Abstract: The method of the invention relates to a method for welding a first (20) and a second (30) layers together. The second melting temperature of the second layer (30), Tm,2, is lower than the first melting temperature of the first layer (20), Tm,1. After having formed a layup (50) by placing the first layer (20) on top of the second layer (30), a rotating tool (70) is pressed and translated over at least a friction portion (15) of the upper surface (20u) of the first layer (20) such that the temperature reached by at least a portion of the upper surface (30u) of the second layer (30) is higher than the second melting temperature, Tm,2. Restraining means allow preventing molten second material from flowing out of the layup (50). Materials of first (20) and second (30) layers are chosen among the following materials: metals, semi-metals, or semiconductors.

Abstract: A welding tool for friction welding a workpiece, the tool including: a probe having a core including a ceramic material, the probe having a surface coating including a metallic material covering at least part of a contact zone of the probe.

Abstract: One aspect of the disclosure relates to a friction stir welding apparatus. The friction stir welding apparatus includes a spindle housing and a pin tool concentric with an axis and rotatable relative to the spindle housing about the axis. The friction stir welding apparatus also includes a first shoulder not substantially rotatable relative to the spindle housing about the axis and a second shoulder not substantially rotatable relative to the spindle housing about the axis. The pin tool is rotatable relative to the first shoulder and the second shoulder.

Abstract: A method and a device for improving the quality of the weld seam in friction stir welding is provided. The process of friction stir welding is effected by means of a friction welding tip, in which a spiral conveyor screw is provided in the spindle bearing. The longitudinal axis of the spindle bearing is inclined at an angle to the vertical. The sliding surface of the rotating spindle consists of a flat sliding surface and, for the welding of curved seams, in each case of a sliding surface inclined at an acute angle to the sliding surface, the friction welding tip is designed in the shape of a truncated cone. The lateral surface of the truncated cone is formed by six trapezoidal planar parts, of which three planar parts each uniformly distributed at the circumference lie at an angle of 120 degrees with respect to one another and account for a proportion greater than ? at the circumference.

Abstract: A structural component includes a first component; a second component composed of metal; and at least one connecting piece composed of metal and which penetrates the first component at least over an entire thickness of the first component, and is fixed in the first component for rotation therewith. The at least one connecting piece is connected to the second component via welding at an end facing the second component.

Abstract: A friction stir method comprises causing a rotating probe (1) of a friction stir tool to enter a workpiece or a joint between a pair of workpieces (89), the or each workpiece being a low conductivity, high melting point metal or metal alloy. The probe (1) extends from a shoulder (4), or between shoulders, in contact with the workpiece(s) and rotates relative to the or each shoulder.

Abstract: A method for the friction stir welding of two components, in particular of two shell components of a fuselage structure of an aircraft and spacecraft, said method comprising the following method steps: positioning the two components relative to one another in such a way that a connection region is formed between the two components; friction stir welding the two components by means of a friction stir welding tool which penetrates the connection region in order to produce a weld which permeates the connection region with the formation of an unpenetrated weld edge portion of the connection region; and introducing internal compressive stresses, at least in the weld edge portion of the connection region. Further a device for the friction stir welding of two components, in particular of two shell components of a fuselage structure of an aircraft and spacecraft is provided.

Abstract: The invention utilizes vibration control, precision manufacturing tolerances for certain components of the system, and techniques for limiting thermal expansion of components, including passive insulation and active cooling techniques, in order to enable high speed tool rotation for Friction Stir Spot Joining of Advanced High Strength Steels.

Abstract: There is provided a tool for friction stir welding, in which a coating layer is less likely to peel off from a base material and excellent wear resistance is achieved. The tool for friction stir welding according to the present invention includes a base material (BM) and a coating layer. The BM includes a first hard phase (FP) formed by WC particles, a second hard phase (SP) and a binder phase (BP). The SP is formed by a compound of one or more metals selected from Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W and one or more elements selected from nitrogen, carbon, boron, and oxygen, and is included in the BM at a volume ratio of 3% to 30%. The BP is included in the BM at a volume ratio of 8% to 28%. The FP is higher than the SP in terms of volume ratio.

Abstract: Tubulars are joined to each other without rotation of the tubulars. A coupling is placed between the aligned tubulars and is supported for rotation or oscillating about its longitudinal axis. The tubulars are clamped in a manner that allows a compressive force to be transmitted to the coupling as the coupling is rotated. An induction device can preheat each connection site before friction welding and/or provide heat as the connection is made and is allowed to cool down. The process can continuously create a string of casing or liner that can be run in or drilled into a wellbore.

Abstract: A brake assembly and a method of manufacture. The brake assembly may have a bracket assembly that may include a brake wing and a mounting flange disposed at opposite ends of a tube portion. The bracket assembly may rotatably support a camshaft.

Abstract: There is provided a tool for friction stir welding, which is capable of promoting temperature rise of materials to be joined during joining to achieve friction stir welding in a short time, is excellent in heat insulating property of a coating layer, and is excellent in oxidation resistance and wear resistance. A tool for friction stir welding according to the present invention is a tool for friction stir welding including a base material and a coating layer formed on the base material, wherein the coating layer is formed of one or more layers, and at least one layer of the coating layer has a thermal permeability of 5000 J/s0.5·m2·K or less.

Abstract: The method is used to produce connecting elements (1). The connecting elements (1) are intended for coupling functional elements for applications in the field of oil drilling technology. The connecting element comprises two end pieces (2, 3) and at least one spacer (4) connecting the end pieces to each other. At least one spacer (4) is connected to at least one of the end pieces (2, 3) by pressure welding.

Abstract: The invention relates to a friction stir welding apparatus for joining workpieces 1, 2, having a welding pin 3, which is rotatable about its center axis 9 by means of a drive, and having at least one clamping apparatus for clamping the workpieces 1, 2 to be joined, characterized in that the clamping apparatus comprises at least two clamping elements 10, 11, which respectively have an undercut guideway 12, the guideways 12 being arranged parallel to one another and parallel to a joining region 8, in that between the clamping elements 10, 11 is arranged a sliding element 13, which is secured by the guideways 12 against the workpieces 1, 2 and is translatorily displaceable along the guideways 12, and in that the sliding element 12 is provided with an opening 14 for the lead-through of the welding pin 3, and further relates to a method for friction stir welding, using the above-stated apparatus.

Abstract: A linear friction welding system includes a power shaft defining a power shaft axis and including a first eccentric portion and a first power transfer portion, a power transfer rod engaged with the first power transfer portion, an actuator assembly operably coupled with the power transfer rod and configured to move the power transfer rod axially along the power shaft axis, a crank including a second eccentric portion operably coupled with the first eccentric portion, and a second power transfer portion engaged with the power transfer rod, the linear friction welding system configured such that axial movement of the power transfer rod causes rotational movement of the crank with respect to the power shaft about the power shaft axis, a cam follower operably connected to an outer surface of the second eccentric portion, and a ram operably connected to the cam follower and configured to vibrate along a welding axis.

Abstract: Contemplated systems and methods significantly improve friction stir welding of hard metals and particularly steel and stainless steel. Among other factors, the inventors found that high transverse velocity of the tool is critical to obtain predictable and desirable weld quality, which is preferably achieved in such materials by minimizing spindle run out. Moreover, the transverse and angular velocities are preferably selected such as to achieve a temperature in the weld that is below the phase change temperature and/or the solid state transformation point of the materials.

Abstract: A method of making a fluid cooled assembly that incorporates a base that forms a partial enclosure defining an interior void space and having a top wall that has a top surface and that defines at least one opening through the top wall to the void space, the base further defining fluid entrance and exit ports into the void space, the top wall being made of material that can be friction stir welded. A lid having a size and shape substantially conformal to the opening, having a top surface and a bottom surface that defines a set of downwardly extending pins, and that is formed of a material that can be friction stir welded to the base is placed into the opening so that the lid top surface is flush with the top surface of the base top wall and friction welding the lid to the base.

Abstract: When a friction stir weld tool penetrates the interface of two workpieces of dissimilar metal alloy materials, the resultant weld of the different alloy materials may produce a weak weld joint. Such weak joints are often experienced, for example, when attempting to form spot welds or other friction stir welds between a magnesium alloy sheet or strip and an aluminum alloy sheet or strip. It is discovered that suitable coating compositions including an adhesive placed at the interface of assembled workpieces can alter the composition of the friction stir weld material and strengthen the resulting bond. In the example of friction stir welds between magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy workpieces, it is found that combinations of an adhesive with copper, tin, zinc, and/or other powders can strengthen the magnesium-containing and aluminum-containing friction stir weld material.

Abstract: A burring apparatus for a friction welding machine comprises a clamp unit provided at the front end of a horizontal main spindle, for holding work piece W1 coaxial with the main spindle, a clamp unit provided at the front end of a slide movable to and away from the main spindle in the direction of the axis of the main spindle and a doughnut-shaped cutter for shearing off a burr. Work piece W2 is moved forward together with the slide until work piece W2 comes into contact with work piece W1 so that the mated ends of work pieces W1 and W2 are friction welded together to form a joint work piece W. The burr formed on the jointed work piece W is sheared off by the cutter. The jointed work piece W is then liberated from the main spindle.

Abstract: A roller cone drill bit includes a bit body, at least one leg extending downward from the bit body, a journal on each leg, and a roller cone mounted on each journal. A ball race is configured between each journal and roller cone, and a plurality of retention balls is disposed within each ball race. A ball hole extends from the back face of each leg to the ball race, and a ball hole plug fits within the ball hole. The ball hole plug is secured to the leg by a friction stir weld.

Abstract: When friction-stir welding steel sheets, for the rotating tool, rotation speed RS is 100-1000 rpm, rotational torque RT 50-500 Nm, and travel speed TS 10-1000 mm/min, and HIPT (kJ/mm2) is 0.3-1.5. The steel sheets used have a composition including 0.01-0.2 mass % of C, 0.5-2.0 mass % of Mn, 0.6 mass % or less of Si, 0.030 mass % or less of P, 0.015 mass % or less of S, and 0.0060 mass % or less of 0, with a content of Ti [% Ti] and a content of N [% N] being restricted in relation to the HIPT, Ceq being 0.5 mass % or less, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. As a result, local change in the frictional heat and plastic flow generated by friction can be prevented, yielding a weld portion with uniform and good toughness.

Abstract: A heating process makes a temperature of joining surfaces Wa and Ta of a pair of metal parts W and T at the start of a first joining process equal to 20% or greater, preferably, 40% or greater of a melting point of material of the metal parts W and T. The heating process makes a heating depth h of the pair of metal parts W and T at the start of the first joining process equal to 1.0 mm or greater.

Abstract: A tool driving section of a friction stir spot welding device is configured to cause each of a pin member and a shoulder member to advance and retract, and is controlled by a tool driving control section. A press-fit reference point setting section sets a position where the pin member or the shoulder member contacts an object to be welded as a press-fit reference point, and the tool driving control section controls the position of the pin member with respect to the shoulder member on the basis of the press-fit reference point, thereby controlling the press-fit depth of a rotating tool press-fitted from the surface of the object to be welded. This achieves the excellent welding quality at suitable precision according to welding conditions especially in a double-acting friction stir spot welding method.

Abstract: In some implementations of ignition-free welding in at least one fastener is attached to a container that resides within a hazardous environment. The fasteners are then used to secure a fill zone to the container. The chamber then receives a sealing material for the purpose of sealing a leak without having to remove the hazardous material.

Abstract: In some a friction welding apparatus includes a vacuum chamber which prevents combustion in a vicinity of a tank, the vacuum chamber formed from a flexible seal between the tank and a housing and a magnetic apparatus that encompasses a perimeter of a damaged area of the tank and a friction welding motor operably coupled to the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cover for covering a tubular element of a first electrical energy storage assembly (20), said cover comprising a covering wall (50). The cover is characterised in that it comprises a radially extending electroconductive tongue (60, 70) comprising a contact face (71) intended to come into contact with a second adjacent storage assembly in order to electrically connect the two storage assemblies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module comprising at least two electrical energy storage assemblies (20), each storage assembly comprising: a tubular element (21) comprising a so-called side face (23), and at least one cover (50) for covering one of the ends of the tubular element. Said module is characterised in that it also comprises a connecting body (60) for electrically connecting the two assemblies, the connecting body comprising at least one portion, each portion being separate from at least one of the storage assemblies (20), and the connecting body extends between the two storage assemblies such that the height of each storage assembly connected to the connecting body is equal to the height of a storage assembly that does not have a connecting body.

Abstract: There is provided a tool for friction stir welding having excellent wear resistance and chipping resistance. The tool for friction stir welding according to the present invention includes a base material, the base material includes a first hard phase, a second hard phase and a binder phase, the first hard phase is formed by WC particles, the second hard phase is formed by a compound of one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, boron, and oxygen, or a solid solution of the compound (except for WC), the binder phase is formed by an iron group metal, and the second hard phase is higher than or identical to the first hard phase in terms of volume ratio.

Abstract: A connecting method of a single core electric wire to a stranded electric wire which can prevent a contact resistance from increasing is provided. The connecting method includes a tube inserting process that a single core wire and a twisted wire are respectively inserted from openings and of a tubular joint terminal having a single core wire inserting part from an end part to a prescribed position in an interior side and a twisted wire inserting part from the other end part to the single core wire inserting part in the interior side, and a metallic bond process that an end face contacts under pressure with an end face and the single core electric wire is rotated in a twisting direction of the twisted wire to metallically bond the end faces.

Abstract: A thermowell is provided for positioning on a pipeline or tank to measure the temperature. The thermowell comprises a head for receiving a probe, and the well has a closed end. An elongated hollow tubular connects the head and the well. The tubular includes one or more tubular parts, each of a selected axial length, joined by a friction welding to one of the more of the head, the well or another of the tubular parts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for joining two essentially metal sheet-type workpieces. In said method. the edge regions of the workpieces to be joined are placed at a distance from one another, at least one wire-shaped filler material is introduced into a zone between the edge regions before or during the joining process, and edge regions and the filler material are then heated to a predefined joining temperature by at least one first frictional element that moves in relation to the edge regions and the filler material, are subjected to a certain contact pressure, and are joined while being deformed.

Abstract: A method of friction stir welding is provided. The method includes providing a stir tool configured to rotate about and move along a stir tool axis and includes a pin with a pin axial end surface and a pin tapered surface that extends radially outwardly from the pin axial end surface. The method further includes providing the first member with a first member faying surface and defining a normal line that is normal to the first member top surface, is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis, and extends through a reference point. The method further includes providing the second member with a second member faying surface and forming a joint interface between the first and second members. The method further comprises contacting the rotating pin with the second member faying surface, the stir tool axis being disposed at a side tilt angle upon contact.

Abstract: A joining process and a joined article are disclosed. The joining process includes positioning an article having a base material, and friction joining a pre-sintered preform to the base material. The pre-sintered preform forms a feature on the article. The joined article includes a feature joined to a base material by friction joining of a pre-sintered preform.

Abstract: A system and method for modifying a work piece surface of high melting temperature materials such as Advanced High Strength Steels, wherein a friction stir welding tool may include cutting elements located on the outside diameter of a collar assembly, wherein the collar assembly may be retrofitted for existing friction stir welding tools, or may be designed as a custom attachment for a new hybrid friction stir welding tool, wherein the surface of the work piece may be modified by removing detrimental flash and burr created during operation of the friction stir welding tool.

Abstract: A friction stir processing tool having a shoulder, which is implemented on a body, and which has a friction surface for pressing against at least one workpiece at least partially provided with a surface coating, and a friction reducing unit for reducing the friction resistance between the surface coating and the friction surface.

Abstract: A friction stir processing tool for friction stir processing includes a shoulder for pressing against a workpiece surface and a pin, which protrudes beyond the shoulder and can be driven to rotate, for plasticizing introduction into at least one workpiece to be processed. The shoulder has an interruption opening on a circumferential region, so that the shoulder is not led around the entire circumference of the pin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a friction stir welding tool (10) equipped with a probe (13) and a holder (16). At the tip of the probe (13) there is a pin part (11) and at the base there are probe-side protrusions (24) and probe-side recesses (25). At the tip of the holder (16) there are holder-side recesses (27) which mate with the probe-side protrusions (24), and holder-side protrusions (28) which mate with the probe-side recesses (25). External force applied to the probe (13) is transmitted from the probe-side protrusions (24) to the holder-side recesses (27) and from the probe-side recesses (25) to the holder-side protrusions (28).

Abstract: An apparatus for friction stir welding includes a rotatably drivable pin having a drive end and a free end; a cylindrical engaging portion provided between the drive end and the free end and including a circumferential surface for engagement with one or more workpieces; and first and second shoulder elements arranged concentrically around the pin and positioned on respective sides of the of the engaging portion adjacent the drive end and the free end, respectively. The first and second shoulder elements include respective first and second bearing surfaces facing the engaging portion and extending perpendicularly to the axis of rotation. The mechanical and thermal loading of the pin and the thermal loading of the workpieces are reduced by merit of the second shoulder element being connected to the pin so as to be freely rotatable about the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A low-temperature friction-based coating method termed friction stir fabrication (FSF) is disclosed, in which material is deposited onto a substrate and subsequently stirred into the substrate using friction stir processing to homogenize and refine the microstructure. This solid-state process is capable of depositing coatings, including nanocrystalline aluminum and/or metal matrix composites and the like, onto substrates such as aluminum at relatively low temperatures. A method of making rod stock for use in the FSF process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of welding including forming a filler material of a first oxide dispersoid metal, the first oxide dispersoid material having first strengthening particles that compensate for decreases in weld strength of friction stir welded oxide dispersoid metals; positioning the filler material between a first metal structure and a second metal structure each being comprised of at least a second oxide dispersoid metal; and friction welding the filler material, the first metal structure and the second metal structure to provide a weld.

Abstract: A linear friction welding method and linear friction welding apparatus for joining two work pieces. The method involves vibrating a third weld component, or “coupon” between the two principle work pieces under a welding pressure. Friction between the coupon and work pieces causes the material at the weld surfaces to plasticize. Abruptly halting the vibration and pressing the work pieces against the coupon under a final load or forging pressure sets the weld interface.

Abstract: The apparatus and method allows multiple components to be simultaneously bonded to a central shaft or tube using linear friction welding in a single welding process. The method involves simultaneously pressing the work pieces radially against the central shaft or tube at the desired locations while the shaft is vibrated axially. The weld is facilitated by the use of a linear friction welding machine, which includes a number of fixtures and press assemblies to hold and press the various work pieces against the central shaft or tube and a vibrating assembly for vibrating the central shaft or tube.

Abstract: A welding tool for joining at least two workpieces at a joining region by friction stir welding includes a tool pin arranged along one axis of the welding tool, for applying frictional heat to the workpieces. The welding tool also includes a shoulder surrounding the tool pin, for separating the joining region from the surrounding area. The shoulder is moveable essentially parallel to the axis of the welding tool.

Abstract: The present invention relates to tools and methods for disposing, coating, repairing, or otherwise modifying the surface of a metal substrate using frictional heating and compressive/shear loading of a consumable metal against the substrate. Embodiments of the invention include friction-based fabrication tooling comprising a non-consumable member with a throat and a consumable member disposed in the throat, wherein consumable filler material is capable of being introduced to the throat in a continuous manner during deposition using frictional heating and compressive/shear loading of the filler material onto the substrate. Preferred embodiments according to the invention include such tools operably configured for applying a force or displacement to the filler material during deposition.

Abstract: In a friction stir welding apparatus, workpiece fixing surface plates (3a, 3b) are installed on a framework (1). In addition, a welding apparatus main body (8) including a bobbin tool (5) having a probe (5a) protruding upward from a gap (4), a spindle (6) configured to attach the bobbin tool (5) to an upper end section thereof, and a spindle driving apparatus (7) configured to pivot the spindle (6) is movably installed at the framework (1) in a longitudinal direction of the gap (4) via linear guide mechanisms (9) installed at both sides of the welding apparatus main body (8). Further, a moving apparatus (10) is installed to move the welding apparatus main body (8) in the longitudinal direction of the gap (4). According to the friction stir welding apparatus, since the welding apparatus main body (8) is supported by the framework (1) via both of the linear guide mechanisms (9), a large welding reaction force can be sufficiently received.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in a friction stir operation, such as friction stir welding (FSW) or friction stir processing (FSP). The apparatus may have a rotating tool adapted to be plunged into a material, where the material is susceptible to being softened by heating. The rotating tool may further be adapted to be advanced along a surface of the material. An optical energy generating subsystem may be used to heat a portion of the material using optical energy as the tool is advanced along the material.

Abstract: A friction stir welding tool for welding of metallic plates and especially steel plates. The friction stir welding tool is made of cemented carbide comprising WC grains in a binder phase and wherein the welding tool is at least partly coated with a surface coating comprising Al2O3.

Abstract: A friction stir processing tool is formed from a Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy containing rhenium(Re). The Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy is preferably formed by casting, while gradually cooling, a melt containing all the components of the composition and is preferably heat treated after casting. Moreover, in a method for friction stir processing, a work is softened by friction heat generated when the friction stir processing tool, while rotating, is pressed against the work to be processed. The friction stir processing tool includes the Ni-based dual multi-phase intermetallic compound alloy, and therefore further high hardness is exhibited to improve abrasion resistance, so that even a long period of friction stir processing can be endured.

Abstract: The tool for friction stir welding is a tool adapted to operatively engage a tube and a tubesheet to form a sealed joint. The tool has two components. The first component is a shoulder having orthogonal faces for simultaneously engaging the sheet and the tube, the shoulder defining a bore terminating in an aperture at the junction of the faces. The second component is a stir welding probe that is insertable into the bore and has an end exiting the aperture at the end of the bore. A forging pressure urges the shoulder against the junction of the tube and tubesheet. The probe is rotated about its axis, penetrating the tube and tubesheet and generating heat through friction to weld the tube to the tubesheet, while the shoulder is rotated about the tube so that the weld forms a seal about the circumference of the tube.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for welding rotors for power generation such as gas turbines, steam turbines, and generators having a plurality of rotor discs arranged along a rotor axis. The method includes providing said discs with a weld seam preparation. The weld seam preparation includes a root, a first, gap-like welding section adjoining the root in radial direction, and a second, gap-like welding section adjoining the first welding section in radial direction. The method further includes melting the root by means of a first welding process; making a weld in the first welding section by means of a second welding process; and filling up the second welding section by means of a third welding process.