Abstract: A process comprising: a) taking a sample from a continuous reactor process, b)measuring a content of a halide in the sample, and c) in response to the measured content of the halide, adjusting a flow of a halide containing additive comprising the halide to control the process. Also, an apparatus comprising: a) a reactor holding an ionic liquid catalyst and a reactant mixture, b) a means for measuring levels of a halide in an effluent from the reactor, and c) a control system that receives a signal in response to the measuring and communicates changes in an operating condition that influences the yield of a product in the reactant mixture.

Abstract: A method of increasing the hydrogen/carbon monoxide (H2/CO) ratio in a syngas stream derived from a carbonaceous fuel including coal, brown coal, peat, and heavy residual oil fractions, preferably coal. The fuel-derived syngas stream is divided into at least two sub-streams, one of which undergoes a catalytic water shift conversion reaction. The so-obtained converted sub-stream is combined with the non-converted sub-stream(s) to form a second syngas stream with an increased H2/CO ratio. The method of the present invention can provide a syngas with a H2/CO ratio more suitable for efficient hydrocarbon synthesis carried out on a given catalyst, such as in one or more Fischer-Tropsch reactors, as well as being able to accommodate variation in the H2/CO ratio of syngas formed from different qualities of feedstock fuels.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the hydrodesulphurization of gasoline cuts for the production of gasolines with a low sulphur and mercaptans content. Said process comprises at least two hydrodesulphurization steps, HDS1 and HDS2, operated in parallel on two distinct cuts of the gasoline constituting the feed. The flow rate of hydrogen in the hydrodesulphurization step HDS2 is such that the ratio between the flow rate of hydrogen and the flow rate of feed to be treated is less than 80% of the ratio of the flow rates used to desulphurize in the hydrodesulphurization step HDS1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new crystalline molecular sieve SSZ-75 prepared using a tetramethylene-1,4-bis-(N-methylpyrrolidinium) dication as a structure-directing agent, and its use in catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions.

Abstract: A process for hydrocracking a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock into a middle distillate utilising a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst comprising a modified beta zeolite and a modified Y zeolite, an amorphous inorganic oxide and a hydrogenation component, wherein the said middle distillate is characterised by having a low aromatics content and/or a low pour point.

Abstract: A method for controlling the pseudo-isothermicity of a chemical reaction in a respective reaction zone. (9) in which the use of heat exchangers (6) is foreseen having an operating heat exchange fluid flowing through them and in which heat exchange critical areas (9a) are identified, the method being distinguished by the fact that it reduces and controls, in the critical areas (9a) of the reaction zone, the value of the heat exchange coefficient between the operating fluid and the zone (9), through thermal insulation of the portions (6a, 6b) of such exchangers extending in such areas (9a).

Abstract: A process is provided to produce high cetane quality and low or preferably ultra low sulfur diesel and a fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) quality feedstock from a processing unit including at least a hydrotreating zone and a hydrocracking zone. In one aspect, the processing unit includes reactor severity requirements in both the hydrotreating zone and the hydrocracking zone effective to produce the FCC feed quality and the diesel sulfur quality to permit a high quality hydrocracked product to be formed at lower pressures and conversion rates without overtreating the FCC quality feedstock stream. In another aspect, a portion of the hydrotreated effluent is selected for conversion in the hydrocracking and the remaining portion of the hydrotreated effluent is directed to subsequent processing, such as fluid catalytic cracking.

Abstract: An expanded bed hydroprocessing system and related method includes at least one expanded bed reactor that employs a solid catalyst to catalyze hydroprocessing reactions involving hydrogen and a high molecular weight hydrocarbon feedstock (e.g., a Fischer-Tropsch wax) that is contaminated with solid particulates. Hydroprocessing the high molecular weight hydrocarbon feedstock in an expanded bed reactor results in formation of a hydroprocessed material from the hydrocarbon feedstock, while eliminating the risk of plugging of the supported catalyst bed by the solid particulates as compared to a reactor including a stationary catalyst bed.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of a hydrocarbon feedstock to produce olefins, aromatic compounds and ultra low sulfur diesel wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock is reacted in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) zone to produce olefins and light cycle oil. The effluent from the FCC is preferably separated to produce a stream comprising ethylene and propylene, a stream comprising higher boiling olefins and light cycle oil (LCO). The stream containing the higher boiling olefins is cracked to provide additional ethylene and propylene. The LCO is selectively hydrocracked to produce aromatic compounds and ultra low sulfur diesel.

Abstract: A Process for hydroconverting of a heavy hydrocarbonaceous feedstock comprising a catalyst to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon products. The method can be used for the high- boiling point residues of oil refining (asphaltene, the residues of vacuum and under pressure distillation of oil, and the useless and heavy materials of thermo catalytic processes), heavy oil, natural bitumen, and bitumen-containing sands. It can also be used in oil refinery industries for the production of gas, gasoline fractions, distillation gas oil, concentrate of ash containing metals and chemical fertilizers.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbons are upgraded more efficiently to lighter, more valuable, hydrocarbons with lower amounts of solid carbonaceous by-products in supercritical water using two heating stages, the first stage at a temperature up to about 775K and the second stage at a temperature from about 870K to about 1075K. The temperature is preferably raised from the first temperature to the second temperature by internal combustion using oxygen.

Abstract: A process to prepare a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide comprises performing a partial oxidation on a methane comprising feed using a multi-orifice burner provided with an arrangement of separate passages, wherein the gaseous hydrocarbon having an elevated temperature flows through a passage of the burner, an oxidizer gas flows through a separate passage of the burner and wherein the passage for gaseous hydrocarbon feed and the passage for oxidizer gas are separated by a passage through which a secondary gas flows, wherein the secondary gas comprises hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or a hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A method for upgrading heavy oils by contacting the heavy oil with an inhibitor additive and then thermally treating the inhibitor additized heavy oil. The invention also relates to the upgraded product from the inhibitor enhanced thermal treatment process.

Abstract: Process for the contemporaneous production of fuels and lubricating bases from synthetic paraffinic mixtures, which includes a hydrocracking step in the presence of a solid bi-functional catalyst comprising: (A) a support of an acidic nature consisting of a catalytically active porous solid, including silicon, aluminum, phosphorus and oxygen bonded to one another in such a way as to form a mixed amorphous solid characterized by an Si/Al atomic ratio of between 15 and 250, a P/Al ratio of at least 0.1, but lower than 5, a total pore volume ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 ml/g, with an average pore diameter ranging from 3 nm. to 40 nm, and a specific surface area ranging from 200 to 1000 M2/g; (B) at least one metal with a hydro-dehydrogenating activity selected from groups 6 to 10 of the periodic table of elements, dispersed on said support (A) in an amount of between 0.05 and 5% by weight with respect to the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: In the refining of crude oil, hydroprocessing units such as hydrotreaters and hydrocrackers are used to remove impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals from the crude oil. They are also used to convert the feed into valuable products such as naphtha, jet fuel, kerosene and diesel. The current invention provides very high to total conversion of heavy oils to products in a single high-pressure loop, using multiple reaction stages. A hot high pressure separator is located between the first and second reaction stages. Overhead from the separator is treated in a distillate upgrader, which may operate in co-current or countercurrent mode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising a Fischer-Tropsch derived white oil, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch derived white oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 1 to 25 mm2/s, as determined according to ISO 3014, and an active component selected from fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, pesticides or food grade additives, and to a process for the preparation of such composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocracking process for hydrocracking petroleum and chemical feedstocks using bulk Group VIII/VIB catalysts. Preferred catalysts include those comprised of Ni—Mo—W.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention include methods to produce jet-fuel from biological oil sources. The method may be comprised of two steps: a hydrocracking and a reforming. The process may be self sufficient in heat and hydrogen.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are provided for cracking hydrocarbonaceous feed, wherein the temperature of heated effluent directed to a vapor/liquid separator, e.g., flash drum, whose overhead is subsequently cracked, can be controlled within a range sufficient so the heated effluent is partially liquid, say, from about 260 to about 540° C. (500 to 1000° F.). This permits processing of a variety of feeds containing resid with greatly differing volatilities, e.g., atmospheric resid and crude at higher temperature and dirty liquid condensates, at lower temperatures. The temperature can be lowered as needed by: i) providing one or more additional downstream feed inlets to a convection section, ii) increasing the ratio of water/steam mixture added to the hydrocarbonaceous feed, iii) using a high pressure boiler feed water economizer to remove heat, iv) heating high pressure steam to remove heat, v) bypassing an intermediate portion of the convection section used, e.g.

Abstract: An integrated process for the upgrading of a vacuum gas oil feedstock and a light cycle oil feedstock. The vacuum gas oil feedstock is hydrodesulfurized and the light cycle oil feedstock is hydrocracked.

Abstract: Supports for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts are formed by forming a particulate material from titania, alumina and optionally silica. A cobalt compound is incorporated into the particulate material which then is calcined to convert at least part of the alumina to cobalt aluminate.

Abstract: A hydrotreating method uses two catalyst beds with the introduction, on the last catalyst bed, of oils of animal or vegetable origin for co-treating a mixture made up of oils of vegetable or animal origin and of petroleum cuts (gas oil cuts (GO) and middle distillates) in order to produce gas oil effluents meeting specifications with an improved cetane number. The first catalyst bed is dedicated to only the deep desulfurization reactions (HDS1) of a petroleum type feed. The effluents of the first catalyst bed having an effluent sulfur content below or equal to 50 mg/kg are separated into two streams. The first stream, which is predominant, is sent to the gas oil pool. The second stream is mixed with oils of vegetable or animal origin. The resultant oil-petroleum cut mixture is then subjected to a milder hydrotreatment (HDT2). The effluents obtained at the outlet of the second catalyst bed can optionally be mixed with the predominant stream from the first bed.

Abstract: An improved and simplified hydrocarbon processing system is provided which has a mixing section for mixing of hydrogen and hydrocarbon to form combined, two-phase streams, as well as an indirect heat exchange section having a plurality of double-pass shell-and-tube heat exchangers designed to simultaneously receive and heat respective combined streams while maintaining separation of the streams. The use of the specialized double-pass exchangers results in significantly reduced capital and maintenance costs.

Abstract: A process for the production of low sulfur diesel and high octane naphtha.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to processes for upgrading (cracking and hydrogenation) of high molecular weight hydrocarbons using a catalytic composition at moderate temperatures, methods for stabilizing the upgraded product, and methods for reducing carbon oxides using a catalytic composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to distillate fuels or distillate fuel blend stocks comprising a blend of a Fischer-Tropsch derived product and a petroleum derived product that is hydrocracked under conditions to preserve aromatics. The resulting distillate fuel product is a low sulfur, moderately aromatic distillate fuel. The resulting distillate fuel or distillate fuel blend stock exhibits excellent properties, including good seal swell, density, and thermal stability. The present invention also relates to processes for making these distillate fuels or distillate fuel blend stocks.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and an installation for treatment of a heavy petroleum feedstock, of which at least 80% by weight has a boiling point of greater than 340° C., whereby the process comprises the following stages: (a) Hydroconversion in a fixed-bed reactor operating with an upward flow of liquid and gas, whereby the net conversion in products boiling below 360° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel integrated method for economically processing vacuum residue from heavy crude oils. This is accomplished by utilizing a solvent deasphalter (SDA) in the first step of the process with a C3/C4/C5 solvent such that the DAO product can thereafter be processed in a classic fixed-bed hydrotreater or hydrocracker. The SDA feed also includes recycled stripper bottoms containing unconverted residue/asphaltenes from a downstream steam stripper unit. The asphaltenes from the SDA are sent to an ebullated-bed reactor for conversion of the residue and asphaltenes. Residue conversion in the range of 60-80% is achieved and asphaltene conversion is in the range of 50-70%. The overall residue conversion, with the DAO product considered non-residue, is in the range of 80 W %-90 W % and significantly higher than could be achieved without utilizing the present invention.

Abstract: The overall efficiency of a regenerative bed reverse flow reactor system is increased where the location of the exothermic reaction used for regeneration is suitably controlled. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion to improve the thermal efficiency of bed regeneration in a cyclic reaction/regeneration processes. The process for thermal regeneration of a regenerative reactor bed entails (a) supplying the first reactant through a first channel means in a first regenerative bed and supplying at least a second reactant through a second channel means in the first regenerative bed, (b) combining said first and second reactants by a gas mixing means situated at an exit of the first regenerative bed and reacting the combined gas to produce a heated reaction product, (c) passing the heated reaction product through a second regenerative bed thereby transferring heat from the reaction product to the second regenerative bed.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting a gaseous and/or liquid feed fluid to gaseous and/or liquid products using a solid catalyst comprises a reactor, a liquid phase disposed within the reactor volume, a fixed catalyst at least partially disposed in the liquid phase, a cooling system having a cooling element in thermal contact with the liquid phase, a feed inlet positioned to feed the feed fluid into the reactor volume, and a fluid outlet in fluid communication with the liquid phase. The catalyst is contained in a catalyst container and the container may be adjacent to said cooling element, extend through said cooling element, or may surround the catalyst container. The catalyst may be a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel method for economically processing vacuum residue from heavy crude oils by selectively processing the difficult and easy components in reactors whose design and operating conditions are optimized for the specific feed. The process utilizes an integrated solvent deasphalting (SDA)/ebullated-bed design wherein the heavy vacuum residue feedstock is initially sent to an SDA unit operated with C4/C5 solvent to achieve a high deasphalted oil (DAO) yield. The resulting SDA products, namely asphaltenes and DAO are separately treated in ebullated-bed reactor(s) systems whose design and operating conditions are optimized for a particular feedstock. The resulting net conversion, associated distillate yield and product qualities are greatly improved relative to treatment of the entire residue feedstock in a common ebullated-bed reactor system.

Abstract: Hydroprocessing such as hydrocracking is advantageously employed in processes for the recovery and purification of higher diamondoids from petroleum feedstocks. Hydrocracking and other hydroprocesses degrade nondiamondoid contaminants.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon or oxygenate conversion process in which a feedstock is contacted with a non zeolitic molecular sieve which has been treated to remove most, if not all, of the halogen contained in the catalyst. The halogen may be removed by one of several methods. One method includes heating the catalyst in a low moisture environment, followed by contacting the heated catalyst with air and/or steam. Another method includes steam-treating the catalyst at a temperature from 400° C. to 1000° C. The hydrocarbon or oxygenate conversion processes include the conversion of oxygenates to olefins, the conversion of oxygenates and ammonia to alkylamines, the conversion of oxygenates and aromatic compounds to alkylated aromatic compounds, cracking and dewaxing.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a heavy crude oil includes the steps of providing a heavy crude oil; and exposing the heavy crude oil to residue conversion conditions in the presence of a free radical generator and a hydrogen donor, whereby the free radical generator enhances reactions to form distillates, and the hydrogen donor inhibits reactions to form coke.

Abstract: Method for producing hydrogen and a hydroprocessed product from a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock by subjecting it to a catalytic hydrocracking treatment using hydrogen which has been at least partly produced from hydrocracked feedstock and subjecting at least pan of the hydrocracked feedstock, after having subjected it to a separation treatment in the event that hydroprocessed product is to be recovered, to a treatment to produce hydrogen in a single operation which hydrogen is at least partly recovered as product.

Abstract: A process for treating a carbonaceous material includes reacting the carbonaceous material and a process gas in supercritical water to at least one of hydrotreat and hydrocrack the carbonaceous material to form a treated carbonaceous material. The process is preferably carried out in a deep well reactor, but can be carried out in conventional surface-based reactors at a temperature of at least 705° F. and a pressure of at least 2500 psi.

Abstract: The method involves measuring hydrogen permeation in the tubes by mass spectrometry, wherein the tube is inserted into a high or ultrahigh vacuum device in which a mass spectrometer and a total pressure gauge are located. H2 or H2 and inert gas mixtures are circulated inside the tube at the required partial pressure. The tube is then heated and the appearance of H2 outside the tube is observed. The flow thereof inside the tube and emergence time, called permeation time, are determined based on permeation curves. The emergence time of the first microcrack is also determined.

Abstract: A catalyst for the selective oxidation of hydrogen has been developed. It comprises an inert core such as cordierite and an outer layer comprising a lithium aluminate support. The support has dispersed thereon a platinum group metal and a promoter metal, e.g. platinum and tin respectively. This catalyst is particularly effective in the selective oxidation of hydrogen in a dehydrogenation process.

Abstract: A catalytic hydrocracking process wherein a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock and a liquid recycle stream is contacted with hydrogen in a hydrocracking reaction zone at elevated temperature and pressure to obtain conversion to lower boiling hydrocarbons. A liquid hydrocarbonaceous stream produced from the effluent of the hydrocracking reaction zone is fractionated in a first zone of a divided-wall fractionation zone to produce at least one liquid hydrocarbonaceous product stream and a liquid hydrocarbonaceous stream containing hydrocarbons boiling at a temperature in the boiling range of the feedstock and heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds. At least a portion of the liquid hydrocarbonaceous stream containing heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds is introduced into a second zone of the divided-wall fractionation zone to produce a stream rich in polynuclear aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of one or more hydrocarbon fuel products boiling in the kero/diesel range from a stream of hydrocarbons produced in a Fischer-Tropsch process, in which process synthesis gas is converted into liquid hydrocarbons, at least a part of the hydrocarbons boiling above the kero/diesel range, having the following steps: (1) hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing at least a part of the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons stream at a conversion per pass of at most 80 wt % of the material boiling above 370° C. into material boiling below 370° C.; (2) separating the product stream obtained in step (1) into one or more light fractions boiling below the kero/diesel boiling range, one or more fractions boiling in the kero/diesel boiling range and a heavy fraction boiling above the kero/diesel boiling range; (3) hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing the major part of the heavy fraction obtained in step (2) at a conversion per pass of at most 80 wt % of the material boiling above 370° C.

Abstract: A method for upgrading a hydrocarbon in which an oxygen source and a hydrogen source are ignited and the resulting synthetic gas is used to initiate a predominantly gas phase heavy oil upgrade reaction. The upgrade reaction is quenched with an additional source of un-upgraded hydrocarbon.

Abstract: An apparatus as a suitable embodiment, wherein a reactor (102) has a nozzle (means for supplying a raw material, an oxidizing agent and water) (103), a high temperature and high pressure gas formed by reacting the raw material with oxygen or the like in an oxidizing agent under a water-containing atmosphere is introduced to a heat exchanger (104) which is provided between a pressure vessel (101) and the reactor (102), the pressure vessel (101) has a water inlet (114) connected with a water supply line (106) and an opening (117) for a discharge line (105) for a formed gas which is connected with the heat exchanger (104), and the nozzle (103) has a flow route for supplying water present between the pressure vessel (101) and the reactor (102) to the inside of the reactor(102); and a method for pyrolysis and gasification using the apparatus.

Abstract: A method and reactor for upgrading a hydrocarbon in which an oxygen source and a hydrocarbon source are ignited and the resulting synthetic gas is used to initiate a gas phase heavy oil upgrade reaction. The upgrade reaction is quenched quickly after initiation of the gas phase reaction.

Abstract: In a hydrocracking unit, the flash gases from the high-pressure separator are fed to the bottom of an absorption zone where the entering gases are counter-currently contacted with a lean solvent. The lean solvent absorbs away the contained methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes (C1+) from the contained hydrogen. The overhead gas stream from the absorption zone typically contains hydrogen at a purity of 90 to 98 mol %, or even higher, which is fed to the recycle gas stream to provide hydrogen purity in the range of 96 to 99 mol %, thereby providing an increase in the overall efficiency of the hydroprocessor unit. The process can also be employed with hydrotreating, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodealkylation reactors.

Abstract: Process to prepare two or more lubricating base oil grades and a gas oil by (a) hydrocracking/hydroisomerisating a Fischer-Tropsch product, wherein weight ratio of compounds having at least 60 or more carbon atoms and compounds having at least 30 carbon atoms in the Fischer-Tropsch product is at least 0.2 and wherein at least 30 wt % of compounds in the Fischer-Tropsch product have at least 30 carbon atoms, (b) separating the product of step (a) into one or more gas oil fractions and a base oil precursor fraction, (c) performing a pour point reducing step to the base oil precursor fraction obtained in step (b), and (d) separating the effluent of step (c) in two or more base oil grades.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for hydroconverting a heavy hydrocarbon chargestock, wherein said chargestock oil is first contacted with a highly active homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst to effect the hydrogenation reaction so that macromolecular radicals of the residue (the precursor of coke) form as less as possible, thereby decreasing the output of coke in the hydrocracking of the residue; when the reaction proceeds to a certain extent, a solid powder is added to adsorb the macromolecular radicals of the residue formed during the reaction and lower their reaction activity, thereby preventing them from further condensing to coke and/or depositing due to polymerization. The synergetic action of the two sorts of substances makes it possible to produce substantively no coke or less coke during the hydrogenation of residue in a suspension bed and prolong the operation lifetime of the unit.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for hydroprocessing Fischer-Tropsch products. The embodiments in particular are related to integrated methods for producing liquid fuels from a hydrocarbon stream provided by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The methods involves separating the Fischer-Tropsch products into a light fraction and a heavy fraction. The light fraction is pre-conditioned to remove contaminants such as CO2 prior to being subjected to hydroprocessing, either separately, or after having been being recombined with the heavy fraction. Any of the hydroprocessing steps may be accomplished in a single reactor.

Abstract: A VGO stream is initially hydrocracked in a hydrocracking reaction zone within an integrated hydroconversion process. Effluent from the hydrocracking reaction zone is combined with a light aromatic-containing feed stream, and the blended stream hydrotreated in a hydrotreating reaction zone. Heat exchange occurs between the hydrocracking reaction zone and the hydrotreating reaction zone, permitting the temperature control of the initial hydrocracking zone. The integrated reaction system provides a single hydrogen supply and recirculation system for use in two reaction processes.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a heavy crude oil includes the steps of providing a heavy crude oil; and exposing the heavy crude oil to residue conversion conditions in the presence of a free radical generator and a hydrogen donor, whereby the free radical generator enhances reactions to form distillates, and the hydrogen donor inhibits reactions to form coke.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a finished fuel product from a stabilized product mixture, which is produced from the effluent of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. In the process, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process is conducted at a site which is remote from the market site where the products from the process are ultimately marketed. The Fischer-Tropsch effluent product is hydroprocessed, and the hydroprocessed effluent separated to remove a C4− fraction and to yield a stabilized product mixture which can be exported to the market site. At the market site, the stabilized product mixture is fractionated into at least one finished fuel product. A heavy fraction may also be recovered at the market site for separation into at least one lubricating oil base stock and then conversion at hydroisomerization conditions to form a lubricating base oil.