precise distance shooting functionality. The reticule features a broad central aiming ring and four sets of aiming point-indicating dots. The lowest set comprises dots of differing dimensions and distances apart. Ranging rings are also provided. In an alternate embodiment the aiming ring comprises a plurality of varying transparent and opaque cells. The reticule can be illuminated through known or future discovered means for low-light or night shooting. A further alternate embodiment features a caliber specific ranging system.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for repelling ants and other insects positions design flow of DC current in design proximity to targeted areas (1), facilities, equipment and AC electrical devices occupied by or likely to be occupied by the ants and other insects. The apparatus includes a DC ant and insect repeller having an electromagnet conductor wire (2) with electromagnetic windings (3) charged with predetermined flow of DC electricity. Charge of DC electricity is predetermined for preventing heat in excess of 140° F. while causing electrical resistance within a range of 50-to-90 ohms in the electromagnetic windings. Preferably for portably versatile-use repellers, the electromagnetic windings are a spool 2-to-6 inches long between insulating washers (17 and 18). Coated conductor wire for the electromagnetic coil has a diameter within a range of 0.010-to-0.020 inches (26-to-32 gauge) with a plurality of 2,000-to-2,500 windings.

Abstract: A method and system utilizes animal parts as a feedstock to produce one or more combustible fuels or chemicals. The animal parts are mixed with a chemical waste to form an animal-chemical waste product. This animal-chemical waste product is transferred to a reactor and heated under pressure to form a gaseous composition. The gaseous composition is distilled to form one or more combustible fuels.

Abstract: The invention provides mineral oil distillates having a water content of less than 150 ppm and a conductivity of at least 50 pS/m, which comprise from 0.1 to 200 ppm of at least one alkylphenol-aldehyde resin and from 0.1 to 200 ppm of at least one nitrogen-containing polymer.

Abstract: A structural cell system is disclosed for supporting hardscape areas in a way that enables tree root growth and accommodates filtering, retention, storage and infiltration of storm water while preventing hardscape damage. The system includes a plurality of structural cells capable of being positioned below a hardscape. The structural cells are designed to have openings that are sized to accept tree roots. The system has one or more permeable barriers around the structural cells with a way for water to flow into the plurality of structural cells flow out of the structural cells.

Abstract: A retainer is provided to prevent a conventional flower pot, which is supported upon the ground and which may be tipped over by wind forces or other lateral forces. The retainer is formed of an elongated, thin metal wire bent into an elongated stem portion with a downwardly opening hook on one end. The hook is engaged over the upper edge portion or rim of the pot with the stem extending downwardly along the side of the pot and into the ground beneath the pot. The stem is curved along its length so that when the retainer is manually attached to the pot, the stem enters the ground adjacent the bottom edge of the pot and moves underneath the pot bottom radially inwardly from the wall of the pot. The wire may be coated with a roughening paint-like material so as to increase the frictional grip between the stem and the ground.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of anchoring a properly designed flower pot to an exterior concrete, cement block, brick or stucco wall. The flower pot is made in a mold out of cement mortar and reinforced with number 9 wire that protrudes 1 ¼ inch out of the mounting surface of the flower pot and are used as anchor pins. To mount flowerpot on a wall, holes are drilled in the wall to match flower pot anchor pins. On unpainted wall surfaces cement mortar can be used between flower pot mounting surface and wall as a bonding agent an sealer. On painted wall surfaces epoxy, liquid nails, or silicon caulking can be used for bonding and sealer.